This document provides a summary of a virtual tour of the inner solar system including Mercury, Venus, Earth and its moon, and nearby spacecraft. It is presented as a guided tour where the reader clicks on instructions to move their viewpoint in the Celestia solar system simulation software to different locations. At each location, 2-3 sentences provide facts about the object viewed and what can be seen from that vantage point, such as the surface features of planets, orbits of planets and spacecraft, and famous spacecraft exploring the area. The tour explores both celestial objects and humanity's exploration of the inner solar system.
There are two types of eclipses: solar eclipses which occur when the moon passes between the earth and sun, and lunar eclipses which occur when the earth passes between the sun and moon. During a solar eclipse, the moon can block all, some, or none of the sun, resulting in total, partial, or annular eclipses. A total solar eclipse occurs when the moon completely covers the sun, briefly turning day to night, while partial eclipses only block part of the sun. Lunar eclipses occur during a full moon when the earth blocks the sun's light from reaching the moon, causing it to take on a red color from the sunlight bending through the earth's atmosphere.
The document discusses various units of time including days, months, years and their astronomical origins. It describes solar and sidereal time and how precession causes the constellations to change position relative to the seasons. Standard time zones were established in the late 19th century to accommodate railroad schedules. Sundials are among the earliest timekeeping devices and use shadows to indicate local apparent time. The modern Gregorian calendar improved on the Julian calendar by more accurately accounting for the tropical year.
The document discusses various optical phenomena that can be seen in the sky, such as rainbows, halos, sun pillars, and iridescent clouds. It describes the factors that influence the color of the sky and some rare atmospheric optical effects like glories, moonbows, and circumzenithal arcs. The document includes pictures demonstrating many of the atmospheric optical phenomena it describes.
The document provides an overview of various night sky wonders including stars, planets, meteors, comets, auroras, airglow, the Milky Way galaxy, and light pollution. Key points include that stars twinkle due to atmospheric distortion, meteor showers occur when Earth passes through debris trails left by comets, and the aurora borealis results from interactions between the solar wind and Earth's atmosphere. Major celestial objects visible to the naked eye like the Beehive Cluster, Pleiades, Double Cluster, Andromeda Galaxy, and Orion Nebula are also highlighted.
The document summarizes key facts about Earth and its moon:
1) Earth is unique in our solar system for having liquid water and a stable atmosphere that supports life. The moon is Earth's only natural satellite.
2) It is believed that the moon formed over 4 billion years ago when a Mars-sized planet collided with Earth, ejecting material that coalesced to form the moon.
3) The moon has different terrain types including dark volcanic lowlands called maria and bright, heavily cratered highlands. Humans first visited the moon in 1969 through the Apollo missions, with the last mission in 1972.
The document describes the phases of the moon and lunar calendar. It explains that the moon revolves around Earth once every 29.5 days, going through phases from new moon to full moon and back again. During a new moon, the dark side faces Earth so we cannot see the illuminated portion. As the moon orbits, we see less than half illuminated as a crescent moon, then exactly half illuminated at the quarter moon phase.
The document is about a sun eclipse. It shows that during a sun eclipse, the moon creates a small shadow on Earth that allows only certain areas to see a total eclipse of the sun. The shadow blocks the sun's light in specific locations while other places still see partial or no eclipse at all.
An eclipse occurs when one celestial body passes between the sun and another, blocking sunlight or moonlight. There are two main types of eclipses - lunar eclipses, where the moon passes into Earth's shadow, and solar eclipses, where the moon passes between Earth and the sun. During a lunar eclipse, the moon turns red as it is illuminated only by sunlight passing through Earth's atmosphere. A solar eclipse can be partial or total, where the moon completely blocks the sun's light over a small area. Total solar eclipses are rare as the moon's shadow is small and its orbit is tilted relative to Earth's.
There are two types of eclipses: solar eclipses which occur when the moon passes between the earth and sun, and lunar eclipses which occur when the earth passes between the sun and moon. During a solar eclipse, the moon can block all, some, or none of the sun, resulting in total, partial, or annular eclipses. A total solar eclipse occurs when the moon completely covers the sun, briefly turning day to night, while partial eclipses only block part of the sun. Lunar eclipses occur during a full moon when the earth blocks the sun's light from reaching the moon, causing it to take on a red color from the sunlight bending through the earth's atmosphere.
The document discusses various units of time including days, months, years and their astronomical origins. It describes solar and sidereal time and how precession causes the constellations to change position relative to the seasons. Standard time zones were established in the late 19th century to accommodate railroad schedules. Sundials are among the earliest timekeeping devices and use shadows to indicate local apparent time. The modern Gregorian calendar improved on the Julian calendar by more accurately accounting for the tropical year.
The document discusses various optical phenomena that can be seen in the sky, such as rainbows, halos, sun pillars, and iridescent clouds. It describes the factors that influence the color of the sky and some rare atmospheric optical effects like glories, moonbows, and circumzenithal arcs. The document includes pictures demonstrating many of the atmospheric optical phenomena it describes.
The document provides an overview of various night sky wonders including stars, planets, meteors, comets, auroras, airglow, the Milky Way galaxy, and light pollution. Key points include that stars twinkle due to atmospheric distortion, meteor showers occur when Earth passes through debris trails left by comets, and the aurora borealis results from interactions between the solar wind and Earth's atmosphere. Major celestial objects visible to the naked eye like the Beehive Cluster, Pleiades, Double Cluster, Andromeda Galaxy, and Orion Nebula are also highlighted.
The document summarizes key facts about Earth and its moon:
1) Earth is unique in our solar system for having liquid water and a stable atmosphere that supports life. The moon is Earth's only natural satellite.
2) It is believed that the moon formed over 4 billion years ago when a Mars-sized planet collided with Earth, ejecting material that coalesced to form the moon.
3) The moon has different terrain types including dark volcanic lowlands called maria and bright, heavily cratered highlands. Humans first visited the moon in 1969 through the Apollo missions, with the last mission in 1972.
The document describes the phases of the moon and lunar calendar. It explains that the moon revolves around Earth once every 29.5 days, going through phases from new moon to full moon and back again. During a new moon, the dark side faces Earth so we cannot see the illuminated portion. As the moon orbits, we see less than half illuminated as a crescent moon, then exactly half illuminated at the quarter moon phase.
The document is about a sun eclipse. It shows that during a sun eclipse, the moon creates a small shadow on Earth that allows only certain areas to see a total eclipse of the sun. The shadow blocks the sun's light in specific locations while other places still see partial or no eclipse at all.
An eclipse occurs when one celestial body passes between the sun and another, blocking sunlight or moonlight. There are two main types of eclipses - lunar eclipses, where the moon passes into Earth's shadow, and solar eclipses, where the moon passes between Earth and the sun. During a lunar eclipse, the moon turns red as it is illuminated only by sunlight passing through Earth's atmosphere. A solar eclipse can be partial or total, where the moon completely blocks the sun's light over a small area. Total solar eclipses are rare as the moon's shadow is small and its orbit is tilted relative to Earth's.
This document provides an outline and descriptions of educational activities and tours that can be taken using the space simulation software Celestia. It includes introductions to using Celestia for educational purposes, descriptions of required files and packages to install, and summaries of several pre-made educational activity tours that travel to various locations in our solar system, Milky Way galaxy and beyond. The activities range from 2-3 hours and are designed to teach about the size and scale of the universe.
