3. • Celebrities are people who enjoy public recognition by
a large share of a certain group of people.
• A person who has excelled in his/her field of action or
activity
• It may be in the field of social life, sports, cinema,
theatre, politics and science anything but something
with special results
• Endorsement is a form of advertising that uses famous
personalities who command a high degree of
recognition, trust, respect or awareness amongst the
people to promote a product or service.
4. CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT
Celebrity Endorsement is a form of promotion in which “any
individual who enjoys public recognition and who uses this
recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an
advertisement”
5. ROLES OF CELEBRITIES:
A firm that decides to employ a celebrity to promote its products and services has a choice of using
the celebrity as:
Testimonial
Example: Katrina Kaif endorses Lux
Advocate
Example: Saina Nehwal has been endorsing Fortune Oil
Actor
Example: Salman Khan as Dabanng in Suzuki Hayate
Spokesperson
Example: M. S. Dhoni for India Cements
6. REAL PEOPLE CELEBRITIES:
• Brands are using real people and real customers in ads, with varying degree
of success
• Using real people also have few advantages for companies and one such is
that they can develop these characters themselves and mould these
characters to fit their brands and target audiences.
7.
8. • Mr.Erdogan in his book ‘Journal of Marketing Management’ showed that endorsers
created by a company were more effective in creating a link to the product than
celebrity.
10. Psychology And The Source Credibility Of Communication
(Hovland and Weiss, 1952; McCroskey and Young, 1981)
Celebrity endorsement and its impact
(Friedman, et aI., 1976; Kamen et aI., 1975)
Source credibility of the celebrity, celebrity-brand congruence and
meaning transfer model
(McCracken, 1989)
HISTORY OF THE RESEARCH
11. SOURCE CREDIBILITY
• "attitude toward a source of communication held at a given time by a receiver"
(McCroskey and Young 1981, 24)
• " .... reliance upon the communication behaviour of another person in order to
achieve a desired but uncertain objective in a risky situation."
Giffin (1967)
• "it would seem unobjectionable to hypothesize that the more the subject liked the
source of a persuasive message, the more he would change his belief toward the
position the source is advocating.“
McGuire (1969)
12. SOURCE CREDIBILITY
*Atkin and Block 1983; Kamins 1989; McGinnis and
Ward 1980
*Maddux and Rogers 1980; Ohanian 1991; Swartz
1984
*Baker and Churchill 1977; Caballero, Lumpkin, and
Madden 1989; Kahle and Homer 1985; Silvera and
Austnd 2004
13. TRADITIONAL EXPLANATIONS OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT PERSUASION
1) Celebrity endorsement increases the attention paid to an ad
(Buttle, Raymond, and Danziger 2000)
1) Celebrities are generally attractive, which helps persuasion when consumers are worried about
social acceptance and others’ opinions (DeBono and Harnish 1988) or when the product is
attractiveness-related (Kahle and Homer 1985, Kamins 1990)
2) Celebrities may be credible sources if they have expertise in a particular area, such as an athlete
endorsing shoes (Ratneshwar and Chiaken 1991) or a beautiful model endorsing make-up (Baker
and Churchill 1983)
3) celebrities are often well-liked, possibly leading to identification and consumer persuasion in an
attempt to seek some type of relationship with the celebrity
(Belch and Belch 2007)
14. THE CONGRUENCE STUDIES
• Match-up Hypothesis
• First studied by Friedman et al. (1976) and Friedman and Friedman (1979)
• The congruence studies have delved into the similarities or correspondence
between the product or brand and the celebrity and are popularly known as the
"match-up" hypothesis.
15. SELECTING THE RIGHT
CELEBRITY
• A delicate process that involves thoroughly
checking into that individual's personal activities
and history, along with considering whether his
reputation meshes with the brand's values.
• The right celebrity endorsement creates brand
awareness, positions or repositions the brand,
and revives sales if they're flagging history,
along with considering whether his reputation
17. METRICS TO DETERMINE ROI OF CELEBRITY
ENDORSEMENTS
• Once an organization has chosen the celebrity, the next challenge is to track the performance of the
investment.
• “In general, most companies expect that not everything in a celebrity-centric deal can be evaluated using
traditional metrics.” – Evan Morgenstein, President & CEO, CelebExperts (September 2013)
• The ROI of a celebrity endorsement can be measured through metrics such as brand awareness and
recall, increase in sales, price premium that a brand can charge, and changes in stock price after a
celebrity deal. There are a number of ways in which these metrics can be measured.
