- Andry Alamsyah is an Indonesian researcher and academic who focuses on topics related to social computing, big data, blockchain technology, and disruptive innovation. He has extensive education and experience in these fields.
- The document discusses considerations for the implementation of a central bank digital currency (CBDC) in Indonesia. It covers motivations, design choices around distribution models and form, as well as technical considerations regarding privacy, security, and interoperability. Adoption of CBDC could help with financial inclusion and efficiency goals.
Complete Guide to CBDC (Central Bank Digital Currency)OliviaJune1
The CBDC is the digital currency managed by central banks, known as the digital fiat or digital base money. CBDC is a virtual digital token of money. Sinine currencies, cryptocurrency certifications and blockchain education are popular amongst the people as Blockchain technology has spread across the world.
Drivers for CBDC and implications for architectureDavid Birch
A discussion of the key drivers for central bank digital currency and the implications of those drivers for the likely technical architecture of a retail implementation.
Our monetary system is being disrupted. Cryptocurrencies allow fast settlement, cross-border transactions for anyone with an internet connection and a mobile phone. Crypto and Decentralized Finance (Defi) offer great opportunities and risks. Governments are responding with regulations and a "crypto-like" alternative: Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs).
Complete Guide to CBDC (Central Bank Digital Currency)OliviaJune1
The CBDC is the digital currency managed by central banks, known as the digital fiat or digital base money. CBDC is a virtual digital token of money. Sinine currencies, cryptocurrency certifications and blockchain education are popular amongst the people as Blockchain technology has spread across the world.
Drivers for CBDC and implications for architectureDavid Birch
A discussion of the key drivers for central bank digital currency and the implications of those drivers for the likely technical architecture of a retail implementation.
Our monetary system is being disrupted. Cryptocurrencies allow fast settlement, cross-border transactions for anyone with an internet connection and a mobile phone. Crypto and Decentralized Finance (Defi) offer great opportunities and risks. Governments are responding with regulations and a "crypto-like" alternative: Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs).
Will Digital Currencies Break The Banking System? Harsh Chitroda
So, when we ask a question of how will digital currency affect banks? So, we can say that Digital currencies are likely to give central banks more insight into the movement of money in the economy. The widespread use of electronic payment systems may also aid authorities to crack down on money-laundering and terrorist-financing efforts. Or on the other hand, we can also say that the Banks are afraid because Cryptocurrency exchange is a non-banking transaction. and if the Cryptos gain favours it can disrupt the ability of banks to create money. If this disruption alarms the central banks, then they will do something about it.
Central banks have a mandate for monetary and financial stability in their jurisdictions and, explicitly or
implicitly, to promote broad access to safe and efficient payments. A core instrument by which central
banks carry out their public policy objectives is providing the safest form of money to banks, businesses
and the public – central bank money.
Cryptocurrency is just a digital assets which is based on blockchain technology and cryptography for any kind of digital transaction.
Cryptocurrency is a technological achievement but it is not in fully successful stage, it is in the developing stage.
in this slide, I am just focusing about what is cryptocurrency and how it works, that means how to buy, store, send and receive it and also I am discussing about the benefits and risks of the crypto currency.
This slide deck is as part of a online webinar that happened on Mar 18 2017.The meetup was organized to talk more about Cryptocurrency and current Regulatory Environment surrounding it. There was be a presentation followed by Q&A.
For more details please reach out to me on https://twitter.com/twitmyreview or via mail bobquest33@gmail.com
Central banks and the future of digital money. A practical proposal for centr...eraser Juan José Calderón
Central banks and the future of digital money
A practical proposal for central bank digital currencies on the Ethereum blockchain.
CONSENSYS WHITE PAPER
Fintech and Transformation of the Financial Services IndustryRobin Teigland
Slides from our FinTech day as part of the Entrepreneurship & Innovation Concentration in the Stockholm School of Economics Exec MBA program in Stockholm, Sweden.
Traditional financial systems are limited in many ways, and blockchain can help them move to the next stage. Decentralized Finance is one of the hot topics at the moment. This technology is capable of introducing new possibilities of a trustless global financial system with a much quicker and more secured settlement time.
Decentralized finance applications can’t be tampered with, promotes interoperable design, fully transparent network, permissionless access, and user empowerment. There are already a vast number of DeFi apps for multiple varying use cases.
Popular DeFi use cases include asset management, complying with AML and CFT measurements, decentralized organizations, analytics and risk management, and so on.
We at 101 Blockchains believe decentralized Finance is the next stage for our financial systems. That’s why we offer premium blockchain courses specifically for DeFi and anyone who wants to utilize this technology for their company.
Our Introduction to DeFi course will focus on the purpose and scope of DeFi, along with introducing you to the underlying mechanism.
Learn more about the course from here ->
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/defi-course
We also offer additional courses and masterclasses for the finance sector. Learn more about the course from here ->
Blockchain in Finance Masterclass
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/blockchain-in-finance
Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Masterclass
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/central-bank-digital-currency
Enterprise Blockchains and Trade Finance Course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/enterprise-blockchains-and-trade-finance
We also offer lucrative certification courses for professionals. Learn more about these courses from here ->
Certified Enterprise Blockchain Professional (CEBP) course https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/blockchain-expert-certification
Certified Enterprise Blockchain Architect (CEBA) course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/certified-enterprise-blockchain-architect
Certified Blockchain Security Architect (CBSE) course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/certified-blockchain-security-expert
A cryptocurrency (or crypto currency) is digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange that uses strong cryptography to secure financial transactions, control the creation of additional units, and verify the transfer of assets.