The document provides information about Pluto and other minor bodies in our solar system. It discusses Pluto's demotion to dwarf planet status in 2006, its physical characteristics such as size and orbit, and NASA's New Horizons mission to study Pluto up close. It also summarizes the discovery of asteroids in the region between Mars and Jupiter, including Ceres, and the Kuiper Belt of icy objects beyond Neptune's orbit that includes dwarf planets like Pluto.
The document discusses solar eclipses, including their cultural significance, types of eclipses, and how to safely observe them. It provides details on total solar eclipses, explaining the geometry of the sun, earth and moon during an eclipse. It also describes a total solar eclipse observed in Turkey on March 29, 2006, noting the path of totality passed through various regions with over 4 minutes of totality in Antalya.
- Solar eclipses occur when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, casting its shadow on Earth's surface.
- Eclipses can be partial, total, or annular depending on the Moon's alignment with the Sun and Earth. A total solar eclipse can only be seen within the narrow path of the Moon's umbral shadow.
- While eclipses are now understood scientifically, many ancient cultures viewed solar eclipses as ominous events, believing they disrupted the natural order. Some people still react fearfully during an eclipse today.
An eclipse occurs when one celestial body passes between a source of light and another, blocking the light. There are two types of eclipses: solar eclipses, where the moon passes between the earth and sun, and lunar eclipses, where the earth passes between the moon and sun. The moon's shadow during a solar eclipse has two parts - the penumbra, where a partial eclipse can be seen, and the umbra, where a total eclipse occurs.
The document discusses eclipses and provides myths and legends about them from different cultures. It explains that solar eclipses occur when the moon passes between the Earth and sun, casting its shadow on Earth. Lunar eclipses occur when the Earth passes between the sun and moon, and the Earth's shadow is cast on the moon. The document suggests doing a hands-on activity using balls and lamps to observe how eclipses are formed and includes links to NASA videos and worksheets on eclipses.
The document provides information about the planets Mercury and Venus:
- Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. It has extreme temperature variations, ranging from 450°C during the day to -180°C at night. Mercury's core is disproportionately large, comprising 80% of its volume.
- Venus is similar in size to Earth but has a dense carbon dioxide atmosphere that causes extreme greenhouse effects, heating its surface to over 450°C. Venus rotates clockwise in the opposite direction of most planets. Past Soviet Venera missions and NASA's Magellan spacecraft provided images and data of its volcanic landscape.
- Both planets display phases as they orbit closer to the Sun than Earth. Their varying positions helped
Refraction is the change in direction of light when passing from one medium to another of different density. Snell's law states that the ratio of sines of the angle of incidence and refraction is equal to the ratio of refractive indices of the two media. Due to refraction, the sun appears above the horizon before actual sunrise and remains visible after sunset. Stars twinkle because their light refracts through our atmosphere, causing their apparent position to fluctuate. Planets do not twinkle as their extended disks average out the effects of refraction. The sun's disk appears flattened at sunrise and sunset due to refraction and mirages caused by variations in the atmosphere's density.
The document provides information about the terrestrial planet Mercury:
1) Mercury is the smallest planet in the solar system and has extreme surface temperatures that vary from 427°C at its closest approach to the Sun to -183°C at its farthest point.
2) Mercury has an eccentric orbit and rotates in a way that causes its day to last over 58 Earth days, while its year lasts just under 88 Earth days.
3) The Mariner 10 spacecraft was the first to visit Mercury in 1975, mapping around 45% of its heavily cratered surface. A new MESSENGER mission began orbiting Mercury in 2011 to further study this mysterious planet.
During a solar eclipse, the moon passes between the sun and earth and casts a shadow on earth. This shadow is small and only certain areas on earth are able to witness a total solar eclipse, where the moon completely blocks the sun's light. The picture shows how the moon's shadow falls on parts of the earth during a solar eclipse.
The document provides an overview of lunar phases, eclipses, and tides. It explains that the moon orbits at an angle relative to Earth's orbit and reflects sunlight, causing phases. Eclipses occur when the sun, earth, and moon align, sometimes blocking sunlight. Total lunar eclipses make the moon appear red due to atmospheric filtering of light. The moon's gravity also causes two high tides each day by pulling the side of Earth closest and farthest to it.
Atmospheric refraction is the bending of light as it passes through the atmosphere due to changes in air density with altitude. This causes distant objects to appear elevated, lowered, or shimmering. It also causes advanced sunrise and delayed sunset, the apparent elevation of stars, and the lack of twinkling in planets. Refraction makes the sun appear larger and flattened at sunrise/sunset but circular at noon. It can also create mirages by refracting light to appear as reflected sky.
This document discusses shadows, solar eclipses, and lunar eclipses. There are four types of solar eclipses: total, annular, hybrid, and partial. During a total solar eclipse, the moon completely obscures the sun, allowing the solar corona to be seen. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the moon is not large enough to completely cover the sun, leaving a ring of sunlight visible. A hybrid eclipse shifts between total and annular. A partial solar eclipse occurs when the moon only partially obscures the sun. There are also three types of lunar eclipses: total, partial, and penumbral.
1) The document summarizes a virtual field trip through the layers of the Sun, including stops in the core, photosphere, chromosphere, and corona.
2) Key points covered include that the Sun's core is over 27 million degrees Fahrenheit and produces heat and light through nuclear fusion. Sunspots appear darker on the photosphere.
3) The number of sunspots and solar prominences varies during the approximate 11-year solar maximum and minimum cycle.
An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object passes in front of another, temporarily obscuring it from view. There are two types of eclipses - solar eclipses, which occur when the moon passes between the earth and sun, and lunar eclipses, which occur when the earth passes between the sun and moon. The document provides instructions for safely viewing an eclipse using a pinhole projector or solar filter to project the sun's image without looking directly at it.
Atmospheric refraction causes several optical phenomena including advanced sunrise and delayed sunset, twinkling of stars, apparent flattening of the sun's disc at sunrise and sunset, and mirages. Refraction occurs when light travels from one medium to another of different densities, such as from air to air of different temperatures in the atmosphere. This causes the light's path to bend and results in the sun appearing above the horizon before actual sunrise or remaining visible after sunset. Stars twinkle due to the fluctuating refractive index of the lower atmosphere bending the starlight. Planets do not twinkle as their larger apparent size averages out the fluctuations. Mirages occur due to variations in the refractive index profile of the atmosphere distorting the appearance
Atmospheric refraction causes light and electromagnetic waves to deviate from a straight line as they pass through the atmosphere due to changes in air density with altitude. This refraction is responsible for the twinkling of stars and distortions in the shape of the sun at sunrise and sunset. While stars appear to twinkle due to turbulence in the atmosphere refracting light from different layers, planets do not twinkle significantly because they appear as extended sources of light rather than point sources. Atmospheric refraction also causes the sun to be visible for a few minutes before actual sunrise and after sunset, lengthening the period of daylight.
This document discusses different types of shadows formed during lunar and solar eclipses. A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon moves into Earth's shadow and is aligned with the sun and Earth. This can result in a blood moon that appears reddish. A solar eclipse happens when the moon is positioned between the Earth and sun, casting its shadow onto a portion of Earth. The document defines umbra, penumbra, and antumbra shadows and how they relate to complete or partial coverage of the moon or sun during different eclipse types. It also examines how the size of the light source and obstacle can impact shadow formation and characteristics.