• Anita Elberse from Harvard has developed an intervention model, using statistical techniques, to assess
the impact of endorsement announcements and endorser’s impact on sales. However, it is not easy to
quantify these metrics every time, as qualitative factors are also involved.
18.
19. THE DAVIE-BROWN INDEX USES
EIGHT CRITERIA IN ITS EVALUATION:
1. Appeal
2. Notice
3. Trend setting
4. Influence
5. Trust
6. Endorsement
7. Aspiration
8. Awareness
20. BRAND VALUE
• Depends on Reputation & Credibility.
• Changes with the performance of Celebrity in
its area of core competence.
•Shahrukh khan at the top of the list with
valuation around $164.9 Mn.
Source: AmericanAppraisal India
21. MORE THAN 75% SHARE
ACCOUNTED BY BOLLYWOOD
CELEBRITIES
42%
39%
16%
2%1%
Celebrity Endorsement
Bollywood Actress
Bollywood Actor
Sport Personality
TV Actress
TV Actor
Source : AdEx India
22. MARKET SHARE OF DIFFERENT
CELEBRITRIES
Sr. No. CELEBRITY SHARE %
1 Deepika Padukone 5
2 Kareena Kapoor 5
3 Salman Khan 4
4 Virat Kohli 4
5 Ranbir Kapoor 4
6 Katrina Kaif 4
7 MS Dhoni 3
8 Abhishek Bachchan 3
9 Saif Ali Khan 3
10 Pulkit Samrat 3 Source: AdEx India
25. 4% 8% 4%
20%
48%
16%
Motivating factors that leads to purchase of products
Discount and offers Price of the product
Popular products Celebrity endorsing the product
Quality of the product Value for money
Source : IJBM
27. PROS
• Increased Attention
Popular celebrities have their own followers.
• Image polishing
Using a famous person for advertising a product or services a brand
with a tarnished record has a chance to re-establish its status.
28. PROS
• Brand introduction
Celebrity helps in establishing new business.
• Brand repositioning
Celebrity endorsement helps in changing the brand
status in comparison to
the competing brand.
29. CONS
• Overshadow the brand
Brand is overshadowed due to the excessive popularity and
publicity of celebrity
• Public controversy
Many companies have been badly affected by the negative
publicity accruing from
the celebrity’s misdeeds. One very prominent example is Pepsi which
suffered with three
tarnished celebrities - Mike Tyson, Madonna, and Michael Jackson.
30. CONS
• Image change and overexposure
Superstar Amitabh Bachchan endorses multiple
brands like Pepsi, Mirinda, ICICI,
BPL, Parker pens, Nerolac, Dabur, Reid & Taylor, Maruti
Versa, Hajmola, Tide, Cadbury
and a few social messages. It has worked in some
cases, while in some cases it has not.
31. CONS
• Loss of public recognition
A general perception of consumers regarding
overexposure is that they believe that celebrities use to endorse
so many brands for money only
• Expensive
Research in Brand Personality is relatively new. The works of Aaker and Fournier (1995), Aaker (1997) and Ourgee (1998) initiated the interest which ultimately resulted in the construction of a Brand Personality Scale by Aaker (1997)
defined interpersonal trust in the communication process as:
The congruence studies have delved into the similarities or correspondence between the product or brand and the celebrity and are popularly known as the "match-up" hypothesis.
Celebrity–Brand Match The strength of a message depends on the compatibility of a celebrity with an endorsed brand. For example, Jessica Simpson could be a perfect endorser of products such as nail polish, high heels, and beauty creams, as these products suit her physical attributes. However, a firm signed her to promote a pocket knife, which created a negative impression—that the product was weak—among the target audience.
Credibility For any brand–celebrity relationship to be successful, the credibility—perceived expertise and trustworthiness—of the celebrity is crucial. Information from credible sources can influence beliefs, opinions, and attitudes of consumers, which can affect their buying behavior. It is because of the decline in credibility that legends such as Lance Armstrong and Tiger Woods lost multimillion-dollar endorsements from some of the finest companies in the world.
Transfer of MeaningCelebrities develop certain public personas on the basis of the characters they portray or the sentiments they evoke. This leads people to ascribe certain meanings to personalities, which are transposed to the brand they endorse—motivating people to purchase the product.