Stablecoin is a different type of cryptocurrency. These coins always have a stable price. As the prices of cryptocurrencies are highly volatile, stablecoin is a solution to this problem. Typically, the volatile nature of cryptocurrencies makes it impossible for companies to utilize them as an alternative to paper-based money. Thus, stablecoins can help out in that regard.
Typically, there are 4 types of stablecoin – Fiat-Backed Stablecoin, Commodity-Backed Stablecoin, Cryptocurrency-Backed Stablecoin, and Seigniorage-Style/Non-collateralized Stablecoin. All of these four types have different architecture and use cases behind them.
Even though there are many top stablecoins on the market, many tend to deal with lots of hurdles. For example, centralized nature, trust issues, regulations, and unstable nature are a few of the limitations.
If you are thinking about utilizing the power of stablecoins in your company or project, then we recommend starting with a solid blockchain course on the topic. 101 Blockchains is one of the leading educational networks where we offer the best of the best materials for your needs.
We have an array of masterclasses and courses on the topic, that you should definitely check out. Stablecoin Fundamentals Masterclass
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/stablecoin-masteclass
Blockchain in Finance Masterclass
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/blockchain-in-finance
Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Masterclass
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/central-bank-digital-currency
Check out our certification courses from here ->
Certified Enterprise Blockchain Professional (CEBP) course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/blockchain-expert-certification
Certified Enterprise Blockchain Architect (CEBA) course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/certified-enterprise-blockchain-architect
Certified Blockchain Security Expert (CBSE) course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/certified-blockchain-security-expert
Check out our full guides on this topic from here ->
https://101blockchains.com/stablecoins/
https://101blockchains.com/stablecoin-vs-bitcoin/
https://101blockchains.com/list-of-stablecoins/
Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC).pptxtaxguruedu
Management of currency is one of the core central banking functions of the Reserve Bank of India for which it derives the necessary statutory powers from Section 22 of the RBI Act, 1934. Along with the Government of India, the Reserve Bank is responsible for the design, production and overall management of the nation’s currency, with the goal of ensuring an adequate supply of clean and genuine notes in the economy.
The Role of RBI on Implementation of Digital Currencies in Indiaijtsrd
In the present technological world, technology provided many advances and the widespread use of the Internet, various digital currencies have emerged. In most cases, Internet platforms such as Face book and Amazon restrict the functionality of their digital currencies to enhance the business model and maximize their profits. While platform based digital currencies would increase the efficiency of retail payments, they could also raise some important policy issues if they were to become widely used outside of the platform. Thus, it is important to closely monitor the evolution of these digital currencies. Dr. Rajendra Prasad G R "The Role of RBI on Implementation of Digital Currencies in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52108.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/52108/the-role-of-rbi-on-implementation-of-digital-currencies-in-india/dr-rajendra-prasad-g-r
Will Digital Currencies Break The Banking System? Harsh Chitroda
So, when we ask a question of how will digital currency affect banks? So, we can say that Digital currencies are likely to give central banks more insight into the movement of money in the economy. The widespread use of electronic payment systems may also aid authorities to crack down on money-laundering and terrorist-financing efforts. Or on the other hand, we can also say that the Banks are afraid because Cryptocurrency exchange is a non-banking transaction. and if the Cryptos gain favours it can disrupt the ability of banks to create money. If this disruption alarms the central banks, then they will do something about it.
Central banks have a mandate for monetary and financial stability in their jurisdictions and, explicitly or
implicitly, to promote broad access to safe and efficient payments. A core instrument by which central
banks carry out their public policy objectives is providing the safest form of money to banks, businesses
and the public – central bank money.
Cryptocurrency is just a digital assets which is based on blockchain technology and cryptography for any kind of digital transaction.
Cryptocurrency is a technological achievement but it is not in fully successful stage, it is in the developing stage.
in this slide, I am just focusing about what is cryptocurrency and how it works, that means how to buy, store, send and receive it and also I am discussing about the benefits and risks of the crypto currency.
This slide deck is as part of a online webinar that happened on Mar 18 2017.The meetup was organized to talk more about Cryptocurrency and current Regulatory Environment surrounding it. There was be a presentation followed by Q&A.
For more details please reach out to me on https://twitter.com/twitmyreview or via mail bobquest33@gmail.com
Central banks and the future of digital money. A practical proposal for centr...eraser Juan José Calderón
Central banks and the future of digital money
A practical proposal for central bank digital currencies on the Ethereum blockchain.
CONSENSYS WHITE PAPER
Fintech and Transformation of the Financial Services IndustryRobin Teigland
Slides from our FinTech day as part of the Entrepreneurship & Innovation Concentration in the Stockholm School of Economics Exec MBA program in Stockholm, Sweden.
Traditional financial systems are limited in many ways, and blockchain can help them move to the next stage. Decentralized Finance is one of the hot topics at the moment. This technology is capable of introducing new possibilities of a trustless global financial system with a much quicker and more secured settlement time.
Decentralized finance applications can’t be tampered with, promotes interoperable design, fully transparent network, permissionless access, and user empowerment. There are already a vast number of DeFi apps for multiple varying use cases.
Popular DeFi use cases include asset management, complying with AML and CFT measurements, decentralized organizations, analytics and risk management, and so on.
We at 101 Blockchains believe decentralized Finance is the next stage for our financial systems. That’s why we offer premium blockchain courses specifically for DeFi and anyone who wants to utilize this technology for their company.
Our Introduction to DeFi course will focus on the purpose and scope of DeFi, along with introducing you to the underlying mechanism.