The sunrise appears earlier and sunset appears later than the actual positions due to atmospheric refraction of sunlight. As sunlight enters the Earth's atmosphere, it follows a curved path through air of varying density, causing the observer to see the sun two minutes before it reaches the horizon at sunrise and two minutes after it dips below the horizon at sunset. This atmospheric refraction increases the overall duration of daylight by four minutes.
The document discusses humanity's perspective on size and scale in the universe. It begins by describing how humans see themselves as large compared to tiny organisms, but realize the vastness of Earth, mountains, and oceans. It then explores increasingly large celestial objects like planets, stars, and galaxies, culminating in a discussion of black holes and their description in the Quran. The document emphasizes how Allah created protections for humanity, like the Sun's purpose as a "lamp" and Earth's magnetic field that shields it from solar radiation.
Katie's Cupcakes is a bakery located at 2011 Serendipity Street in Loveland, Colorado that bakes cupcakes and cakes fresh daily using organic ingredients. They are open daily from 6:00am to 4:00pm and offer birthday and specialty cakes in addition to their cupcakes.
This document provides an outline and descriptions of educational activities and tours that can be taken using the space simulation software Celestia. It includes introductions to using Celestia for educational purposes, descriptions of required files and packages to install, and summaries of several pre-made educational activity tours that travel to various locations in our solar system, Milky Way galaxy and beyond. The activities range from 2-3 hours and are designed to teach about the size and scale of the universe.
The document provides information about Pluto and other minor bodies in our solar system. It discusses Pluto's demotion to dwarf planet status in 2006, its physical characteristics such as size and orbit, and NASA's New Horizons mission to study Pluto up close. It also summarizes the discovery of asteroids in the region between Mars and Jupiter, including Ceres, and the Kuiper Belt of icy objects beyond Neptune's orbit that includes dwarf planets like Pluto.
The document discusses solar eclipses, including their cultural significance, types of eclipses, and how to safely observe them. It provides details on total solar eclipses, explaining the geometry of the sun, earth and moon during an eclipse. It also describes a total solar eclipse observed in Turkey on March 29, 2006, noting the path of totality passed through various regions with over 4 minutes of totality in Antalya.
- Solar eclipses occur when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, casting its shadow on Earth's surface.
- Eclipses can be partial, total, or annular depending on the Moon's alignment with the Sun and Earth. A total solar eclipse can only be seen within the narrow path of the Moon's umbral shadow.
- While eclipses are now understood scientifically, many ancient cultures viewed solar eclipses as ominous events, believing they disrupted the natural order. Some people still react fearfully during an eclipse today.
An eclipse occurs when one celestial body passes between a source of light and another, blocking the light. There are two types of eclipses: solar eclipses, where the moon passes between the earth and sun, and lunar eclipses, where the earth passes between the moon and sun. The moon's shadow during a solar eclipse has two parts - the penumbra, where a partial eclipse can be seen, and the umbra, where a total eclipse occurs.
The document discusses eclipses and provides myths and legends about them from different cultures. It explains that solar eclipses occur when the moon passes between the Earth and sun, casting its shadow on Earth. Lunar eclipses occur when the Earth passes between the sun and moon, and the Earth's shadow is cast on the moon. The document suggests doing a hands-on activity using balls and lamps to observe how eclipses are formed and includes links to NASA videos and worksheets on eclipses.
The document provides information about the planets Mercury and Venus:
- Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. It has extreme temperature variations, ranging from 450°C during the day to -180°C at night. Mercury's core is disproportionately large, comprising 80% of its volume.
- Venus is similar in size to Earth but has a dense carbon dioxide atmosphere that causes extreme greenhouse effects, heating its surface to over 450°C. Venus rotates clockwise in the opposite direction of most planets. Past Soviet Venera missions and NASA's Magellan spacecraft provided images and data of its volcanic landscape.
- Both planets display phases as they orbit closer to the Sun than Earth. Their varying positions helped
Refraction is the change in direction of light when passing from one medium to another of different density. Snell's law states that the ratio of sines of the angle of incidence and refraction is equal to the ratio of refractive indices of the two media. Due to refraction, the sun appears above the horizon before actual sunrise and remains visible after sunset. Stars twinkle because their light refracts through our atmosphere, causing their apparent position to fluctuate. Planets do not twinkle as their extended disks average out the effects of refraction. The sun's disk appears flattened at sunrise and sunset due to refraction and mirages caused by variations in the atmosphere's density.
The document provides information about the terrestrial planet Mercury:
1) Mercury is the smallest planet in the solar system and has extreme surface temperatures that vary from 427°C at its closest approach to the Sun to -183°C at its farthest point.
2) Mercury has an eccentric orbit and rotates in a way that causes its day to last over 58 Earth days, while its year lasts just under 88 Earth days.
3) The Mariner 10 spacecraft was the first to visit Mercury in 1975, mapping around 45% of its heavily cratered surface. A new MESSENGER mission began orbiting Mercury in 2011 to further study this mysterious planet.
During a solar eclipse, the moon passes between the sun and earth and casts a shadow on earth. This shadow is small and only certain areas on earth are able to witness a total solar eclipse, where the moon completely blocks the sun's light. The picture shows how the moon's shadow falls on parts of the earth during a solar eclipse.
The document provides an overview of lunar phases, eclipses, and tides. It explains that the moon orbits at an angle relative to Earth's orbit and reflects sunlight, causing phases. Eclipses occur when the sun, earth, and moon align, sometimes blocking sunlight. Total lunar eclipses make the moon appear red due to atmospheric filtering of light. The moon's gravity also causes two high tides each day by pulling the side of Earth closest and farthest to it.
Atmospheric refraction is the bending of light as it passes through the atmosphere due to changes in air density with altitude. This causes distant objects to appear elevated, lowered, or shimmering. It also causes advanced sunrise and delayed sunset, the apparent elevation of stars, and the lack of twinkling in planets. Refraction makes the sun appear larger and flattened at sunrise/sunset but circular at noon. It can also create mirages by refracting light to appear as reflected sky.
This document discusses shadows, solar eclipses, and lunar eclipses. There are four types of solar eclipses: total, annular, hybrid, and partial. During a total solar eclipse, the moon completely obscures the sun, allowing the solar corona to be seen. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the moon is not large enough to completely cover the sun, leaving a ring of sunlight visible. A hybrid eclipse shifts between total and annular. A partial solar eclipse occurs when the moon only partially obscures the sun. There are also three types of lunar eclipses: total, partial, and penumbral.
1) The document summarizes a virtual field trip through the layers of the Sun, including stops in the core, photosphere, chromosphere, and corona.
2) Key points covered include that the Sun's core is over 27 million degrees Fahrenheit and produces heat and light through nuclear fusion. Sunspots appear darker on the photosphere.
3) The number of sunspots and solar prominences varies during the approximate 11-year solar maximum and minimum cycle.
An eclipse occurs when one astronomical object passes in front of another, temporarily obscuring it from view. There are two types of eclipses - solar eclipses, which occur when the moon passes between the earth and sun, and lunar eclipses, which occur when the earth passes between the sun and moon. The document provides instructions for safely viewing an eclipse using a pinhole projector or solar filter to project the sun's image without looking directly at it.
