CE_L03_Basic_Energy Challenges in different activities sectors.pptx

L3:
Energy Challenges in different
activities sectors (homes &
specific industries &
commercial buildings)

L3: Energy Challenges in different activities sectors
Outline:
Assessment of homes and buildings
Heating and cooling
Solar heater
Heat pumps
The use of thermostats
Windows renewal and installation
Power solar systems

Quiz
1. What is the most effective way to reduce energy consumption in your home?
a) Installing energy-efficient appliances
b) Using energy-efficient light bulbs
c) Insulating your home properly
d) All of the above
2. True or False: Closing vents in unused rooms can help save energy.
3. Which of the following is an example of a renewable energy source for your home?
a) Solar panels
b)Natural gas
c) Coal
d) Oil
4. What is the purpose of a programmable thermostat?
a) To control the temperature of your home remotely
b) To automatically adjust temperature settings based on a schedule
c) To monitor your energy usage
d) None of the above

• Energy efficiency is the use of less energy to perform the same task or produce the
same result.
• Energy-efficient homes and buildings use less energy to heat, cool, and run appliances
and electronics, and energy-efficient manufacturing facilities use less energy to
produce goods.
Source: https://www.energy.gov/eere/energy-efficiency

Energy Saving
• Home Energy Assessments
• Efficient Home Design
• Insulation
• Windows, Doors, and Skylights
• Heating and Cooling
 Home Heating Systems
 Air Conditioning
 Programmable Thermostats
• Home Comfort
• Appliances and Electronics
• Lighting Choices to Save You Money
• Save Electricity and Fuel
https://www.energy.gov/eere/energy-efficiency

Home Energy Assessments
• A home energy assessment, also known as a home energy audit, can help you
understand the whole picture of your home's energy use, comfort, and safety.
• An assessment can help you determine how much energy your home uses, where
your home is inefficient, and which problem areas and fixes you should prioritize to
save energy and improve the comfort of your home.
• A home energy assessment should be your first step before making energy-saving
home improvements, as well as before adding a renewable energy system to your
home.

Professional Home Energy Assessments
• A professional home energy assessment will provide a thorough analysis of your
home's energy use.
• In addition to a room-by-room examination of the home, a home energy
professional may use equipment such as blower doors, infrared cameras, gas leak
and carbon monoxide detectors, moisture meters, and non-toxic smoke pens.
https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-energy-assessments

Do-It-Yourself Home Energy Assessments
• While a professional energy assessment provides the most complete picture of your
home's energy use, a diligent self-assessment can help you pinpoint problem areas
and prioritize your energy efficiency upgrades.
https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-energy-assessments

Space Heating and Cooling
• Programmable Thermostats
In most situations, a programmable thermostat can save you money without
sacrificing comfort.
• Minimizing Energy Losses in Ducts
Insulating, air sealing, and placing ducts within the conditioned space of your home
will reduce energy losses.
• Heat Pump Systems
A heat pump might be your best option for efficient heating and cooling.

Types of Water Heaters
• Conventional storage water heaters
These units store a reservoir of hot water, suitable for everyday use. However, in
scenarios where multiple hot water needs arise simultaneously or when hosting
guests, the demand for hot water may exceed the storage capacity.
• Tankless or demand-type water heaters
These water heaters heat water directly without utilizing a storage tank. They are
designed to provide a continuous supply of hot water without the risk of running out,
as long as they are appropriately sized.

Types of Water Heaters
• Heat pump water heaters:
These systems transfer heat from one location to another, instead of generating heat
directly, resulting in high energy efficiency and substantial cost savings.
• Solar water heaters:
These harness the sun's heat to provide hot water, offering both environmental
benefits and reduced energy expenses.
• Tankless coil and indirect water heaters
These water heaters utilize a home's space heating system to heat the water,
leveraging the existing infrastructure for efficient water heating.