Learn more about the course from here ->
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/defi-course
We also offer additional courses and masterclasses for the finance sector. Learn more about the course from here ->
Blockchain in Finance Masterclass
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/blockchain-in-finance
Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Masterclass
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/central-bank-digital-currency
Enterprise Blockchains and Trade Finance Course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/enterprise-blockchains-and-trade-finance
We also offer lucrative certification courses for professionals. Learn more about these courses from here ->
Certified Enterprise Blockchain Professional (CEBP) course https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/blockchain-expert-certification
Certified Enterprise Blockchain Architect (CEBA) course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/certified-enterprise-blockchain-architect
Certified Blockchain Security Architect (CBSE) course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/certified-blockchain-security-expert
A cryptocurrency (or crypto currency) is digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange that uses strong cryptography to secure financial transactions, control the creation of additional units, and verify the transfer of assets.
Stablecoin is a different type of cryptocurrency. These coins always have a stable price. As the prices of cryptocurrencies are highly volatile, stablecoin is a solution to this problem. Typically, the volatile nature of cryptocurrencies makes it impossible for companies to utilize them as an alternative to paper-based money. Thus, stablecoins can help out in that regard.
Typically, there are 4 types of stablecoin – Fiat-Backed Stablecoin, Commodity-Backed Stablecoin, Cryptocurrency-Backed Stablecoin, and Seigniorage-Style/Non-collateralized Stablecoin. All of these four types have different architecture and use cases behind them.
Even though there are many top stablecoins on the market, many tend to deal with lots of hurdles. For example, centralized nature, trust issues, regulations, and unstable nature are a few of the limitations.
If you are thinking about utilizing the power of stablecoins in your company or project, then we recommend starting with a solid blockchain course on the topic. 101 Blockchains is one of the leading educational networks where we offer the best of the best materials for your needs.
We have an array of masterclasses and courses on the topic, that you should definitely check out. Stablecoin Fundamentals Masterclass
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/stablecoin-masteclass
Blockchain in Finance Masterclass
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/blockchain-in-finance
Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) Masterclass
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/central-bank-digital-currency
Check out our certification courses from here ->
Certified Enterprise Blockchain Professional (CEBP) course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/blockchain-expert-certification
Certified Enterprise Blockchain Architect (CEBA) course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/certified-enterprise-blockchain-architect
Certified Blockchain Security Expert (CBSE) course
https://academy.101blockchains.com/courses/certified-blockchain-security-expert
Check out our full guides on this topic from here ->
https://101blockchains.com/stablecoins/
https://101blockchains.com/stablecoin-vs-bitcoin/
https://101blockchains.com/list-of-stablecoins/
Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC).pptxtaxguruedu
Management of currency is one of the core central banking functions of the Reserve Bank of India for which it derives the necessary statutory powers from Section 22 of the RBI Act, 1934. Along with the Government of India, the Reserve Bank is responsible for the design, production and overall management of the nation’s currency, with the goal of ensuring an adequate supply of clean and genuine notes in the economy.
The Role of RBI on Implementation of Digital Currencies in Indiaijtsrd
In the present technological world, technology provided many advances and the widespread use of the Internet, various digital currencies have emerged. In most cases, Internet platforms such as Face book and Amazon restrict the functionality of their digital currencies to enhance the business model and maximize their profits. While platform based digital currencies would increase the efficiency of retail payments, they could also raise some important policy issues if they were to become widely used outside of the platform. Thus, it is important to closely monitor the evolution of these digital currencies. Dr. Rajendra Prasad G R "The Role of RBI on Implementation of Digital Currencies in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52108.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/52108/the-role-of-rbi-on-implementation-of-digital-currencies-in-india/dr-rajendra-prasad-g-r
Payment industry is largely aligned in their desire to create embedded payment systems ready for the
modern digital age. The trend to embed payments into a software platform is often regarded as first step
towards a broader trend of embedded finance based on digital representation of fiat currencies. Since it
became clear to our research team that there are no technologies and protocols that are protected against
attacks of quantum computing, and that enable automatic embedded payments, online or offline with no
fear of counterfeit, P2P or device-to-device to be made in real time without intermediaries, in any
denomination, even continuous payments per time or service, while preserving the privacy of all parties,
without enabling illicit activities, we decided to utilize the Generic Innovation Engine [1] that is based on
the Artificial Intelligence Assistance Innovation acceleration methodologies and tools in order to boost the
progress of innovation of the necessary solutions. These methodologies accelerate innovation across the
board. It proposes a framework for natural and artificial intelligence collaboration in pursuit of an
innovative (R&D) objective The outcome of deploying these Artificial Innovation Assistant (AIA)
methodologies was tens of patents that yield solutions, that a few of them are described in this paper. We
argue that a promising avenue for automated embedded payment systems to fulfil people’s desire for
privacy when conducting payments, and national security agencies demand for quantum-safe security,
could be based on DeFi and digital currencies platforms that does not suffer from flaws of DLT-based
solutions, while introducing real advantages, in all aspects, including being quantum-resilient, enabling
users to decide with whom, if at all, to share information, identity, transactions details, etc., all without
trade-offs, complying with AML measures, and accommodating the potential for high transaction volumes.
It is not legacy bank accounts, and it is not peer-dependent, nor a self-organizing network.
CBDCs are essentially digital versions of fiat currency designed to function as legal tender and regulated by a country’s central bank. CBDCs aim to streamline payment systems, reduce dependency on physical cash, enhance financial inclusion, and preserve monetary policy’s effectiveness
An Exploration Into Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) - Satoshi Capital Adv...Josiah Hernandez
A working document created by Satoshi Capital Advisors for the Nigerian FSS 2020 Committee that explores Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and its many applications with regards to use cases that have wide reach within the Nigerian and global economy.