Atmospheric refraction causes several optical phenomena including advanced sunrise and delayed sunset, twinkling of stars, apparent flattening of the sun's disc at sunrise and sunset, and mirages. Refraction occurs when light travels from one medium to another of different densities, such as from air to air of different temperatures in the atmosphere. This causes the light's path to bend and results in the sun appearing above the horizon before actual sunrise or remaining visible after sunset. Stars twinkle due to the fluctuating refractive index of the lower atmosphere bending the starlight. Planets do not twinkle as their larger apparent size averages out the fluctuations. Mirages occur due to variations in the refractive index profile of the atmosphere distorting the appearance
Atmospheric refraction causes light and electromagnetic waves to deviate from a straight line as they pass through the atmosphere due to changes in air density with altitude. This refraction is responsible for the twinkling of stars and distortions in the shape of the sun at sunrise and sunset. While stars appear to twinkle due to turbulence in the atmosphere refracting light from different layers, planets do not twinkle significantly because they appear as extended sources of light rather than point sources. Atmospheric refraction also causes the sun to be visible for a few minutes before actual sunrise and after sunset, lengthening the period of daylight.
This document discusses different types of shadows formed during lunar and solar eclipses. A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon moves into Earth's shadow and is aligned with the sun and Earth. This can result in a blood moon that appears reddish. A solar eclipse happens when the moon is positioned between the Earth and sun, casting its shadow onto a portion of Earth. The document defines umbra, penumbra, and antumbra shadows and how they relate to complete or partial coverage of the moon or sun during different eclipse types. It also examines how the size of the light source and obstacle can impact shadow formation and characteristics.
The sunrise appears earlier and sunset appears later than the actual positions due to atmospheric refraction of sunlight. As sunlight enters the Earth's atmosphere, it follows a curved path through air of varying density, causing the observer to see the sun two minutes before it reaches the horizon at sunrise and two minutes after it dips below the horizon at sunset. This atmospheric refraction increases the overall duration of daylight by four minutes.
The document discusses humanity's perspective on size and scale in the universe. It begins by describing how humans see themselves as large compared to tiny organisms, but realize the vastness of Earth, mountains, and oceans. It then explores increasingly large celestial objects like planets, stars, and galaxies, culminating in a discussion of black holes and their description in the Quran. The document emphasizes how Allah created protections for humanity, like the Sun's purpose as a "lamp" and Earth's magnetic field that shields it from solar radiation.
Katie's Cupcakes is a bakery located at 2011 Serendipity Street in Loveland, Colorado that bakes cupcakes and cakes fresh daily using organic ingredients. They are open daily from 6:00am to 4:00pm and offer birthday and specialty cakes in addition to their cupcakes.
The document discusses the 3D space simulation program Celestia. It provides an overview of Celestia, describing how it allows users to view any location in the universe from stars to galaxies. It also discusses Celestia's creator Chris Laurel and how the program is used for educational activities through packages like Celestia Educational Activities.
O documento discute a importância da educação para o desenvolvimento da sociedade e do indivíduo. A educação promove o progresso social e econômico ao capacitar as pessoas com conhecimento e habilidades. Uma população educada é essencial para o crescimento sustentável de uma nação.
"Untapped cultural and social capital" which is unveiled silently in times of intense pressure.
Speaker Notes: http://thirdeye.gr/2013/02/07/lift13-speaker-notes/
Lift13: http://liftconference.com/people/konstantina-zoehrer
Risk & Compliance : Van macht naar kracht - Wim Pauw (Achmea)Jasper de Weerdt
Wim Pauw EMITA RE CISA CRISC is Manager Risk & Compliance bij Achmea. Hij heeft al jaren ervaring in diverse (management) risicomanagementfuncties bij grote financiele instellingen.
Artikel is verschenen in IT Auditor
Kinetic Search & Selection is a UK-based recruitment firm established in 1983 with £45 million in annual revenue. They specialize in recruiting for manufacturing, engineering, and technical roles across various industries. They offer both permanent and contract recruitment solutions, as well as payroll services. They aim to reduce clients' time to hire and costs while improving quality and providing industry expertise.
There are 8 main types of infographics: how-to infographics guide viewers through a process, research result infographics show the outcomes of studies, compare and contrast infographics examine changes over time or differences between things, did you know infographics provide interesting facts, demographics infographics display market research, advocacy infographics outline issues to promote change, timeline infographics chronicle changes over periods of time, and tips or demo infographics convey useful information.
The American bull frog has adaptations for its legs, eggs, colour, eardrum, and slime. It possesses physical attributes that allow it to thrive in its native environment and reproduce successfully. These characteristics help the bull frog survive and pass on its genes to future generations.
The document summarizes a professional collaboration workshop between Chris Sabino (Math) and Gitte Maronde (ELL). It lists the digital tools used - Doodle, Wallwisher, Dropbox, Google Docs, Google Calendar, Google Forms. It provides an agenda for the workshop which includes using these tools to coordinate tasks, share ideas by adding words to a virtual wall, create a wish list, add birthdays to a calendar, and make a survey form. The document concludes by thanking participants and wrapping up the workshop.
Active learning strategies like project-based and image-based learning were discussed for use in the classroom and online. Voicethread, a collaborative multimedia tool, was highlighted where users can add comments and media to slides to facilitate conversations around topics. The document provided background on active learning approaches and detailed how Voicethread works as an online, high-tech active learning strategy through examples of registering and using the platform to continue conversations.
This document provides an overview and introduction to Part 1 of a Celestia Educational Activities scenario about spacecraft. It describes some key details about the scenario, including that it focuses on the 7th part of the activities package about astronomy. The scenario document is 33 pages and takes about 3 hours to complete virtually. It also provides instructions for accessing and using the scenario within the Celestia program if installed correctly.
This document provides an overview of celestial motions as seen from Earth. It defines key celestial concepts like the celestial sphere, zenith, horizon, and celestial poles. It describes how the apparent motions of celestial objects differ depending on an observer's latitude on Earth. The Sun's annual path against the background stars is called the ecliptic. The document aims to explain how humans developed an understanding of Earth's place in the universe by observing celestial motions.
This document provides an overview of the universe from Earth outwards. It begins with a description of Earth and then discusses our nearest astronomical neighbor, the Moon. It describes how the Earth revolves around the Sun, and that Earth is one of eight planets in our solar system. Finally, it discusses that when looking at the night sky, we are seeing stars that make up the Milky Way galaxy, of which the Sun is a part.
Episode 1 - Sormel & the Teachers From Hamp Radiar (Uranus) (the Lost Arc)Norman Imperial
Solar System (Solaris) Chronicles - Episode 1. Tells the story of Sormel (whose famous face was carved in the Cydonia plain on Mars), the world chief of the planetoids of Uranus (Hamp radiar as called by the ET's / federation) & his fellow teacher race as they taught the Maldekians, the Gracyeans & the other galactic human races throughout the known universe. They have the master knowledge of the sacred geometries, sacred numerals, proportions & formulas known on Earth as the Ra System of Mathematics.
This document provides an overview of topics to be covered in an astronomy course, including instructions and study questions. It discusses the celestial sphere model used by ancient Greeks to visualize the night sky, and how the apparent motions of celestial objects are caused by the rotation of Earth on its axis. Key points covered include the north and south celestial poles, celestial equator, constellations, and how the view of the night sky depends on the observer's latitude on Earth.
