Cells divide and multiply in number as they proceed through the cell .pdf
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Cells divide and multiply in number as they proceed through the cell cycle. At some point however cells need to stop multiplying and the cell cycle is halted. Given your knowledge on mitosis think of two ways (methods, mechanisms procedures) a cell might stop it self from dividing. Solution Cell cycle is hated when there is damage to DNA or there is not proper DNA replication. At these points cell stops dividing. A) DNA damage: When there is damage in DNA then cell cycle stops dividing to facilitating DNA restore pathways. Methods involves are protein kinases of ATM/ATR own family called Tel1/Mec1 in budding yeast and Tel1/Rad3 in fission yeast. These kinases senses DNA damages and phosphorylate variety of proteins that regulate cell cycle development and DNA restore pathways. B) DNA replication: Accurate replication of the thousands and thousands or billions of DNA base pairs in a eukaryotic genomeis essential. Damaged template, protein and poor supply of dNTPs are most of the many obstacles that must be overcome to duplicate genome. All of those situations can stall replication forks. Stalled forks pose threats to genome integrity due to the fact they could rearrange, damage, or fall apart via disassembly of the replication complex .The pathways that respond to replication stress are signal transduction pathways which might be conserved across evolution. Procedure are ATM/ATR of relatives kinases. These kinases collectively with a trimeric checkpoint clamp (termed nine-1-1 complex) and 5-subunit checkpoint clamp loader (Rad17- RFC2-RFC3-RFC4-RFC5) senses stalled replication forks and transmit a checkpoint .One of principal functions of replication checkpoint is to prevent the onset of mitosis via regulating mitotic control proteins which includes Cdc25. But possibly the maximum essential interest of replication checkpoint is to stabilize and protect replication forks eight. The protein kinase Cds1 (human Chk2 homolog; in human, Chk1 is a purposeful Cds1 homolog) is a important effector of the replication checkpoint within the fission yeast. Cds1 is required to prevent stabilization of replication fork in cells deal with hydroxyurea (HU), a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor that stalls replication by depleting dNTPs. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a failure to set off Rad53 (Chk2 homolog) is related to crumble and regression of replication forks.
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only F occurs
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plz explain ur answer
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Only F occurs :
E u F u G - E - G
Explanation : EuFuG is the part tha is all of the circles. From this, i remove E and G,
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Exactly two of the events occur :
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This class will implement the linked nodes that will be used to implement the deque itself.
It should have the following protected data members.
protected dequeNode next; // next pointer to next node
protected dequeNode prev; // previous pointer to previous node
protected int val; // the integer value stored within the dequeNod.
In humans, the sickle-cell trait is caused by a single detective alle.pdf
In humans, the sickle-cell trait is caused by a single detective allele, but sickle-cell disease only
occurs in individuals that are homozygous for the sickle-cell allele. Two people carry the trait but
do not have sickle-cell disease. What is the probability that they will have two children with
sickle-cell disease? 1/16 1/2 3/8 1/4
Solution
Answer is 1/2.
Parents are carriers. Ss x Ss. The children will be of genotypes SS, Ss, sS, ss..
Identify three examples of how U.S. society is heteronormative.S.pdf
The document identifies four examples of how U.S. society promotes heteronormativity: 1) the gender binary that only acknowledges men and women, 2) patriarchal gender roles, 3) monogamy being centered as the ideal relationship structure, and 4) heteronormativity being tied to standards of whiteness and white supremacy.
How the U.S. Banking Structure Compares to the Rest of the WorldFo.pdf
How the U.S. Banking Structure Compares to the Rest of the World
Foreigners arriving in the United States are often overwhelmed by the number and kinds of
financial institutions that exist. The structure of the banking industry in the United States is quite
different from that of other industrialized countries. America is the only country that does not
have a true national banking system in which a relatively small number of banks have a large
number of branches located throughout the country. The reason is that the U.S. banking system is
governed by both federal and state regulations. Until the Riegle–Neal Interstate Banking and
Branching Act was passed in 1994, interstate banking was prohibited. As a result, the United
States has nearly 12 times the number of banks that other industrialized countries have. Japan has
only about 1 percent as many commercial banks as the United States. (Note that means separate
legal entities, not branches or offices.)
