Centrifugation converted
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Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate particles in a solution using a centrifuge. Centrifuges spin samples at high speeds, producing gravitational forces much stronger than gravity, allowing heavier particles to separate out from lighter ones based on differences in density and size. There are several types of centrifuges including low-speed, high-speed, and ultra centrifuges, which can reach speeds of 70,000 rpm. Centrifugation is used in a variety of applications across many fields including laboratories, clinical settings, and analytical work.
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Centrifugation converted
- 2. SUBMITTED BY, BHAGYARAJ.G I MSC ZOOLOGY ST: STEPHEN’S COLLEGE PATHANAPURAM CENTRIFUGATION
- 3. CENTRIFUGATION ❑ Centrifugation is the process of separating particles from a solution using CENTRIFUGE (centrifugal force). ❑ The centrifuge produces a gravitational field much greater than the earth’s gravitational field by increasing the speed of the rotor. ❑When a mixture of cell components is subjected to centrifugation, the different components settle down at different rates depending on the specific gravity and speed of centrifugation.
- 4. PRINCIPLE ❑Particles in a suspension will settle due to gravity which is expressed as ‘g’. ❑The rate at which particles sediment is called sedimentation co- efficient which is expressed as ‘s’ (svedberg unit) ❑The distance from the centre of rotation to the position of material is the radius of rotation which is expressed as ‘r’. ❑The speed of rotation measured as angular velocity (w) or revolutions per minute (rpm). ❑The force acting on sample during centrifugation is relative centrifugation force (RCF). ❑RCF = rpm²r (rpm=w) = RCF= w²r RCF= w²r/g
- 5. TYPES OF CENTRIFUGE LOW SPEED CENTRIFUGE HIGH SPEED CENTRIFUGE ULTRA CENTRIFUGE
- 6. LOW SPEED CENTRIFUGE ❑It has a maximum speed of 4000 – 5000 rpm. ❑Temperature control is not required in this centrifuge. ❑ Low speed centrifuges are used in laboratories. ❑It is used for the separation of RBCs from plasma, bacterial suspension from culture medium.
- 8. HIGH SPEED CENTRIFUGE ❑It has a speed of about 25,000 rpm. ❑The rotor chamber is equipped with refrigeration to remove heat. ❑High speed centrifuges are used in sophisticated biochemical applications. ❑It is used for in clinical sectors involving DNA, RNA, viruses, proteins etc.
- 10. ULTRA CENTRIFUGE ❑It has a speed of about 70,000 rpm. ❑Spinning chambers are refrigerated and kept at high vacuum. ❑Mostly used in analytical and preparative work. ❑It is used for analytical works such as obtaining sub cellular organelle without any contamination from other organelles.
- 19. TYPES OF CENTRIFUGATION DIFFERENTIAL CENTRIFUGATION ULTRA CENTRIFUGATION DENSITY GRADIENT CENTRIFUGATION
- 20. DENSITY GRADIENT CENTRIFUGATION ❑ In this method, the difference between the density of the particle and the density of the suspending liquid is taken into consideration. ❑The density is greater at the bottom and least at the top. ❑Between these two extremes there is a density gradient. ❑If a suspension containing two or more different components is layered at the top of the density gradient and is centrifuged, the components start sedimenting on the basis of their densities.
- 21. TWO TYPES DENSITY GRADIENT CENTRIFUGAION Rate zonal centrifugation Isopycnic or sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation
- 24. ULTRA CENTRIFUGATION ❑Ultra centrifuge was discovered by Theodor svedberg. ❑Modern ultra centrifuges can attain a an rpm of about 70,000. ❑Spinning chambers are refrigerated and kept at vacuum. ❑This method is mostly used in analytical and preparative work. ❑It is used for analytical works such as obtaining sub cellular organelle without any contamination from other organelles.
- 25. APPLICATIONS ❑Removing chalk powder from water. ❑Removing fat from milk. ❑Used in laboratories for blood separation. ❑Used in analytical works , forensic science and various field of science. ❑Separating water particles from clothes in washing machines.
- 28. CONCLUSION ❑Centrifugation is the separation technique which uses the action of centrifugal force. ❑Many centrifuges of different kinds are available in the market. ❑Highly sophisticated machines with very a large number of features are available in market. ❑The method is using in laboratories ,analytical works, clinical works , research fields etc. ❑Thus Centrifugation is an inevitable method of seperation in our world of science.