The document provides an overview of the universe and our solar system. It begins by explaining how vast the universe is compared to distances on Earth. It then discusses theories about the universe having no beginning and summarizes the Big Bang theory of how the universe began from a single point. The document describes our solar system and its planets, noting how perfectly suited Earth is for life while other planets are too hot, cold, or gaseous to support it. It concludes by emphasizing God's creation of the universe and planets in a state of perfect harmony and as a blessing for humanity.
The document discusses different types of orbits used for satellites:
- Low Earth orbit (LEO) is used for satellites and spacecraft that need frequent access for repairs and crew changes, like the International Space Station and Hubble Space Telescope. However, satellites in LEO have little dwell time over any one location and are affected by atmospheric drag.
- Highly elliptical orbits and geosynchronous orbits allow for longer dwell times. A highly elliptical orbit has the satellite spending most time near apogee, while geosynchronous orbit involves matching orbital period to Earth's rotation for constant coverage over one spot. Geosynchronous orbit is far higher at 22,000 miles but needs only one satellite.
- Together these
The document describes lunar and solar eclipses. It explains that lunar eclipses occur during a full moon when the moon passes through the Earth's shadow, making it appear dark red. Solar eclipses happen during a new moon phase when the moon passes between the Earth and sun, blocking the sun's light. Eclipses only occur when the moon's orbit aligns it directly behind or in front of Earth relative to the sun. The simulation allows viewing eclipses from different angles to understand how they occur.
The document discusses the sun and its daily movement across the sky due to the Earth's rotation. It provides background information on the sun and activities for students to observe and track the sun's changing position using a model. Students are asked to mark the shadow of a sun stick at different times of day to demonstrate how the sun appears to move although its position remains unchanged.
The document discusses the sun and its daily movement across the sky due to the Earth's rotation. It provides background information on the sun and activities for students to observe and track the sun's changing position using a model. Students are asked to mark the shadow of a sun stick at different times of day to demonstrate how the sun appears to move although its position does not actually change.
This document provides information about the Sun, Earth, and Moon through text and images. It compares the sizes of these celestial bodies and explains that the Sun would be the size of a basketball, Earth a pea, and the Moon a pinhead. It then discusses the key differences between the rotation and revolution of Earth and the Moon around the Sun. Finally, it summarizes how Earth's rotation causes day and night and its revolution causes seasons.
The document discusses the sun and its daily movement across the sky. It describes how the sun appears to rise and set each day due to the Earth's rotation. Activities are presented where students observe and track the sun's changing position using a model to represent how different parts of Earth experience day and night throughout the rotation.
The document provides information about the solar system and related space topics from a 4th grade science perspective. It discusses that the Sun is at the center of the solar system with 8 planets revolving around it, including Earth which is the only planet that supports life. It also mentions that the solar system is part of the Milky Way galaxy, and describes some of the other planets and objects that can be seen in the night sky like stars, constellations, comets, and meteors. Some key facts about the Sun and Earth are also highlighted such as their sizes, distances, and rotations.
Lab 7 the sun, earth and zodiac part i precession and theRIYAN43
1) The document discusses the motions of the Earth, including its rotation, orbit around the Sun, and precession. It describes how precession causes the Earth's axis to trace out a circle over 26,000 years.
2) It explains how the Sun's apparent motion against the background constellations changes over the course of a year due to Earth's orbit. The Sun moves eastward by about 1 degree per day.
3) The document analyzes how the constellations visible after sunset change for different dates relative to the reader's birthday, due to Earth's annual orbit around the Sun.
The document discusses different types of solar and lunar eclipses, including total, partial, and annular solar eclipses and penumbral, partial, and total lunar eclipses. It provides examples of quotes from historical accounts of eclipses dating back to 1375 BC and explanations of why the moon appears red during a lunar eclipse and the different parts of an eclipse shadow.
This document provides information about space, including the sizes of the Sun, Earth, and Moon. It explains that the Sun would be the size of a basketball, the Earth a pea, and the Moon a pinhead. It also discusses the difference between rotation and revolution, and how the Earth's rotation causes day and night and its revolution causes seasons. Additional topics covered include the Moon's phases, tides, facts about the Sun and Moon, an overview of the solar system, and highlights of the NASA Apollo program that landed astronauts on the Moon.
The document discusses lunar phases and eclipses. It explains that the moon orbits the Earth at an angle and its phases (new, waxing crescent, first quarter, etc.) are caused by the changing portion of its surface that is illuminated by the sun. It describes three types of lunar eclipses that occur when the Earth passes between the sun and moon, casting its shadow on the moon. Solar eclipses happen when the moon passes between the Earth and sun, casting its shadow on parts of the Earth. The document also briefly discusses how tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun on the Earth's oceans and atmosphere.
An astronomical event that occurs when one celestial object (Earth or moon) m...SILVINOHERNANDEZREYE
Solar and lunar eclipses occur when one celestial body passes into the shadow of another. There are two types of eclipses: (1) Solar eclipses happen when the moon passes between the earth and sun, casting its shadow on part of the earth. (2) Lunar eclipses occur when the earth passes between the sun and moon, casting its shadow on the moon. The document discusses the different types of solar and lunar eclipses as well as why we do not see an eclipse every month.
The document discusses various topics related to the Earth and its movement in space. It describes the moon's phases and movements around the Earth. It also discusses eclipses of the moon and sun which occur when one celestial body blocks the sun's or moon's light from reaching the Earth. The document notes that tides on Earth are caused by gravitational forces from the moon and sun, and are highest during spring tides when their forces are aligned. It provides information about the Earth's rotation and revolution around the sun which cause day/night and seasons. Additional topics covered include constellations, layers of the Earth, natural resources, and sustainable development.
This document provides an overview of astronomy topics including:
- The basic properties of Earth, Moon, Sun and other planets in our solar system.
- How the tilt of Earth's axis causes the seasons and the celestial sphere model used to understand sky motions.
- Key events like solstices, equinoxes, and lunar phases that occur as Earth orbits the Sun and the Moon orbits Earth.
- The causes and viewing locations of solar and lunar eclipses when the Sun, Earth and Moon are directly aligned.
- Concepts like sidereal time, precession and time zones used to measure and communicate about time and sky positions.
The document discusses the immense size of the universe, from our solar system to galaxies billions of light years away. It notes that while the Earth is tiny compared to the sun, and our sun is small relative to other stars like Betelgeuse, God still cares deeply about humanity. The summary aims to provide perspective on humanity's small place in the vast cosmos, and why God chose to love and save mankind through sending his son Jesus Christ.
The document provides guidance for evaluating the EU-UNAWE astronomy awareness programme. It outlines domains of learning including motivation, scientific skills, knowledge, and intercultural attitudes. Evaluation methods are suggested to gather evidence from children and teachers. For children, options include pre-and post-activity drawings, observations during games or activities, and optional surveys. For teachers, a survey is provided. The goal is to demonstrate the programme's impacts in a way that combines data from different locations and activities.
Astronomy curricula for different ages and cultural backgroundsJacekKupras
This document outlines astronomy curricula for different age groups and cultural backgrounds developed by EUNAWE Germany. It provides guidelines for teaching astronomy concepts to children ages 4-10 in a developmentally appropriate way that links both mythical and scientific thinking. Younger children ages 4-6 focus on observational skills and classification through stories and pretend play. Children ages 6-8 learn about the earth, sun, moon and planets through models and explanations while inspiring curiosity in astronomy. For ages 8-10, the curriculum emphasizes abstract thinking through hands-on observations, models, explanations and biographies of astronomers while introducing more advanced topics like other solar systems. The overall approach aims to foster interest in science, global citizenship and intercultural understanding.