2021: The second wave of Fintech Disruption: Trends to watch outIndusNetMarketing
2020 has been a global shock for the world but it has also been a reason for digital adoption. The financial sector is evolving with time and 2021 will visualise many new disruptive trends that are going to shape the future of financial services.
Harnessing Blockchain technology to power Central Bank Digital CurrenciesBlockchain Worx
Central banks and institutions have been experimenting with and exploring Blockchain technology for digital currencies across a wide variety of use cases. 65% of the central banks recently surveyed said they are actively researching Digital Currencies; with 71% currently preferring DLT-based CBDCs. A two-tier model for CBDC would empower public-private partnerships and enable Digital Cash to be designed by central banks but distributed by commercial FI’s
Fintech in insurance. Focus on RoboAdvice - Changing the face of wealth management landscape on back of trend of “self-service”, disintermediation, automation spurred by the internet.
Digital Currencies- Block chain, Cryptocurrencies and Bitcoin Sai P Mishra
Digital currency is a money balance recorded electronically on a stored-value card or other devices. It exhibits properties similar to physical currencies, but can allow for instantaneous transactions. Digital Currencies like blockchain, bit coin, etherium are emerging and has great future.
This study notes will give you the complete knowledge about Centralized Online Real-Time Environment Banking System. From initially required knowledge to like how the bank works with the list of primary operation it also explains the detailed architecture of banking system with all relevant parameters. In addition, it also gives you the detail like audit procedure with relevant controls. Also gives you the required knowledge of IT Act and Cyber Frauds and more.
Big Data Analytics : Understanding for Research ActivityAndry Alamsyah
Big Data Analytics Presentation at International Workshop Colloquium Exploring Research Opportunity. School of Business and Management (SBM) - ITB. Bandung, 8 August 2019.
Open Data Analytical Model for Human Development Index to Support Government ...Andry Alamsyah
The transparency nature of Open Data is beneficial for citizens to evaluate government work performance. In Indonesia, each government bodies or ministry have their own standard operation procedure on data treatment resulting in incoherent information between agent and likely to miss valuable insight. Therefore, our motivation is to show the advantage of Open Data movement to support unified government decision making. We use dataset from data.go.id which publish official data from each government bodies. The idea is by using those official but limited data, we can find important pattern. The case study is on Human Development Index value prediction and its clustered nature. We explore the data pattern using two important data analytics methods classification and clustering procedure. Data analytics is the collection of activities to reveal unknown data pattern. Specifically, we use Artificial Neural Network classification and K-means clustering. The classification objective is to categorize different level of Human Development Index of cities or region in Indonesia based on Gross Domestic Product, Number of Population in Poverty, Number of Internet User, Number of Labors and Number of Population indicators data. We determined which city belongs to four categories of Human Development stated by UNDP standard. The clustering objective is to find the group characteristics between Human Development Index and Gross Domestic Product.
Hybrid sentiment and network analysis of social opinion polarization icoictAndry Alamsyah
The rapid growth of social media and user generated contents (UGC) has provided a rich source of potentially relevant data. The problems arise on how to summarize those data to understand and transforming it into information. Twitter as one of the most popular social networking and micro-blogging service can be analyzed in terms of content produced with sentiment analysis. On the other hand, some types of networks can also be constructed to analyze the social network structure and network properties. This research intended to combine those content and structural approaches into hybrid approach for identifies social opinion polarization, this is in the form of conversation network. Sentiment analysis used to determine public sentiment, and social network analysis used to analyze the structure of the network, detecting communities and influential actors in the network. Using this hybrid approach, we have comprehensive understanding about social opinion polarization. As case study, we present real social opinion polarization about reclamation issue in Indonesia.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
2. Introduction
Andry Alamsyah
•Researcher / Data Scientist
•Associate Professor, School of Economic and Business, Telkom University
•Chief and Founder of Lab. Social Computing & Big Data
•Chairman & Founder Indonesian Data Scientist Society (AIDI)
•Honorary Member of Asosiasi Blockchain Indonesia (ABI)
Research Field :
Social Computing, Social Network, Complex Network / Network Science, Computational Social Science, Data Analytics, Big Data, Data
Mining, Graph Theory, Blockchain Technology, Disruptive Innovation / Disruptive Economy, ICT Entrepreneurial Business, Data /
Information Business
email andry.alamsyah@gmail.com
blog andrya.staff.telkomuniversity.ac.id
repository telkomuniversity.academia.edu/andryalamsyah
repository researchgate.net/profile/Andry_Alamsyah
repository arxiv.org/a/0000-0001-5106-7561
linkedin linkedin.com/andry.alamsyah
twitter twitter.com/andrybrew
Education :
S1 : Mathematics - ITB, Topic: Statistics
S2 : Informatics - Universite Picardie, France, Topic: Information System,
S3 : Electro and Informatics - ITB, Topic: Social Network, and Big Data
Links :
3. A CBDC is a digital form of CB money. A legal tender created and backed by a CB. It represents a claim against
the CB and not against a commercial bank or a Payment Service Provider (PSP). CBDC is managed on a digital
ledger (which can be a blockchain or not), expediting and increasing the security of payments between banks,
institutions, and individuals.
BIS recent studies state >70% of institutions are actively researching and developing CBDC proofs of concept.
• Digital assets. CBDCs are digital assets. Accounted for in a digital ledger (distributed or not) acts as the single source of truth.
• Central bank backed. CBDC represents claims against the CB, just as banknotes do.
• Central bank controlled. The supply of CBDC is fully controlled and determined by the CB.