Because the United States has more banks, they are usually smaller than those in the rest of the
world. And U.S. banks may become even smaller in a relative sense as banks in the European
Union (EU) increasingly offer complete banking services throughout all of the EU countries. In
addition, the EU has allowed universal banking—the right of banks to offer a complete line of
banking-related services and to own shares of stock in other companies since 1988. In 1999, U.S.
banks were allowed to engage in universal banking.
(A) Why do you think that U.S. banking laws were changed?
Solution
In the U.S there are so many commercial banks because a single bank can’t operate between
states. Interstate banking is not legalized there. Universal banking like acquiring shares and
offering other services were also prohibited in the country.
But the things are changed now, because banks are allowed to engage in universal acts and
services since the year 1999. It indicates the changing of banking laws in the country..
Human cells contain two different types of genes. Most of our genes a.pdf
Human cells contain two different types of genes. Most of our genes are in the nucleus, so they
are present in two copies (diploid) and inherited from both parents. However, we also have a
small number of genes in our mitochondrial DNA, which is effectively haploid and inherited
only from the mother. Based on your understanding of population genetics, would you expect
genetic drift to cause greater fluctuations in allele frequencies for mitochondrial genes or for
nuclear genes? Or should both types of genes be equally affected by genetic drift?
Solution
Answer:
Genetic drift is going to cause “greater fluctuations in allele frequencies for both mitochondrial
genes & for nuclear genes”. This is because according to neutral theory, these fluctuations are
nearly due to the substitutions of synonymous or nonsynonymous mutations. These are finally
resulted from \"conteracting generation time\". Nuclear DNA is mainly inherited from both
mother and father to code for mRNA finally to synthesize proteins required for the entire
organism formations but mitochondrial DNA is merely inherited from mother only because of
mutations in cytoplasmic DNA but father do not pass this inheritance to either males or females.
Nuclear DNA has composed of genetic information and useful to code for mature organism as
per environmental cues. Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA mutations may induce
mitochondrial diseases result inability of cells to generate energy currency of cells for metabolic
activity in the resultant phenotype.
Recent research has revealed that mtDNA nonsense mutations mainly due to replicative
segregation of heteroplasmic alleles result in bioenergietic lethal defects different from mutations
in nuclear genome. It has profoundly observed that maternal genes have capability to provide
energy organelles with mtDNA. However, high mutation rate during gamete formation in
heteroplasmic alleles responsible for mutant mitochondria due to maternal
inheritance.Mitochondrial genome is circular and double helical similar to nuclear genome and
code for tRNA similar to nuclear genome. Mitochondrial DNA is matrilineal & affected via
genetic drift similar to nuclear genome. Mitochondrial genome has approximately 1100 bases in
which two regions are hypervariable or polymorphic with no genetic code functions exert
variability between human beings. Most of mitochondrial DNA is inherited from material origin
useful to detect crime aspects in forensic science.
Growth of Bacteria Bacteria grown in a laboratory are inoculated .pdf
Growth of Bacteria:
Bacteria grown in a laboratory are inoculated into a broth, and then grown for a period of time.
Typically, the growth pattern of any bacterial culture follows a regular pattern. Let
Solution
Put t=0
u get Po=1 million
Put t=450
u get M=100 million
as e^rt after this tends to zero as the value of bectaria have beacame constant
and use above value
Put t=2
10=100/(1+99*e^-2r)
10=1+99*e^-2r
1/root11=e^-r
e^r=root11
r=1.19
Now the expression is
P(t)=100/(1+99*e^-2*1.19)
put t=5
p(5)=9.84Million.
Businesses combine for many reasons. The rationale for combining som.pdf
Businesses combine for many reasons. The rationale for combining sometimes creates tunnel
vision where decision-makers fail to see all stakeholders and their potential impacts.
Suggest a stakeholder that is affected when companies combine. Also add the most important
considerations for this stakeholder during the combination planning process.
Solution
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is the responsibility of an organization towards the
welfare and interests of the society in which it operates while maintaining a healthy bottom-line
of profits. Responsible, sustainable and transparent business models help build brand and
reputation as well as help strengthen the community and therefore the marketplace. Business
ethics examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business
environment. Business ethics reflects the philosophy of business, one of whose aims is to
determine the fundamental purposes of a company. If a company\'s purpose is to maximize
shareholder returns, then sacrificing profits to other concerns is a violation of its fiduciary
responsibility.
The principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions are called ethics.
As ethics are about moral values, cultural assessments can be extremely valuable when assessing
the moral values in an organization. The message from businesses today is clear—employees
must be well trained and capable of making ethical decisions to protect the business from legal
liability and to maximize long-term profits.
3 Step checklist to analyze the ethics of common business situations:
The social responsibility movement is just one aspect of the overall discipline of business ethics.
Many companies believe they have a responsibility to \"give back\" to society. This focus
includes contributions of time and money, a duty to provide environmentally friendly products
and services, and a desire to improve the lives of individuals here and around the globe. A few
companies stand out as prime examples of how social responsibility can be productively coupled
with sound strategies to advance goodwill, while building sustainable and impressive businesses.
Burt’s Bees - The focus for Burt\'s Bees has always been on well-being and \"the greater good.\"
As part of the Natural Products Association, the company helped develop The Natural Standard
for Personal Care Products, which created guidelines for what can be deemed natural. Burt\'s
Bees follows the highest possible standards for packaging sustainability, furthering its dedication
to the cause as a member of the Sustainable Packaging Coalition. Since the brand\'s start at a
crafts fair selling $200 worth of honey, the company has since expanded to candles, lip balm and
now more than 150 products. In 2009, revenue topped $250 million.
The Body Shop - The Body Shop is regarded as a pioneer of modern corporate social
responsibility as one of the first companies to publish a full report on its efforts and initiatives..
C++ Programming (Please help me!! Thank you!!)Problem A Win SimU.pdf
C++ Programming: (Please help me!! Thank you!!)
Problem A: Win SimUniversity (20 points) Currently there is not way to “win” the game.
Modify the SimUniversity.cpp file to have a “hours until graduation” variable that starts at 48
(you may change this number for testing, but ensure you the code you submit has it at 48). In
addition to the normal output, give the time left to graduate as shown in the example below.
When you have graduated, end the game and tell them they have won. If you are expected to
graduate right when you would normally lose the game, you should graduate anyways and win
the game (see 2nd example). Please ensure you follow the sample output exactly
This is my program named SimUniversity.cpp to modify (you copy and paste to C++ to modify)
This is an example that I should get
Example 1 (user input is bold, board is not displayed because it is too big... do not change it):
Current stats are: Energy = 70, Entertainment = 70, Smartness = 70.
Current time: 8:00. You are at the Dorm. Do you want to (S)leep, do (H)omeowrk or (W)atch
some YouTube?
Do you want to (G)o to a different location?
g
Where do you want to travel to: (O, U, D)?
u
You go to University.
From your actions changed your stats by... Energy: -4, Entertainment: 0, Smartness: 0.
You have 47 hours left until graduation...
(Press enter to advance an hour)
Current stats are: Energy = 66, Entertainment = 70, Smartness = 70.
Current time: 9:00.
You are at the University. Do you want to (A)ttend class or (S)leep through lecture? Do you
want to (G)o to a different location?
a
You take copious notes and pay close attention to the material. From your actions changed your
stats by... Energy: - 4, Entertainment: - 8, Smartness: 3.
You have 46 hours left until graduation...
(Press enter to advance an hour)
... (skipping some time, this line is not actually output!) Current stats are: Energy = 67,
Entertainment = 50, Smartness = 73. Current time: 9:00.
You are at the Dorm.
Do you want to (S)leep, do (H)omeowrk or (W)atch some YouTube?
Do you want to (G)o to a different location?
h
You break out the books and pound through some problems. From your actions changed your
stats by... Energy: - 3, Entertainment: -20, Smartness: 3. You have 1 hours left until graduation...
(Press enter to advance an hour)
Current stats are: Energy = 64, Entertainment = 30, Smartness = 76.
Current time: 10:00.
You are at the Dorm.
Do you want to (S)leep, do (H)omeowrk or (W)atch some YouTube?