EU-Universe Awareness uses astronomy to encourage children's interest in science and technology and foster global citizenship. Its Universe in a Box program provides hands-on activities and materials to teach difficult astronomy concepts simply to children ages 4-10. The program aims to help children understand their place in the greater universe through activities on the moon, earth, sun, planets, and constellations while promoting respect for other cultures and environmental stewardship. Universe in a Box uses a modular approach with inquiry-based learning to gradually expand children's worldview.
Curiosity is a car-sized Mars rover launching in 2011 to explore Gale Crater using a variety of scientific instruments. It will characterize the planet's geology and climate, assess biological potential, and prepare for future human exploration. Curiosity will use a sky crane maneuver for the first precise landing on Mars and employ a nuclear power source to investigate rocks and soil with tools including cameras, a laser, spectrometers, and a drill. The rover is expected to operate for one Martian year, relaying data to Earth via orbiters to further understand if Mars could have supported microbial life.
The document describes a 21st Century Skills Map created by The Partnership in cooperation with the National Science Teachers Association to illustrate the intersection between 21st Century Skills and the core subject of Science. The map was developed through extensive research and feedback from educators and business leaders. It provides examples of how skills like critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and communication can be integrated into Science learning at various grade levels. The goal is to help students advance their learning in core subjects and prepare for the future.
The document contains details of images taken by camera 3644 to 3697 from March 22, 2012 to April 6, 2012. It lists the date, time, orbit number, camera status and location photographed for each image taken. Many entries note the camera system was unavailable and list locations in Africa, Australia, South America and elsewhere.
This document provides an introduction to a guide for teaching computational thinking concepts through creative computing with Scratch. The guide is organized as a series of 20 sessions covering 5 topics. It introduces Scratch and design-based learning approaches. The document outlines the structure and content of the guide, as well as its origins from workshops hosted by the Scratch team.
1. Podróże z Celestią 2010 – Wewnętrzny
Układ Słoneczny
Jacek Kupras
http://djkupras.blogspot.com/search/label/CelEdu03E
2. Tytułem wstępu:
• Prezentacja którą
przeglądasz powstała
w ramach projektu
odbywającego się
pod patronatem
Europejskiego Roku
Kreatywności 2009.
• Stanowi ona
pewnego rodzaju
streszczenie
Wewnętrznego
Układu Słonecznego
– wersji rozszerzonej.
3. Wewnętrzny Układ Słoneczny
• Wewnętrzny Układ Słoneczny, zarówno w wersji podstawowej jak i rozszerzonej stanowi
częśd trzecią Celestia Educational Activities , pakietu skompilowanego przez przez
amerykaoskiego nauczyciela Franka Gregorio.
• Można go pobrad z tego adresu:
http://www.celestiamotherlode.net/catalog/show_addon_details.php?addon_id=876
4. Wewnętrzny Układ Słoneczny
• Scenariusz towarzyszący tej podróży liczy 39 stron, zaś karta pracy to ogółem 151 pytao
• Na odbycie wirtualnej podróży należy przeznaczyd około 3 godzin.
5. To zaczynamy …
• Uwaga – hiperłącza znajdujące się w dalszej części tego dokumentu zadziałają pod warunkiem, że
na komputerze zostały zainstalowane Celestia Educational Activities w folderze:
C:Program FilesCelestia160-ED
• Aby się o tym przekonad kliknij w poniższą grafikę:
• Jeżeli otworzy się folder o zawartości identycznej jak widoczna powyżej, dwukrotnie kliknij jedną z ikon wskazanych
przez czerwoną strzałkę i czekaj na uruchomienie się Celestii. Następnie kliknij Sound-A3E by aktywowad dźwięk.
• Jeżeli nie masz zainstalowanego programu, to możesz i tak przeglądad prezentację. Pamiętaj jednak, że hiperłącza
nie będą działad!
7. • 1.24 Now, click here. Wow! Isn’t your ship a beauty? To see it from several views, right-click on the screen
anywhere and while holding down the right mouse button, drag the mouse. Your view will turn. Try this right-
click-drag in all directions. Your external camera will circle the ship.
8. • 1.31 Would you like to safely visit the Sun? To do so, click here once only
Sol position.
9. • 1.52 Return to Celestia, click here, and watch the Sun!
10. • 1.58 To position our ship for the maneuver, click here. Your ship’s autopilot will move the ship to just the
right spot. Those gases rising off the Sun are enough to absolutely fry your ship. WHEW!
11. • 1.61 Look closely at the Sun’s surface. Do you see it moving? The yellow churning “surface” of the Sun is the part we see visually. It is
called the Photosphere and is covered in giant moving bubbles. Those bubbles of gas are called “Granules” and are actually eruptions of
hot plasma gas from the interior of the Sun moving at high speed, much like bubbles on the surface of hot oatmeal. Granules constantly
change. Some are the size of Earth.
12. • 1.63 Farther out from the Sun, there is an outer thinner atmosphere called the Corona. Some of the hot gas that erupts from the Sun
also enters the Corona zone and is held in place by gravity and magnetic fields. As a result, the Corona is actually hotter than the surface of
the Sun. To see the Corona better, click here. Your ship will be moved to a distance of about 6,000,000 km. The Corona will be the faint
whitish-yellow glow furthest out from the Sun surrounding it.
13. • 1.67. As the Sun shimmers in the distance, do you notice the big brown spots? They are called “Sunspots”. A Sunspot is an area of
magnetic disturbance or storm within the granules. The dark areas are actual “dents” or “holes” that penetrate thousands of miles into the
Sun. You would think that a hole into the Sun should be hotter than the surrounding area but in fact, it is not. Due to the physics of the
Sun’s magnetic field, the interior of a Sunspot is 2,000 to 3,000º F (1100o – 1650o C) cooler than the rest of the Sun’s surface. Because it is
cooler, it glows less brightly and looks darker when compared to the hotter granules around it. That is why a Sunspot is dark. It is cooler
than its surroundings.
14. • 1.67. As the Sun shimmers in the distance, do you notice the big brown spots? They are called “Sunspots”. A Sunspot is an area of
magnetic disturbance or storm within the granules. The dark areas are actual “dents” or “holes” that penetrate thousands of miles into the
Sun. You would think that a hole into the Sun should be hotter than the surrounding area but in fact, it is not. Due to the physics of the
Sun’s magnetic field, the interior of a Sunspot is 2,000 to 3,000º F (1100o – 1650o C) cooler than the rest of the Sun’s surface. Because it is
cooler, it glows less brightly and looks darker when compared to the hotter granules around it. That is why a Sunspot is dark. It is cooler
than its surroundings.
16. • 1.93 To visit Helios 1 on that historic day, click here. Helios 1 will be the dim craft to your left spinning furiously.
17. • 1.94 To get some idea of how fast Helios 1 is moving, program your ship to travel to a spot in space ahead of Helios, and wait for it to
come by. It is moving so fast, however, that you must slow time down 100 fold, to Rate: 0.01x, so that you can see it pass. Are you ready?
Click here and watch. Helios 1 will approach your ship, then pass it and continue on its orbit around the Sun.
18. • 1.95 Watch it go by, then click here. Helios 1 will zoom by at a Rate: 0.1x. Remember, it is the size of an SUV and this is 10 times
slower than it is really moving. To see it moving at real speed click here. It’s just a blur as it goes by.
