Managing a (different) Data Deluge - SPARC OA conferenceCameron Neylon
Presentation from the Implementation Panel of the SPARC OA conference in Kansas City.
The talk discusses the challenges that arise when Open Access publishing rises to be a majority of scholarly publishing. Different systems are required to manage payments, metadata transfer and funder compliance for institutions, researchers, funders and publishers.
No stories without evidence, no evidence without storiesCameron Neylon
Talk given at Sydney University on 4 August 2015.
Across many parts of our lives we are faced with the increasing availability of data to support decision making. With every element of the research process moving online, there are many new sources of data, as well as improved old sources of data, that can provide information on the performance, value and use of research and researchers.
But there is a problem. The proliferation of proxy data, and their naive equation with such weakly defined concepts as “quality” and “excellence”, have lead to a reliance on rankings and quantitative measures as institutional targets. More than this the adoption of these instrumental targets has lead us away from a critical discussion of institutional values, indeed of what the institution is for.
I will argue that it is only by moving away from such vague terms as “quality”, “excellence” and “impact” and focussing on institutional values and a well articulated mission that institutions of scholarship will continue to be relevant for the future. It is through interrogating the goals of the institution that the enormous potential resource of data on the research enterprise can be realised. Using the data effectively will allow us a window on how knowledge actually moves and is used. In combination with a clear sense of institutional goals this provides great opportunities for institutions to differentiate themselves from the pack.
From research life cycle to networks: The role of the libraryCameron Neylon
Google for "research life cycle" and you'll find a million images. Everyone has their own cycle, not all of them compatible. In this talk I argue that we need to move from a cycle conception of research information flows towards one based on networks. The library has the skills and values to act as a professional guide to this terriroty.
Thirty minute talk given at the fourth Portugese Open Access Meeting in Braga in late 2009. This talk draws from previous similar talks focussing on advocacy for open data and how to make it work for researchers on the ground.
Managing a (different) Data Deluge - SPARC OA conferenceCameron Neylon
Presentation from the Implementation Panel of the SPARC OA conference in Kansas City.
The talk discusses the challenges that arise when Open Access publishing rises to be a majority of scholarly publishing. Different systems are required to manage payments, metadata transfer and funder compliance for institutions, researchers, funders and publishers.
No stories without evidence, no evidence without storiesCameron Neylon
Talk given at Sydney University on 4 August 2015.
Across many parts of our lives we are faced with the increasing availability of data to support decision making. With every element of the research process moving online, there are many new sources of data, as well as improved old sources of data, that can provide information on the performance, value and use of research and researchers.
But there is a problem. The proliferation of proxy data, and their naive equation with such weakly defined concepts as “quality” and “excellence”, have lead to a reliance on rankings and quantitative measures as institutional targets. More than this the adoption of these instrumental targets has lead us away from a critical discussion of institutional values, indeed of what the institution is for.
I will argue that it is only by moving away from such vague terms as “quality”, “excellence” and “impact” and focussing on institutional values and a well articulated mission that institutions of scholarship will continue to be relevant for the future. It is through interrogating the goals of the institution that the enormous potential resource of data on the research enterprise can be realised. Using the data effectively will allow us a window on how knowledge actually moves and is used. In combination with a clear sense of institutional goals this provides great opportunities for institutions to differentiate themselves from the pack.
From research life cycle to networks: The role of the libraryCameron Neylon
Google for "research life cycle" and you'll find a million images. Everyone has their own cycle, not all of them compatible. In this talk I argue that we need to move from a cycle conception of research information flows towards one based on networks. The library has the skills and values to act as a professional guide to this terriroty.
Thirty minute talk given at the fourth Portugese Open Access Meeting in Braga in late 2009. This talk draws from previous similar talks focussing on advocacy for open data and how to make it work for researchers on the ground.
Just a Room Full of Stuff? Why Libraries are Great / Katie BirkwoodKatie Birkwood
A brief introduction to what it is that makes libraries so important.
Talk given at Ignite London 4, 8 Feb 2011, with a bit of extra text added to help it make sense.
http://ignitelondon.net/home
How do you get everybody in your company to understand your customers — especially if you’re not 100% certain yourself? You’ve got out of the building and talked to your customers, but how do you communicate and build on what you learned when you get back? We’ll show how to get the whole team involved in doing user research and building persona continuously. You’ll be introduced to a practical technique for integrating persona with lean approaches to product strategy and development.