Do you want to (G)o to a different location?
w
OMG!! CATS!!!! From your actions changed your stats by... Energy: - 2, Entertainment: 20,
Smartness: - 1. You have 0 hours left until graduation...
You graduate from college.
(Press enter to advance an hour)
Solution
#include
#include
using namespace std;
class Room {
private:
// letters outline where the location is
char mapLetter;
// locations are rectangles....
int topLeftX;
int topLeftY;
int bottomRightX;
int bottomRightY;
// all good things have a name, right?
str.
You dont know the length, the width is four feet less than twice t.pdf
You don\'t know the length, the width is four feet less than twice the length. Represent both
amounts. If the length is represented by x, then the width is represented by? You may also use
the variable L to represent the length and write the width in terms of L.
Solution
Let length be x
width is four feet less than twice the length
twice the length: 2x
width = 2*x -4.
A polypeptide chain contains an amphipathic helix, with arginine and.pdf
A polypeptide chain contains an amphipathic helix, with arginine and lysine residues on one side
and hydrophobic residues on the other. It will likely enter:
the peroxisome.
ria.
the ER.
the lysosome.
the mitochondriaa.
the peroxisome.
ria.b.
the ER.c.
the lysosome.d.
the mitochondria
Solution
Amphipathic protein chain has positive amino residues at one end and negative amino residues at
other end. This arrangement, that acts as signal sequence, is recognised by specific receptors
present on mitochondrial membrane ,for protein precursors transloation from cytosol.
So Answer is D: Mitochondria.
9. Elaborate why materials have tendency to be corrodedSolution.pdf
9. Elaborate why materials have tendency to be corroded?
Solution
You understand that corrosion means oxidation in a generalized way. Means pure metals gets
converted into its oxide or sulfide forms depending on in which environment they are kept. For
example, iron converted to iron oxide when comes in contact with oxygen or water or silver
corrodes when comes in contact with atmospheric oxygen. So why do metals have tendency to
be corroded ?
There are several reasons for that as follows:
1. Pure materials are most likely unstable so they will try to regain their original state that is
oxides. so they will react with atmospheric oxygen or with water or with any other possible
medium which will come in contact with them. As atmosphere contain oxygen and moisture
(which is water) metals tends to react with them and forms oxides. (if metals are kept in pure
vacuum the metals will remain in their pure form and they are less likely to corrode)
2. Another scenario will be when metals are in excited form by some kind of energy excitation.
The most common example of this will be old car batteries in which two electrodes were in
contact with electrolyte and current is flowing continuously through both electrodes. And the
oxidation happens at Anode.
3. Then third reason would be reactivity of material with an environment. or it could be other
way around if an environment reactive then it will react with metal..
5. What are the main factors that affect the demand for the following.pdf
5. What are the main factors that affect the demand for the following infrastructure systems:
Light rail systems Education institutions Post offices hospitals
Solution
Light rail systems: In this the major factors affecting the demand are:
1. Public and their class, as if there is not much people to travel from one place to another than
the demand of transit will automatically be less and we also have to check whether the common
people can afford to choose light rail as a mode of transport.
2. The topographical features where it is to be established, as if the site is very hilly or sloped
than initial investment will be very high and this leads to high fare charges hence low demand.
Education institutions: Here we will have to consider :
1. The distribution of pubic according to the age group, as if we make a school at a place where
there are very less children density in the population then demand will be low.
2. The type or genre of education people living in the locality would prefer, i.e if music is a hot
topic of interest go for musical institiution, etc.
3. And the financial conditions would also affect the demand as cheaper the institute and better
the quality more will be the demand.
Post offices: In this
1. We will consider those routes first where the most of the traffic of letters is inclined and then
make the post office connecting those places. This can be done by origin and destination studies
of letters.
2. Now a days demand for post offices has dropped drastically because of telephone and internet
but still of we want to improve its demand we can incorporate the technology in it such as E-
POST, E-MAIL , etc this will surely affect the demand.
3. One of the major factorr affecting demand of post office is surrounding area, i.e if
surroundings are industrial or institutional then the demand will be high and if surrounding is
residential or say backwards then it will be low.
Hospitals: Here
1. Facilities provided by the hospitals greatly affect its demand as more the facility will attract
more customers
2. Again locality plays a major role in demand as in urban area demand will be high and in rural
area it will be low.