What Is Central Bank Digital Currency?
3 aspects that de
fi
ne a CBDC:
4. https://www.r3.com/blog/three-design-choices-for-a-central-bank-digital-currency/
Central Bank Digital Currency
CBDC is an instrument and blockchain is an infrastructure.
combining the two – a new instrument on a new infrastructure – introduces novel solutions to
some long standing problems in
fi
nancial services.
Central Bank-issued Digital Currency is a digital twin of cash. A binary representation of the real world notes/
cash. Since it is digital, it could link to a digital identity and held in a wallet.
CBDC is also a novel form of money. An addition to the category of money known as M0 (the monetary base), which
includes cash and reserves. Like other forms of money in that category, it is also legal tender and a claim on the CB.
In traditional economics, M0 represents central bank-issued money, like cash and CB depository accounts. CBDC
is included in M0, or will be once it is issued.
CBDC is not
• mined/minted by unknown parties. And it is not pegged to any real-world assets
• a payment but a means for payment.
• infrastructure and does not pose any threat to the incumbents of the
fi
nancial industry.
5. Central Bank Digital Currency
3 Design Choices (Design Considerations)
Who issued CBDC
Direct model – designed for disintermediation (CB issue directly to end customers). 1. disrupt the current
fi
nancial system. 2. put additional burden on the CB to manage customer on-boarding, KYC, AML checks, etc
Indirect model – banks re-issue CB money and banks execute the function of customer on-boarding
including AML compliance. 1. the drawback is the risk to end customers. Like bank deposits, end customers will not be
able to claim 100% of their entire CBDC holdings as it is co-mingled with the bank’s balance sheet.
Hybrid model – enhances the current intermediation model by segregating the risk (or balance sheet)
of
fi
nancial institutions from the CBDC holdings of end users. 1. the end customer CBDC holdings are not tied to the
bank’s balance sheet, so it is 100% portable (and 100% claimable as a legal tender). 2. the hybrid model introduces an important
innovation by allowing the CB to move CBDC holdings of end users if a bank is in distress.
How is CBDC Distributed
Single tier set up – No hierarchy of distribution of CBDCs. the CB issues DCs to all its users –
fi
nancial
institutions and citizens (upon doing the KYC and AML checks).
Two-tier set up – A hierarchy of distribution (the preference of most CB). The CBs issue DCs to commercial
banks, which in turn distribute them to consumers and businesses.
In What Form CBDC Held
Token-based holders - each DC is represented as a token with speci
fi
c denomination, mostly 1:1 with
cash. It has the cash DNA, means a transfer from one party to another does not require settlement or any reconciliation (instant
and atomic).
Account based – each user of DC holds an account with the CB or alternatively with commercial banks in a
two-tier distribution model. An account-based model may ease AML and KYC compliance but can be a large overhead for CBs in
a single tier model.
https://www.r3.com/blog/three-design-choices-for-a-central-bank-digital-currency/
7. Central Bank Digital Currency
• Technological e
ffi
ciency: reducing
intermediaries, real time transfers and
payments, settlement optimization.
• Financial inclusion: allowing any citizen to
be provided with a free or low-cost basic bank
account.
• Preventing illicit activity: keep track of the
exact location of every unit of the currency:
advantage for tax collection & combatting
crime.
• and many more …
MOTIVATION :
• As a move to responds against growing decentralized
cryptocurrency adoption (e
ffi
cient operations)
• CB still in control of their monetary policies
https://blog.digitalasset.com/developers/what-is-a-central-bank-digital-currency-and-why-should-people-prefer-cbdc-over-bank-accounts
8. Central Bank Digital Currency
Ripple CBDC Whitepaper
Despite the many bene
fi
ts of CBDCs, most CBs are understandably cautious about pursuing real-world initiatives. Everything, from how
people pay bills and buy groceries to how businesses transact and governments are run, depends on a stable
fi
nancial system.
CBDC initiatives raise many challenges for CBs, who must balance the desire for transformation with the need to maintain stability on a global scale.
The Need for Control Versus Desire for Innovation
Most existing digital assets are based on decentralized blockchains where every transaction is validated by a public network of thousands of validators.
CBs will not be willing to relinquish control to a completely distributed model, as the need to direct and in
fl
uence the economies through currency
management. While a fully centralized model would provide the required control, CBs would miss out on innovations like programmable money and
smart contracts that blockchain technology enables. It would also reduce the ability of private sector players to access and collaborate with CBDCs.
In addition, CBs are typically focusing CBDC approaches, solutions and technologies on achieving speci
fi
c domestic goals. However, many
stakeholders interested in using CBDCs have other needs as well as global requirements. If CBs do not enable the broad access, enhanced native
functionality and interoperability that allow their currencies to be adaptive and scalable, they risk losing control of the infrastructure for global
digitized services.
"If [CBDCs] are cheaper, faster, more secure for users, we should explore it. If it's
going to contribute to better monetary sovereignty, better autonomy, we should
explore it. If it's going to facilitate cross-border payments, we should explore it."
Christine Lagarde, President of the European Central Bank
9. Indonesia
Consumers attitude to CBDC: Considerations for policy-maker, Digital Monetary Institute, 2021
What features of a CBDC would be most
important to you? Select three.
Have you heard about CBDCs or a digital euro/
rupiah/naira/dollar?
In which of the following situations would you
consider using a CBDC?
If there were a CBDC in
your country, how likely
would you be to use it?
What payment methods might
you use CBDC instead of?
1 2 3
4 5
10. CBDC Technology Considerations
CBDC Critical Technical
Considerations : (before deployment)
• Strong cybersecurity, technical stability and
resilience.