This presentation from Paul Signorelli and Sharon Morris was prepared under the auspices of the ALA Learning Round Table for delivery at the ALA Annual Conference on June 26, 2012 in Anaheim, California. "Ignite, Interact, and Engage" explores methods for creating engagingly effective learning opportunities face to face and online.
Experimenting with the Ethics of Experimentation, Spark the Change 2015Adrian Howard
Lean Startup and Lean UX give you powerful experiment driven methods to learn about customers, products and services. But you’re not dealing with test tubes and chemicals. You’re dealing with people.
The customer backlash from some of Facebook’s experiments last year shows that what companies can do doesn’t always match up with what customers think they should do. How do we keep doing valuable experiments without hurting our customers or damaging our reputation?
There’s a word you hear from experimental scientists you don’t often hear on product teams: Ethics.
How does your organisation help you create ethical experiments? Professional scientists have people & processes to help them deal with ethical issues — experiments pass both professional and institutional standards. Is anyone thinking about ethical standards inside your company — or is the issue being ignored completely?
Just a Room Full of Stuff? Why Libraries are Great / Katie BirkwoodKatie Birkwood
A brief introduction to what it is that makes libraries so important.
Talk given at Ignite London 4, 8 Feb 2011, with a bit of extra text added to help it make sense.
http://ignitelondon.net/home
How do you get everybody in your company to understand your customers — especially if you’re not 100% certain yourself? You’ve got out of the building and talked to your customers, but how do you communicate and build on what you learned when you get back? We’ll show how to get the whole team involved in doing user research and building persona continuously. You’ll be introduced to a practical technique for integrating persona with lean approaches to product strategy and development.
This presentation from Paul Signorelli and Sharon Morris was prepared under the auspices of the ALA Learning Round Table for delivery at the ALA Annual Conference on June 26, 2012 in Anaheim, California. "Ignite, Interact, and Engage" explores methods for creating engagingly effective learning opportunities face to face and online.
Experimenting with the Ethics of Experimentation, Spark the Change 2015Adrian Howard
Lean Startup and Lean UX give you powerful experiment driven methods to learn about customers, products and services. But you’re not dealing with test tubes and chemicals. You’re dealing with people.
The customer backlash from some of Facebook’s experiments last year shows that what companies can do doesn’t always match up with what customers think they should do. How do we keep doing valuable experiments without hurting our customers or damaging our reputation?
There’s a word you hear from experimental scientists you don’t often hear on product teams: Ethics.
How does your organisation help you create ethical experiments? Professional scientists have people & processes to help them deal with ethical issues — experiments pass both professional and institutional standards. Is anyone thinking about ethical standards inside your company — or is the issue being ignored completely?
How can we invest in future development of scholarly communications. Whose role is it and who is paying? In this talk, given at the UKSG meeting in 2016 I use the lens of culture to ask how scholarly communications needs to change, and where the opportunities lie for researchers and publishers.
Sustainable Futures for Research CommunicationCameron Neylon
Slides for a talk given at Duke University on 7 October 2016. The talk focusses on political economics of scholarly publishing and routes forward to finding equitable and affordable ways to shift to Open Access.
Research Assessment to Support Research ImpactCameron Neylon
A talk given at the SCAP Symposium on August 12 2012. The talk focuses on the question of how new tools for tracking the use and re-use of research provide new mechanisms by which we can demonstrate and investigate research impact with a particular focus on those papers published from the University of Cape Town with PLOS.
(Abstract) At the core of the new ACRL Framework for Information Literacy is the educational theory of threshold concepts, according to which every discipline contains "troublesome" concepts that stand as barriers to learning. Accordingly, by identifying these barriers and directing our teaching towards them, educators can foster deeper understanding and appreciation of complex subjects. In light of the new ACRL Framework's adoption of threshold concepts, this presentation from a former member of the Framework Task Force will offer a critical assessment of the applicability of threshold concepts to information literacy.
This presentation will argue that the six "frames" of information literacy are underdetermined, they fail to distinguish concepts from skills, they are too relative to individual student experiences to provide general guidance, and they reduce information literacy to a single discipline. This last point is especially important insofar as the new Framework removes our ability to think of information literacy as a general, interdisciplinary set of critical thinking skills.