3. Specialisation in various medical fields like Heart, Surgery, Brain ,etc will make the hospital
more versatile and hence more demand..
1. Research Topic Research the problem of livelock in a networked e.pdf
1. Research Topic: Research the problem of livelock in a networked environment. Describe how
its consequences differ from those of deadlock, and give a real-life example of the problem that’s
not mentioned in this chapter. Identify at least two different methods the operating system could
use to detect and resolve livelock. Cite your sources.
Solution
A livelock is similar to a deadlock, except that the states of the processes involved in the livelock
constantly change with regard to one another, none progressing. Livelock is a special case of
resource starvation; the general definition only states that a specific process is not progressing.
A real-world example of livelock occurs when two people meet in a narrow corridor, and each
tries to be polite by moving aside to let the other pass, but they end up swaying from side to side
without making any progress because they both repeatedly move the same way at the same time.
Livelock is a risk with some algorithms that detect and recover from deadlock. If more than one
process takes action, the deadlock detection algorithm can be repeatedly triggered. This can be
avoided by ensuring that only one process (chosen randomly or by priority) takes action.
Source is from wikipedia , Deadlock
Methos to detect and resolve livelock :
1. Limiting interupt arrival rates.
2. Polling to provide fairness.
Polling and auditing are the best methods to detect for livelock. In a multiprocessor environment,
detecting a timeout would quickly throw the flag that a livelock has occured.
Once detected, Having an established master CPU resolve the livelock and redistribute to slaves
in a pre-emptive measure would be a relatively graceful way to reach a solution..
While George travels for two months, Mary agrees to house and care f.pdf
While George travels for two months, Mary agrees to house and care for George’s three horses at
her stables. The parties agree that Mary will pick up the horses on the first day of George’s trip
and George will pay Mary when he returns. George returns home from his travels and finds that
Mary never picked up the horses. George sues. What result?
a. The court will apply common law and Mary will lose.
b. The court will apply the UCC and Mary will lose.
c. The court will apply common law and Mary will win.
d. The court will apply the UCC and Mary will win.
Chef Jacquie is scheduled to teach a cooking class to three students. The class tuition is $1,100
per student. In the class each student cooks a French meal under Jacquie’s expert supervision,
and receives a cookbook (worth $30) and a cooking pan (worth $150). Tory, one of the students,
tells Jacquie the day before the class that she will be unable to attend and requests a refund.
Jacquie denies the refund and Tory sues. Tory claims that the UCC should govern the contract,
and Jacquie argues that it should be covered by the common law. Who is right?
d. Jacquie, because the agreement was a bilateral contract
Olivia agrees that she will bring Desiree a cherry pie every Monday for a month in exchange for
$15 per week. Olivia delivers a pie to Desiree for four weeks, and Desiree pays her each time.
Olivia continues to deliver Desiree pies every Monday, and Olivia continues to pay, for another
five weeks. On the tenth week, Olivia brings a pie and Desiree refuses to pay. Olivia sues for
payment. What result?
d. Olivia will win. The court will rule that they had an implied contract.
Interactive Data Corp. hired Foley as an assistant product manager, and over the next six years
Interactive steadily promoted him. Interactive officers repeatedly told Foley that he would have
his job as long as his performance was adequate. They also distributed an employee handbook
that specified termination guidelines that included a mandatory seven-step pre-termination
procedure. Foley learned that his supervisor was under investigation by the FBI, and he told
Interactive officers. Shortly thereafter, Interactive fired Foley. He sued, claiming that Interactive
could only fire him for good cause, after the seven-step procedure. Who wins?a. Tory, because
everyone in the class receives a cookbook, pan and food.b. Tory, because the cost of the class
was more than $500.c. Jacquie, because the class is primarily a service.
d. Jacquie, because the agreement was a bilateral contract
Olivia agrees that she will bring Desiree a cherry pie every Monday for a month in exchange for
$15 per week. Olivia delivers a pie to Desiree for four weeks, and Desiree pays her each time.
Olivia continues to deliver Desiree pies every Monday, and Olivia continues to pay, for another
five weeks. On the tenth week, Olivia brings a pie and Desiree refuses to pay. Olivia sues for
payment. What result?a. Desiree will win. Olivia assumed the risk of.