Technical failure, loss of user funds, breach of
privacy, breach of con
fi
dential data, CB
reputational risk
• Sound technical governance
Network & infrastructure management, data
hosting, privileges of law enforcement, safe and
reliable custody, compatibility with existing legal
framework, abilities to audit transaction, upgrade
so
ft
ware to remain complaints to the evolving
legal framework,
fl
exibility to update so
ft
ware for
the future needs.
11. Objective Notes Technical Considerations
1
Continued Access
to CB Money
In jurisdictions where households
and businesses no longer have
access to risk-free CB money. A
CBDC could act like a “digital
banknote”.
- “Cash-like” features, such as wide acceptance and convenience, instant settlement, continuous 24/7/365
availability and o
ffl
ine capabilities.
- Compatibility with prevalent PoS hardware to stimulate adoption and merchant acceptance. Policy-
makers may consider subsidizing merchant acquisition of necessary technology upgrades.
- Privacy Oriented.
2
Financial
Inclusion
Policy-makers should “meet users
where they are”, by providing CBDC
in a way that works with the tools
and technology already widely
available and accessible to citizens.
- Low cost
- CB Roles: provide CBDC devices/apps for free; subsidized speci
fi
c costs(data); partnership to provide
additional bene
fi
t/a
ff
ordable to users.
- Accessibility and Convenience: (meets users where they are)
- CB Roles: service availability on multiple device; apps of popular apps store;UI/UX aspect; able to
perform on critical conditions (low connection).
3
E
ffi
cient Payment
System (Domestic
or Cross Border)
The presence of privacy-enhancing
techniques to mask end-user
transaction details can interrupt
e
ffi
ciency, as they may involve high
computational requirements that
slow down transactions (Technical
Tradeo
ff
for this policy goals).
- Cross Border Payment E
ffi
ciency
- Open access to foreign entities to hold account/transact in CBDC; allow domestic citizen to hold
accounts/transact in another country CBDC; allow transaction between domestic and foreign CBDC
- Additional Considerations
- Continuous 24/7/365 functionality with proven operational resilience.
- Instant/near instant
fi
nal transaction settlement
- High transaction throughput and scalability
- High interoperability
4
Payment System
Safety and
Resilience
A technically robust CBDC system
support payment system resilience
by serving as a primary, back-up or
additional payment method, if
access to cash is very low.
- Very strong cybersecurity standards and features.
- Data and hardware redundancy; continuous data syncing.
- Very strong anti-counterfeiting measures.
- Continuous service and availability.
- Interoperability with relevant payment systems.
- Resilience of any interdependency or integration with other system.
12. Objective Notes Technical Considerations
5
Risk Mitigation of
Currency
Substitution
(Monetary
Sovereignty)
To improve CBDCs likelihood
adoption and provide strong value
proposition, the CB consider should
understand user’s perspective, by
taking a user centric design approach
to develop CBDC
- Very low or no cost.
- Wide CBDC accessibility, including to citizens who can use various technology.
- For convenience, CBDC should be employable in various payment scenarios.
- Functionality to pay interest to CBDC account, for the purpose of stimulating adoption.
- High transaction capacity and scalability.
- Perceived to be trustworthy
6
Improvement of
Payments and
Banking
Competitiveness
Key considerations for CBDC issued
in pursuit of this policy goal are those
that make the CBDC competitive for
payments and deposits.
- Low cost to users
- High usability and accessibility
- High convenience, including interoperability with relevant payment system and widespread acceptance
by merchants
- Strong reliability, stability, and security to increase trust.
- Value added capabilities and features to compete with existing payment and deposit services.
- Ability to pay a positive interest rate.
7
Monetary Policy
Implementation
CBDC might be able to support
monetary policy implementation.
Most economists have not expressed
much conviction in this opportunity,
owing to limitations or policy
complexities.
- Interest-bearing CBDC to enable a direct mechanism for policy rate changes.
- Breaking through e
ff
ective lower bound in nominal interest rates. Replace physical cash if its unavailable:
- Capable of having positive and negative interest rate.
- Easily accessible and widely held among households and
fi
rms
- To increase wider adoption, policy maker can consider enacting government identity programs and/
or
fi
nancial and digital education and literacy campaign.
8
Household Fiscal
Transfers
CBDC employ for
fi
scal transfers to
households or
fi
rms, such as relief or
stimulus payments. It is easier when
there is widespread adoption of
CBDC. The transfer payments could
also be “programmable” on certain
conditions.
– Requirement for a very high or complete rate of adoption of CBDC accounts.
– Blurring of lines between
fi
scal and monetary policy, if the programme were overseen by the monetary
authority.
– Lack of clarity over the bene
fi
ts of using CBDC rather than providing stimulus payments through commercial
bank accounts.
15. CDBC Considerations
Auer & Bohme, “ The technology of retail central bank digital currency”, 2020
Retail CBDC architectures and fully backed alternatives
Cash vs electronic money in today’s two-tier monetary system
1 2
16. CDBC Considerations
Auer & Bohme, “ The technology of retail central bank digital currency”, 2020
Conventional or DLT based Infrastructure?
Conventional and DLT-based infrastructures store data multiple times and in physically
separate locations. The main di
ff
erence between them lies in how data are updated.
In conventional databases, resilience is achieved by storing data over multiple physical nodes,
which are controlled by one authoritative entity – the top node of a hierarchy.
In DLT-based systems, the ledger is jointly managed by di
ff
erent entities in a decentralised
manner. Consequently, each update of the ledger has to be synchronized between all nodes
(“consensus mechanisms”). It involves broadcasting and awaiting replies on multiple messages
before a transaction can be added to
fi
nality status.