Ultimately, through its insistence on threshold concepts as first principles, the new ACRL Framework moves away from its promise of holism and instead becomes inward-looking and exclusionary. Thankfully, the Framework is malleable enough that with a few modifications to threshold concept theory, an increased sensitivity to student learning differences, and close attention to the cross-disciplinary relevance of information literacy, there is something to salvage. Rather than accept the ACRL Framework uncritically, we owe it to ourselves and our students to ask tough questions.
Carrying the Banner: Reinventing News on Your University WebsiteGeorgiana Cohen
As delivered for EMG Online webinar, Oct. 13, 2011
http://www.emgonline.com/Academy/Pages/EMG-Academy/Products/KnowledgeBuilders/Reinventing-News-on-Your-University-Web-Site
"You can just tell whether a website looks reliable or not." People's modes o...Lynn Connaway
Connaway, L. S. (2018). "You can just tell whether a website looks reliable or not." People's modes of online engagement. Keynote presented at Universidad Javeriana, October 2, 2018, Bogota, Colombia.
"You can just tell whether a website looks reliable or not." People's modes o...OCLC
Connaway, L. S. (2018). "You can just tell whether a website looks reliable or not." People's modes of online engagement. Keynote presented at Universidad Javeriana, October 2, 2018, Bogota, Colombia.
Good Riddance: Academic Publishers are Abandoning PublishingBjörn Brembs
Talk at RIOT science club on the myriad ways in which science would do so much better if scholarly institutions took their money and spent it on modern information technology instead of antiquated and counter-productive journals.
A stripped down version of a presentation I gave to students in Latvia - it's a fantastic time to be shaping the profession of librarianship, so this slide-deck is about the world and the way it's changing, trends for the future, and how to make the most of being a librarian.
Beyond the survey: Using qualitative research methods to support evidence-ba...Lynn Connaway
Connaway, L. S. (2019). Beyond the survey: Using qualitative research methods to support evidence-based practice. Keynote presented at the ALIA Information Online 2019 Conference, February 14, 2019, Sydney, Australia.
The slides for a talk given to the NESTA Crucible Workshop on 28 June 2009. The talk aims to focus on the justifications for funding science and explore how to use web based technologies to improve the efficiency of research.
Science dissemination 2.0: Social media for researchers (MTM-MSc 2020)Xavier Lasauca i Cisa
In this workshop (Master in Translational Medicine-MSc, University of Barcelona's Faculty of Medicine-Hospital Clínic, 25 May 2020) I summarised the benefits which can be gained from use of social media (specially blogs,Twitter and other repositories) to support research activities, and I provided examples of these innovative emerging socialnetwork sites as tools for scientific communication, as well as resources to increase the diffusion, visibility and impact of the scientific production. Structure of the lecture: Introduction, The digital revolution, Altmetrics, Open science, Active listening, Blogging, Microblogging, Professional networking, Sharing, Health 2.0, , Digital identity building, References to deepen and Conclusions.
Creating a Positive Professional Presence (ISASA)Cathy Oxley
Teacher librarians are standing on the brink of a fantastic opportunity to make themselves indispensable within their schools. Now is the perfect time to embrace technology, develop a Professional Learning Network, upskill and become leaders in e-learning.
Digital research: Collections, data, tools and methods Stella Wisdom
Presentation for the Economic and Social Research Council North West Social Sciences Doctoral Training Partnership event on 26th November 2021, by Stella Wisdom, Digital Curator, British Library
Research Excellence is a Neo-Colonial AgendaCameron Neylon
Talk given at the On Think Tanks meeting in Geneva in February 2019. Discusses the way in which research excellence is constructed and tends to 'internationalise' networks. Using the Sabato-Botana triangle as a model it argues for the importance of localism and the need for contextualised conceptions of excellence if research is to deliver value for the communities that support it.