What law mandate SMEs in Ghana; Small and Medium-size Enterprises to.pdf
What law mandate SMEs in Ghana; Small and Medium-size Enterprises to keep accounting
records?.
Solution
All \'small and medium scale enterprises\' (SMEs) , state-owned organisations, and private
organisations are required to use the IFRS for SMEs starting with their financial statements for
2010.IFRSs are designed to apply to the general purpose financial statements and other
financial reporting of all profit-oriented entities. The International Financial Reporting Standard
for Small and Medium-sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs)
is issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).Section 4 sets out the
information that is to be presented in a statement of
financial position and how to present it. The statement of financial position
(sometimes called the balance sheet) presents an entity’s assets, liabilities and
equity as of a specific date—the end of the reporting period..
What is the leader’s role when a substitute such as a routine job an.pdf
What is the leader’s role when a substitute such as a routine job and/or technology is present and
operating?
Solution
A substitute is an individual or thing acting or utilized in place of another that renders leadership
not only impossible but rather unnecessary.Although it is said that, “For organizational members
to increase organizational and personal outcomes, they should be able to obtain both guidance
and positive feelings from their work settings and that effective leadership is defined as the
ability to supply subordinates with required guidance and good feelings which are not being
given by other sources. A substitute like a routine job and/or technology is never , “so strong as
to totally overwhelm the leader, or so weak as to need subordinates to rely entirely on him”
.Thus a leader’s role when a substitute such as a routine job and/or technology is present and
operating is to give subordinates with required guidance and positive feelings that the substitute
does not provide..
What function is associated with skeletal muscle cellsA. Some can.pdf
What function is associated with skeletal muscle cells?
A. Some can push and some can pull.
B. Some muscle cells can both push and then pull.
C. Can push only.
D. Can pull only.
Solution
The correct answer is : D.Can pull only
Reason:Skeletal muscles can only pull.Being are arranged in pairs,they pull the bones in opposite
directions..
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
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Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Cells divide and multiply in number as they proceed through the cell .pdf
- 1. Cells divide and multiply in number as they proceed through the cell cycle. At some point however cells need to stop multiplying and the cell cycle is halted. Given your knowledge on mitosis think of two ways (methods, mechanisms procedures) a cell might stop it self from dividing. Solution Cell cycle is hated when there is damage to DNA or there is not proper DNA replication. At these points cell stops dividing. A) DNA damage: When there is damage in DNA then cell cycle stops dividing to facilitating DNA restore pathways. Methods involves are protein kinases of ATM/ATR own family called Tel1/Mec1 in budding yeast and Tel1/Rad3 in fission yeast. These kinases senses DNA damages and phosphorylate variety of proteins that regulate cell cycle development and DNA restore pathways. B) DNA replication: Accurate replication of the thousands and thousands or billions of DNA base pairs in a eukaryotic genomeis essential. Damaged template, protein and poor supply of dNTPs are most of the many obstacles that must be overcome to duplicate genome. All of those situations can stall replication forks. Stalled forks pose threats to genome integrity due to the fact they could rearrange, damage, or fall apart via disassembly of the replication complex .The pathways that respond to replication stress are signal transduction pathways which might be conserved across evolution. Procedure are ATM/ATR of relatives kinases. These kinases collectively with a trimeric checkpoint clamp (termed nine-1-1 complex) and 5-subunit checkpoint clamp loader (Rad17- RFC2-RFC3-RFC4-RFC5) senses stalled replication forks and transmit a checkpoint .One of principal functions of replication checkpoint is to prevent the onset of mitosis via regulating mitotic control proteins which includes Cdc25. But possibly the maximum essential interest of replication checkpoint is to stabilize and protect replication forks eight. The protein kinase Cds1 (human Chk2 homolog; in human, Chk1 is a purposeful Cds1 homolog) is a important effector of the replication checkpoint within the fission yeast. Cds1 is required to prevent stabilization of replication fork in cells deal with hydroxyurea (HU), a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor that stalls replication by depleting dNTPs. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a failure to set off Rad53 (Chk2 homolog) is related to crumble and regression of replication forks