19. • 1.98 It’s time to get moving on our tour of the Solar system. To do so, click here. The Celestia 1A will take up position away from the
Sun at a safe distance. A small bright dot will be centered and locked in your ship’s screen. That is the planet, Mercury.
20. • 1.103 When done, click here to reposition your ship.
21. • 1.109 Click here. Mercury is close enough to our Sun to get very hot on its Sunny side (over 360° C or 680° F).
22. • 1.109 Click here. Mercury is close enough to our Sun to get very hot on its Sunny side (over 360° C or 680° F).
23. • 1.117 In 1973, a spacecraft named Mariner 10 was launched from Earth and flew by both Venus and Mercury in 1974, snapping pictures
as it went.
24. • 1.120 To view the flyby at high speed, click here. Watch as it approaches the planet. Notice the spacecraft turning and orienting itself
to keep its antenna and instruments properly pointed. Wow … was that a close encounter.
25. • 1.126 It’s time to depart Mercury. Next stop – Venus. Click here once. Venus will be far in the distance. Press the [G] key to go there.
Your ship will hyper-jump directly to Venus and place you in orbit about it. Tap the [Home] key or turn your mouse wheel to enlarge the
planet to about the size in figure 8.
26. • 1.148 To see Magellan at work, return to Celestia, and click here. You will be taken to a position above Venus in the year 1992.
Magellan is a small white dot. To go to it, press the [G] key once and you will find the spacecraft hard at work, mapping the surface
through the clouds passing below with its big radar dish. Enjoy the view. [Right-click-drag] and examine it as you like.
27. • 1.155 Click here to reposition you with time speeded up and Venus turning on its axis. Watch for a moment as Venus rotates. First, it is
very slow. You are looking at its clouds turning. Underneath them, it takes the planet a whopping 243 days to turn just once on its axis,
making for a VERY LONG day and a very long night. Secondly, Venus turns on its axis backwards (from right to left). This is called retrograde
rotation, and is different from most of the other planets in our Solar System. Most are like the Sun and turn from left to right (called
prograde rotation).
28. • 1.158 Venus orbits the Sun once every 225 days. If you watch Venus from Earth over the course of a year (it is that very bright dot you
can frequently see at Sundown or Sunrise near the Sun), you will discover that it never strays very far from the Sun. To see that view, click
here once only (it may take a few seconds). The Celestia 1A will take you to the surface of Earth in October 2003. It is a magnificent Sunset.
As you watch, the Sun will set and the bright dot of Venus will soon follow it toward the horizon.
29. • 1.161 Click here. Watch the positions of Venus, Mercury and Earth. You should discover that because both Venus and Mercury’s orbits
are smaller than Earth and are between the Sun and us, both make a smaller loop around the Sun and can never get too far away from it.
As a result, neither Venus nor Mercury can ever be seen late at night from the dark back side of Earth.
30. • 1.163 To take one last look at beautiful, roasting hot, acidic, dense, deadly Venus silhouetted against the beautiful Milky Way, click here.
It sure seems incredible that this planet is a killer that would destroy you and your ship within seconds if you ever tried to land on it.
31. • 1.167 To command your ship to travel to Earth, click here. You will be positioned behind Venus. Earth, our home, is that tiny dot behind
Venus, centered in your ship window. As you look at Earth in the distance, realize what a lonely place we occupy in space … a tiny speck of
life in such a vast ocean of stars. How insignificant is humankind against the vista of the universe!
32. • 1.173 To see the current Habitable Zone of the Sun, click here. Your ship will navigate to a position above the Sun, with the inner
planets orbiting. [Left-click+ the “Set Addon Visibility” tab on the white toolkit, scroll down the add-on menu list with the small scroll
button and check “Habitable Zone”.
33. • 1.175 Click here. Then, using your left and right mouse buttons, drag and move around our Earth, looking at it from all sides, including
its polar ice caps. Zoom in or out on both the Sunny and dark sides with the [Home] and [End] keys (or mouse wheel). Notice the aurora
lights glowing at the poles. We’ll talk more about them in a bit.
34. • 1.178 Your ship has a special program that can reveal the inside of Earth. To activate it, click here. The inner core will be obviously
visible, along with the rest of the interior. Zoom in if you wish. [Right-click-drag]. You can even see the heat from the interior shimmering
inside. It’s COOL!
35. • 1.185 To see those plates, your ship has been programmed with a map of where the cracks in Earth’s crust occur. Click here. Right-click
on Earth and from the menu that appears, select “Alternate Surfaces”. Then, select “Tectonic Crust”. Left-click the “Set Addon Visibility”
tab on the white toolkit, scroll down the add-on menu list with the small scroll button and check “Tectonic Plates”.
36. • 1.190 The Magnetic Field is invisible to our eyes, just as it is if you looked at a magnet. However, the Celestia 1A has visual filters that
can reveal its dramatic presence. To see it, click here now. Wow! You can see the pathway that solar wind particles are forced to take
when they come in from the Sun. They hit the field lines and are forced to loop up or down into the poles.
37. • 1.191 Your ship can also be positioned for a spectacular view of the Northern Lights, gleaming across the night sky above the North Pole.
Are you ready for this? Click here. NEAT! The lights of North America can also be seen in the lower right.
38. • 1.192 For a close-up of what it is like to be below the Aurora standing on the polar ice, click here. The movement you see really occurs,
as the solar wind hits the upper atmosphere. It is beautiful. The green color is due to the solar wind slamming into the oxygen in our
atmosphere.
39. • 1.193 Earth is the only place in the universe known to have life (so far). That makes it perhaps the most amazing planet in all of the
cosmos. Our rich covering of planet life is particularly noticeable. Your ship has assumed a hover position above South America and the
Amazon basin.
40. • 1.195 Earth also has a frozen covering of ice at its Poles. To see a good view of our Antarctic Ice cap, click here. What a scene (your ship
has filtered out the clouds). The beauty of the Sun glinting off the ice is stunning, isn’t it? That ice is over 2 miles thick.
42. • 1.202 For a different view of it, click here. Amazing! It’s easy to understand why it did so much damage and killed so many people
(most drowned when the sea under the hurricane washed ashore … its called storm surge).
43. • 1.204 Let’s set up our flight. To position us properly, click Computer auto-position on! You will be positioned about 10,000 km over
the Pacific Ocean in the summer of July 2008.
44. • 1.211 If needed, rotate your ship using your six movement keys so that Florida is positioned similar to figure 13. Don’t worry if you’re a
bit off. Just get close. If you can’t get it right, make sure your ship is stopped, then left-click once here, or on the figure 13 image.
45. • 1.214 Good job! Now, click once here , or on figure 14 and the Celestia 1A autopilot will move you to the proper orientation
for a final approach to Kennedy Space Center. When you are ready, resume a speed of about 6 km/s. Your target is Cape Kennedy, Florida,
where the arrow is pointing.
46. • 1.225 Let’s next visit the International Space Station (ISS), now in orbit above Earth. To position your ship, click here once only (make
sure your ship is stopped). The station is the small object centered in your window. The Andes Mountains on the coast of South America
are approaching. Press [G] to go to ISS, then press [G] again once more to move your ship close in.
47. • 1.229 Before we leave Earth, let’s command the Celestia 1A to visit another famous spacecraft, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). To
do so, click here once only. Your ship will rendezvous with the HST. WHOA!