Network Enabled Research: Connectivity, groups and growth in the production o...Cameron Neylon
We often talk about “research networks” for projects. Our measures of research quality are often based on networks of citations. Social media networks are increasingly important in internal and external communications of research. Usually we think about these things as external technologies that have affected how we do things. Social technologies of funding intended to drive collaboration, data collection technologies that let us think about not just one link between articles but the characteristics of the whole system, communications technologies with new possibilities. But to think of these as external effects is to miss the fact that the networks have always been there. What has changed is their density and interconnection. We can actually turn the question around. Rather than ask what impact social media networks have had on research, we should ask what changes were occurring that required something like social media to be developed? For science to continue growing, it needs more complex and larger networks to be formed. What are the characteristics of systems that support that? How do we design scholarship as networks so that it can continue to grow?
Excellence is a neo-colonial agenda...and what we can do aboutCameron Neylon
Slides from a keynote at the meeting 'Perspectives of Research Excellence in the Global South' - argues that considering research excellence as a neo-colonial agenda helps to defuse the dangers that a North Atlantic attitude to 'biblio-excellence' creates but also offers opportunities for developing and transitional countries to take a leadership role on the future of research policy
Will we still know ourselves? Identity and Community in a Transforming Knowle...Cameron Neylon
Keynote given at the NFAIS 2018 meeting in Alexandria, Virginia, USA on 28 February 2018
The world of information is transforming at a bewildering pace. The assumptions of yesterday, the stable institutions and cherished practices increasingly seem to be vanishing before our eyes. The first assumption of any new strategy seems to be “what would this look like if we built it from scratch, today”. And yet continuity matters, we don’t build new tools, institutions and practices from scratch, they evolve in a messy and contingent way from what we have available to us in the moment.
In this talk, Neylon unpicks the underlying drivers of change, and how they are coupled to a long history of how we manage information. Neylon will discuss how the different perspectives of important groups—scholars, publishers, funders, platform providers and the myriad of information professionals—lead to a partial focus that can make us simultaneously fearful of the change we see and blind to the shifts that actually matter.
If the arc of history bends towards justice then it follows that the arc of our knowledge and information environment necessarily bends towards greater scale and greater diversity. At the same time it is the values that underpin scholarship and the various ways in which we identify with the project of building knowledge, that drive us forward. If we are to take advantage of change, we need to understand what it is that must stay the same.
Beyond Open: Culture and Scaling in the Making of KnowledgeCameron Neylon
Open Access, Open Science, Open Government, Open Education. We often see these as new movements, set against an old world of broken – and closed – systems of scholarship and education. New technologies, primarily the web, have lifted the veil from our eyes to let us see this new world. If only we could build the right technology...mandate the right behavior then a new utopia of open scholarship will be upon us! The problem with this view is that it sees the disruption of the web as a one-off event that once worked through will provide a solution for all time. Framed that way this is obviously not true, but the challenge goes deeper than that. Scholarship, in its western institutionalized forms, has increased in scale continuously for at least 400 and possibly 2000 years. No social or institutional system can scale continuously over several order of magnitude. Therefore we must expect structural historical breaks.
The question is not how to fix scholarship, but how on earth it has managed to last this long? I will argue that what sits at the core of this survival is a set of normative cultural values that privilege openness. Their application has been far from perfect but the concepts of communication, criticism, civility and inclusion have deep roots in our institutions and communities. At the same time community and identity are critical to scholarship, and both of these imply exclusion and boundary work to define community. My argument is that the culture, forms and values of western scholarship have held these two tendencies in productive tension, allowing the academy to address the ongoing scaling (and consequent inclusion) problem through social, technical and economic innovation. Our challenge is not simply to solve today's problems, but to re-imagine our institutions so that they continuously generate and are able to adopt the innovations necessary to continue to solve the scaling problem into the indefinite future.
Slides for a presentation to the SCONUL conference in 2015. Focusses on the idea that there is an ongoing shift from working within life cycles to networks in the research world
Slides for a talk given at the Centro Cultural de la Ciencia in Buenos Aires on 4 September 2017. The opportunities and challenges for open research practices become more complex as those practices become common. Is open research just “good research” or is it a fundamental change in our approach? I will argue that seeing open research in oppositional terms is not productive, and that thinking of it as an ongoing process of opening up practice that has been ongoing for centuries may make implementation and adoptions easier and more rapid.