The consensus mechanism become the overhead and reason why DLTs have lower transaction
throughput than conventional architectures. Speci
fi
cally, these limits imply that current DLT
could not be used for the direct CBDC except in very small jurisdictions, given the probable
volume of data throughput. However, DLT could be used for the indirect CBDC architecture,
as the number of transactions in many wholesale payment systems is comparable with that
handled by existing blockchain platforms, as also demonstrated in several wholesale.
In resilience aspect, neither one has a clear-cut advantage. The vulnerabilities are simply
di
ff
erent. The key vulnerability of a conventional architecture is the failure of the top node, for
example via a targeted hacking attack. While, in the DLT is the consensus mechanism, which
may be put under pressure, for example, by a denial-of-service type of attack.
17. CDBC Considerations
Privacy Considerations
1. A token-based system would ensure universal access – anybody can obtain a digital
signature – it would o
ff
er good privacy by default. It would also allow the CBDC to
interface with communication protocols (the basis for micropayments in the IoT).
2.The downsides are severe (need the safeguard)
1. The high risk of losing funds if end users fail to keep their private key secret.
2. The challenges to design an e
ff
ective AML/CFT framework for such a system.
Law enforcement authorities would run into di
ffi
culties when seeking to
identify claim owners or follow money
fl
ows, just as with cash or bearer
securities.
3.The focus of privacy dimension goes far beyond whether the system is based on
accounts or digital tokens. Transaction-level
fi
nancial data reveal sensitive
personal data. Hence, two aspects of privacy by default are crucial for the design
of a CBDC:
1. The amount of personal information transaction partners learn about each
other when the system is operating normally.
2.The risk of large-scale breaches of data held by the system operator or
intermediaries.
4. A CBDC lets merchants collect and link payment data to customer pro
fi
les
transforms the very nature of payments. Hence, a CBDC should preserve its users’
privacy.
5.Depending on the involvement of intermediaries and the information they receive,
technical safeguards for data protection need to be complemented by a legal
framework restricting data collection by front-end applications.
Once the CBDC’s architecture and infrastructure have been chosen, the question arises of how and to whom one should give access (the third layer of the CBDC pyramid)
The
fi
rst option : tie ownership to an identity. Claims are represented in a database that records the value along with a
reference to the identity, just as in a bank account. The drawbacks in the case of CBDCs is it depends on “strong”
identities for all account holders – schemes that map each individual to one and only one identi
fi
er across the entire
payment system. Such schemes can present a challenge in some jurisdictions, thus impairing universal access.
The second option : the CB honours claims solely when the CBDC user demonstrates knowledge of an encrypted
value – an option sometimes referred to as digital tokens. One example is when the secret part of a public-private key
pair is used to sign a message.
19. CBDC Status
★CBDC Status: current (or historic):
Cancelled: Countries that cancelled or decommissioned a CBDC.
Research: Countries that published multiple research reports about CBDC and started experimenting.
Proof of Concept: Countries that are in an advanced research stage and have published a CBDC proof of concept.
Pilot: Countries piloting CBDC, e.g., for domestic interbank or international use cases, in a real environment with a limited number of parties.
Development: Countries that already launched a small-scale pilot but currently prepare their CBDC for a full-scale launch.
Launched: Countries that o
ffi
cially launched a CBDC.
★Retail/Wholesale: a CBDC can be either wholesale (e.g. for interbank transactions only) or retail (intended to be used by the end user).
★Structure: a CBDC can be either stored as a token or as an account.
★Technology: name of a technological platform behind a CBDC.
★Programmability: does a CBDC support programmable logic (e.g. smart contracts).
★Interoperability: does a CBDC support integration with other digital currencies.
★Governance structure: who has rights to control a CBDC (can be a central bank, a consortium, etc.)
★Centralization: is a CBDC based on centralized or decentralized principles.
★DLT / non-DLT: is a CBDC built on top of distributed ledger technology (DLT).
★Main motivation/goals of the CBDC: reason why a certain central bank or government has started a CBDC project.
★Remuneration: is a CBDC interest-bearing or non interest-bearing.
★International access: does a CBDC allow to be accessed from outside a country it has been issued by.
21. CDBC Technology
Technology Description Promotor
DSC
Digital Symmetric Core Currency Cryptography (DSC3) technology to enable central banks to issue, control, and
supervise digital
fi
at currency that is then distributed through commercial banks and payment service providers.
eCurrency Mint
ethereum
Ethereum is the community-run technology powering the cryptocurrency ether (ETH) and thousands of
decentralized applications.
ethereum
Fillia
G+D Filia takes the advantages of cash and replicates them in the digital world. Basically, the central bank issues a
data
fi
le representing a monetary value – just like notes and coins in the physical world. The
fi
le is distributed via
commercial banks as per the current money cycle. Individuals can then use the data
fi
le with their smartphone,
smartcard, smartwatch, or other electronic wallet.
G+D
GSMT Global Solution for Money Technology GSMT
Hyperledger Fabric
Hyperledger Fabric is a modular blockchain framework that acts as a foundation for developing blockchain-based
products, solutions, and applications using plug-and-play components that are aimed for use within private
enterprises.
IBM, Bitt
NZIA Cortex DLT
NZIA builds distributed national payments infrastructure enabling Central Bank-issued Digital Currencies
(CBDC). Our unique, hybrid technology uses blockchain, edge computing hardware and wireless communication
systems.