48. • 1.236 Our next stop is Earth’s Moon. Click here. You will be taken to point between Earth and Moon. To see Earth behind you, press
the [Shift+*] keys once. Press them again to look forward.
49. • 1.241 After that impact, the Moon formed very close to Earth. In fact, it was only about 12,000 miles away shortly after its formation.
Because of its nearness to Earth, it looked ENORMOUS in the sky, and the gravity from it was incredible. Twice a day, it would have pulled
our young oceans into gigantic high tides estimated at over 1,000 ft high (300 meters) (compared to only 6 ft tides today). To see what that
close moon would have looked like at only 12,000 miles, click here and watch one humongous moonrise through the haze of Earth’s young
atmosphere! WOW!
50. • 1.244 Click here and direct your attention to the almost black areas. As volcanoes erupted on the Moon, the lava was able to spread out
into vast lakes of molten rock due to the moon’s lower gravity. As it cooled, it hardened and turned dark. We even have a name for these
frozen lava lakes. To early viewers of the Moon using primitive telescopes from Earth, they looked like dark “oceans” and were called,
“Mare,” which is Latin for “sea.” We now know they are not frozen water, but the name has stuck. In fact, the Apollo spacecraft that
landed on the Moon chose these old solid volcanic lava flows to land on because they looked sturdy and reasonably empty of craters.
51. • 1.248 What did the crew of Apollo 11 see as they went into orbit around the Moon in 1969? Through the magic of Celestia, let’s find
out. Click here. You will be taken by the Celestia 1A back in time to the Moon on July 20, 1969, the day of the Apollo 11 landing. Your ship
is hovering above the spacecraft.
52. • 1.253 To do so, click here. As you watch for a few seconds, the Command Module far below, with Mike Collins in it, will pass over the
Mare Tranquillitatis. Although you can’t see it, the Lunar Module with Armstrong and Aldrin on board has already begun its descent to the
surface.
53. • 1.254 To visit the LEM on the surface, click here The spacecraft is a small dim dot near the bottom of the Mare. To go to it, press the
[G] key.
54. • 1.258 To see the LM with the Astronauts inside ready for takeoff, click here. At 17:52:17, the Ascent stage will take off with the two
Astronauts inside, leaving the Descent stage on the Moon forever.
55. • 1.265 For a spectacular view of Earthrise, click here and watch a moment. You are seeing a view only a handful of humans have ever
seen in person (the Apollo astronauts). Wow!
56. • 1.270 We have traveled forward in time to be present when the next total solar eclipse visible from the North American continent will
occur. The date … August 17, 2017. Ready? Click here. Notice how big the eclipse shadow is. It will be visible from Oregon to South
Carolina. Where will you be on that date?
57. • 1.271 We have also positioned the Celestia 1A for a total lunar eclipse of the Moon. It is an amazing sight. Lets’ go. Click here. It is
May 4, 2004. You are facing the Sunny side of the Moon with your back to the Sun and Earth behind you. To see them now, press the [Shift
+ *] keys to activate your rear camera (it may take a few seconds). Notice the dark, almost invisible sphere of Earth, about to move across
the face of the Sun.
58. • 1.279 Let’s end our journey through the Inner Solar System by traveling to the mysterious planet, Mars. To send the Celestia 1A there,
click To Mars.
59. • 1.284 Let’s visit the surface and take a look. Click once here, or on figure 18. Press the *4 key on the numeric keyboard to take in a
]
360o view. Notice how crisp the air looks. No smog … very thin!
60. • 1.292 To see an absolutely spectacular Sunset over the hills of Mars, click here. As you watch it set, Venus, Mercury and the Sun will set
behind the hills. The stars will come out, blazing in the thin cold air of a Mars night. .
61. • 1.297 To see some of that evidence, you have only to look at Gusev crater, the landing site chosen by NASA for the Mars Spirit Rover. It
is an old impact site that was hit by a giant asteroid long ago. After forming, Gusev crater flooded, possibly with a big deep lake of water.
Over time, water ate a canyon/channel into the side of the crater and a river flowed into or out of it, carving a very clear river valley.
Celestia has marked Gusev crater with a locations label. To see it, click here. Then zoom in for a close look. How easy it is to imagine
water flowing into or out of the crater through that channel.
62. • 1.298 Spirit in fact, is sitting in that crater, still searching for signs of past water. To locate it, click here. To go to it, press the [G] key.
When Spirit appears, rotate around it with right-click-drag and left-click-drag and with the [leftand [] right+ arrows. Your ship’s magnetic
tractor beam has elevated it off the surface so you can examine it from all sides (we hope NASA doesn’t mind!). Cute, isn’t it? It is amazing
that this one go-cart sized robot on wheels cost over $100 MILLION to develop and build
63. • 1.300 Opportunity’s landing site is a flat plain of rock named Meridiani Planum. Opportunity has also found conclusive evidence proving
that this plain was once covered with a shallow sea of salty liquid water. In fact, there is sedimentary rock present (sedimentary rock forms
mostly under water). To see the site, click here. Picture the shallow sea covering that flat dark area long ago.
64. • 1.301 Presently, the only water visible on Mar’s surface today is frozen in a few craters and on its ice caps. To see the cap, click here.
Accelerate the Celestia 1A to a speed of about 50 km/s, using the [A] key. At about 600 km in altitude, tap the [2or [down key to turn
] ]
your ship’s nose up and angle it over the Northern Polar ice cap, as you continue to slowly lose altitude. Fly over it at an altitude of about
80 km.
65. • Mars has some amazing surface features. One of the most impressive is Olympus Mons, a giant volcano that is 24 km high (over 14 miles),
which is over twice as high as Mt. Everest on Earth. To visit the mountain, click here to reposition the Celestia 1A above the planet. [Right-
click-drag] so it is below you, then zoom in.
66. • 1.308 To see a good view, click here. Use your Zoom keys to examine its enormous canyon walls.
67. • 1.309 Lets’ visit the bone-dry surface of Mars deep within Valles Marineris and have a look around. To command your ship to hover at
one end of the canyon, click once here.
68. • To see just a hint of what a future manned mission to Mars might be like, let’s activate the Celestia 1A’s time portal, and travel forward in
time to the year 2044. When you click the link below, your ship will transport to the future. It will be tracking the SS Carl Sagan, a massive,
internationally funded spacecraft over 200 meters long, carrying a crew of six Astronauts from Earth to Mars on a voyage of 8 months. It is
named after Dr. Carl Sagan, a famed Astronomer and Professor at Cornell University who devoted his life to educating the public about
space in general, and Mars in particular. It is five days out from its rendezvous with Mars. Are you ready? Click here. WOW! That was
quick. Enjoy the view.
69. • 1.318 Let’s jump forward a few days to see the SS Carl Sagan in orbit around Mars. Click here. Can you make it out in the distance?
70. • 1.321 In the future, the ship has arrived in Mars orbit and is preparing to transfer some of the crew to an orbiting space station and
laboratory via its airlock. To see that station, click here. It too is big (70 meters in diameter or about 220 ft), and was sent to Mars orbit by
an earlier launch.
71. • 1.328 To position the Celestia 1A for a close encounter with one of them, click here. Your ship has landed on Phobos, the larger of the
two moons, as it orbits Mars. What a view! Enjoy it for a bit.