Openness in Scholarship: A return to core values?Cameron Neylon
The debate over the meaning, and value, of open movements has intensified. The fear of co-option of various efforts from Open Access to Open Data is driving a reassessment and re-definition of what is intended by “open”. In this article I apply group level models from cultural studies and economics to argue that the tension between exclusionary group formation and identity and aspirations towards inclusion and openness are a natural part of knowledge- making. Situating the traditional Western Scientific Knowledge System as a culture-made group, I argue that the institutional forms that support the group act as economic underwriters for the process by which groups creating exclusive knowledge invest in the process of making it more accessible, less exclusive, and more public-good-like, in exchange for receiving excludable goods that sustain the group. A necessary consequence of this is that our institutions will be conservative in their assessment of what knowledge-goods are worth of consideration and who is allowed within those institutional systems. Nonetheless the inclusion of new perspectives and increasing diversity underpins the production of general knowledge. I suggest that instead of positioning openness as new, and in opposition to traditional closed systems, it may be more productive to adopt a narrative in which efforts to increase inclusion are seen as a very old, core value of the academy, albeit one that is a constant work in progress.
Interpreting Shadows on the Elephant in the RoomCameron Neylon
Talk on the economics of sustainability models for scholarly communication given at ScienceEurope/LIBER workshop in Antwerp on 27 April 2017. Focuses on very fundamental issues of what happens in economic terms with scholarly communication and how cultural institutuions as well as formal institutions play a key role in supporting groups, clubs in economic terms, that take knowledge and covert to being more public like.
Clearer with the notes available from the notes tab below.
From a talk given at Harvard on 2 October 2014 discussing the choices needed for developing new scholarly communication platforms. The talk focusses on the institution perspective, seeing preservation and dissemination as a core part of the institutional mission. It discusses how the artificial divide between repositories and publishing as routes to wider access are disguising the real questions on resource allocation and preparation for the future
Network Enabled Research - The role of open source and open thinkingCameron Neylon
Keynote talk given at the Bioinformatics Open Source Conference at the ISMB in Berlin on 19 July 2013. Discussed from the perspective of Open Source and open definitions how to think about networks and the potential for discontinuities and phase transitions as places where the expansion of networks can lead to significant changes in scientific capacity.
Keynote given at the Munin conference in Tromsø, Norway in November 2011. Describes an overview of the technology and social challenges of scholarly communication in a networked world and discusses social filtering and discovery technologies that might help with scholarly communication information overload.
Re-use as Impact: Linking the open and impact agendasCameron Neylon
Talk given as part of an ESRC program on Research Impact. I argue that using the frame that impact can be measured in the form of various types of re-use and that this helps us to address the apparently contradiction of maximising the impact of curiosity driven and applied research.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
1. Re-imagining the State of
Scholarly Communication
New modes of publication and assessment
Cameron Neylon - 7 May 2015 - CENDI
@cameronneylon - http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0068-716X
10. More data is the answer?
https://www.flickr.com/photos/blprnt/3261815454 CC BY
11. Types of Data
• Citations
!
• Usage
!
• Bookmarks
!
• Conversation
11
12. Citations
• Traditional and valued
!
• Less consistent than most think
– WoS, Scopus, CrossRef, (Europe)PMC
• Track a very specific kind of usage
• Only track a very specific kind of usage
• Accumulate very slowly
12
13. Usage
• Page views, downloads
!
• Measure usage by a wider community
• Measure greater range of use
• Inconsistent between publishers
• Rarely get demographics of viewers
• Difficult to distinguish form of impact on
usage data alone (“funny title” problem)
• Available on publication
13
14. Bookmarks
• Academic and “public” facing sites
– People collecting literature
– Building a library
!
• Measure greater range of use vs cites
• Focus on use by researchers (Mendeley)
• Rely on service providers
• Accumulate quickly
14
15. Conversations/Social Media
• Twitter, Facebook, Blogs, News sites
– Sharing literature within communities
– Conversations about literature
!
• Open to the public (but often actually
driven by/involving researchers)
• Rich demographic information (Twitter)
• Potential bias and detection problems
• Accumulate quickly
15
16. More data is the answer?
https://www.flickr.com/photos/blprnt/3261815454 CC BY
22. 0 20 40 60 80
0
5000
10000
15000
PLOS papers authored by University of Cape Town staff
Usage data from the PLoS journal website (combined HTML views and PDF downloads). Circle size correlates with CrossRef
citation counts. Red circles represent papers with "HIV" in title.
Months
Total Views
Not an obvious outlier...