NZIA
R3 Corda
With legacy banks and big corporations eyeing the crypto space with increasing interest, R3 look to allow large
enterprise systems to easily adopt blockchain technology, with R3’s Corda blockchain. Many of us in
decentralized
fi
nance (DeFi) dream of a "bankless" world full of transparency and decentralization.
R3
Stellar CBDC
Stellar was built with CBDCs in mind: to allow trusted issuers to create digital representations of their assets
(Blockchain)
Stellar
XRP Ledger The XRP Ledger (XRPL) is a decentralized, public blockchain led by a global developer community. Ripple
22. https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/comparing-means-of-payment-what-role-for-a-central-bank-digital-currency-20200813.htm
CBDC Roles
• Accessibility in payments refers to consumer access to a payment mechanism.
• Anonymity : To support practical anonymous private transactions. Cash allows
consumers to transact anonymously in the physical world. Most electronic payment
systems, including RTGS, do not allow for anonymity (KYC, AML, etc)
• Bearer Instrument is an instrument that is "payable" to anyone in possession of it.
Bearer instruments are "unique" in that whoever is holding the instrument has a
direct claim with the issuer.
• Independence refers to the degree of intermediation needed to use a payment
mechanism from the perspective of an end user.
• Operational e
ffi
ciency is an important component of payment mechanisms. Two
aspects of e
ffi
ciency are considered are central bank costs and other societal costs.
• Programmability is a potential feature of digital money. A CBDC designed to allow
for programmability, such as smart contracts, as part of the core platform could
enable automated execution of certain operations, such as payment of interest.
• Service availability. From an end-user perspective, a 24/7/365 payment mechanism
function.
RTGS+ is an RTGS with potential enhancement such as 24/7/365 RTGS, allow non bank participation, etc
Comparing Means of Payment: What Role for a CBDC?
23. Cash equivalent CBDC
• CBDC serve as a cash equivalent. The only categories where such a CBDC cannot fully match the features of cash are anonymity and independence.
• KYC requirements are likely to apply to a CBDC arrangement. There are concerns that some may want a cash equivalent CBDC to circumvent these requirements, because when a CBDC
involves a transfer of digital information, it will retain an electronic record somewhere.
• It would likely be more expensive to operate than an RTGS system given the operational complexities involved with decentralized systems with o
ffl
ine functionality.
• It would likely be cheaper than cash operations.
• A CBDC cash equivalent could potentially have the same level of programmability as an RTGS system that allows for external APIs.
Account-based CBDC
• In many cases, an account-based CBDC would be the e
ff
ective equivalent of a CB providing accounts directly to the public.
• This approach would also extend the digital perimeter of what RTGS systems could do.
• Relative to an RTGS system, a CBDC could support greater anonymity of e-transactions (given fewer intermediaries in the settlement process that may be subject to KYC requirements).
• If built on a new platform, a CBDC could expand programmability through smart contracts and, depending on the design, be more cost e
ff
ective for a CB to operate than cash or an
RTGS system.
• An account-based CBDC would likely not be a good cash equivalent in terms of anonymity, bearer instrument, or degree of independence.
Hybrid CBDC
• A CBDC can also be designed to have a tiered structure in which CBDC is issued by the CB and intermediaries handle payments.
• The key advantage of a hybrid CBDC over an RTGS system is the potential programmability of a CBDC instrument.
• A CBDC could allow for smart contracts, whereas an RTGS system would be limited to API programmability, which is not built into the platform itself.
• In other ways, a hybrid CBDC would be comparable to an RTGS+ system, which would be useful to a CB if some of the work and costs of maintaining the ledger are shifted to
participants, given that the model would make intermediaries responsible for enabling transactions.
https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/comparing-means-of-payment-what-role-for-a-central-bank-digital-currency-20200813.htm
CBDC Roles
24. CBDC Roles
Comparison of CB Payment Mechanism Cash Equivalent CBDC
Account Based CBDC Hybrid CBDC
28. CBDC in Low Connectivity Area
adopt Narrow-Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) technology,
simplify application for high latency connection,
bu
ff
er capabilities and reduce only sending the essential data
29. Blockchain Speed
•Visa states it can handle 24,000 tps, based on IBM testing conducted in
2010. This figure is widely cited but has never actually been reached in
real time. The company says that it can handle up to 56,000.
•PayPal can handle around 193 transactions per second. This figure is
based off the total transactions processed per year and averaged out per
second. The company has stated that it handled 450 tps on cyber Monday
in 2015.
•Ripple can handle 1,500 tps and takes around 4 seconds to confirm. The
team claims 50,000 tps.
•Stellar (a fork of ripple) can handle 1000 tps takes 2–5 seconds to
confirm.
•Bitcoin Cash can handle 61 tps and takes 60 minutes to confirm.
•Litecoin can handle 56 tps with Segwit and takes 30 minutes to confirm.
•Bitcoin can handle 7 tps and takes 60 minutes to confirm. It currently
averages 3 tps.
•Ethereum can handle 25 tps and takes 6 minutes to confirm. It
currently averages around 15 tps.
•IOTA can handle 1500 tps and takes 2 minutes to confirm.
However, real time stress tests show it is currently handling 3 tps.
•Monero takes about 30 minutes to confirm as per Kraken. Transaction
speeds are unknown, though estimated to be around 4 tps.
•DASH can handle 28 tps and takes 15 minutes to confirm. Average tps is
about 10(a much lower figure is claimed by the DASH team in terms of
confirmation times).
Solana 65,000 TPS 7 seconds
Cardano 1,000 TPS 10 min
Algorand 3,000 TPS 45 seconds
Avalanche 5,000 TPS 2 seconds