Active Solar Water Heating Systems
There are two types of active solar water heating systems:
• Direct circulation systems
Pumps circulate household water through the collectors
and into the home. They work well in climates where it
rarely freezes.
Image credits https://solarshine.en.made-in-china.com/product/VXbmGvlThhpS/China-
Directed-Circulation-Residential-Solar-Water-Heater-Solar-Water-Heating-System.html

Active Solar Water Heating Systems
There are two types of active solar water heating systems:
• Indirect circulation systems
Pumps circulate a non-freezing, heat-transfer fluid
through the collectors and a heat exchanger. This heats
the water that then flows into the home.
They are popular in climates prone to freezing
temperatures.
Image credits: https://welchsplumbingsandiego.com/solar_water_heaters.php

Passive Solar Water Heating Systems
Passive solar water heating systems are typically less
expensive than active systems, but they're usually not as
efficient.
However, passive systems can be more reliable and may
last longer.
Image credits: https://welchsplumbingsandiego.com/solar_water_heaters.php

Passive Solar Water Heating Systems
Passive systems can be classified into two main types:
• Integral collector-storage passive systems:
• Thermosyphon systems
Image credits:
https://www.alternative-energy-tutorials.com/solar-hot-water/integral-collector-
storage.html
https://www.iamcountryside.com/self-reliance/solar-water-heating-off-the-grid/

Heat Pumps
Heat pumps can serve as a more energy-efficient substitute for furnaces and air
conditioners in areas with moderate climates.
Several types of heat pumps are available, including:
• Air-source
• Geothermal
• Ductless
• Mini-split
• Absorption heat pumps
Effectively use a heat pump to save energy and utility costs at home and small
buildings.

Heat Pumps
• Heat pumps are a viable option for energy-efficient heating and cooling in any
climate, as they function similarly to refrigerators.
• By using electricity, heat pumps transfer heat from colder areas to warmer ones,
resulting in cooler temperatures in the former and warmer temperatures in the
latter.
• During colder seasons, heat pumps extract heat from the outdoors and bring it
indoors to warm up your home.
• Conversely, during hotter seasons, heat pumps remove heat from your home and
release it outside.
• As heat pumps transfer heat instead of producing it, they are an efficient and
effective means of regulating your home's temperature.

Heat Pumps
Units of measurement related to capacity or power use:
• British thermal unit per hour (Btu/h): One Btu is the amount of heat energy
produced by a standard birthday candle, and if this energy is released over the
span of one hour, it is referred to as one Btu/h.
• A kilowatt (kW): a unit of power that is equal to 1000 watts. To put it in perspective,
it takes the power of ten 100-watt light bulbs to reach one kilowatt.
• In the context of heat pump capacity, a ton is a unit of measurement. It is
equivalent to 3.5 kilowatts or 12,000 British thermal units per hour (Btu/h).
https://https://natural-resources.canada.ca/energy-efficiency/energy-star-canada/about/energy-star-
announcements/publications/heating-and-cooling-heat-pump/6817

Ducted Air-Source Heat Pumps
The three primary types of heat pumps are:
• Air-to-air
• Water source
• Geothermal
They are all connected by ducts. They concentrate heat for use within your home by
gathering it from the air, water, or earth outside.
Image Credit: Carrier

• The air-source heat pump is the most common type of heat pump, operating by
transferring heat between the interior of your home and the external air.
• Present-day heat pumps can decrease energy consumption for heating by
roughly 50% compared to electric resistance heating methods, like baseboard
heaters or furnaces.
• While air-source heat pumps have been utilized in Central Europe for many years,
they have not been a viable option in regions experiencing prolonged subfreezing
temperatures until recently.

• The refrigeration mechanism of a heat pump involves a compressor and two coils
made of either copper or aluminum - one located indoors and the other outside -
both have aluminum fins that aid in the transfer of heat.
• In heating mode, the liquid refrigerant within the outdoor coil absorbs heat from
the air and undergoes a transformation into a gas state.
• As the refrigerant condenses back into a liquid, the indoor coil emits heat.
Furthermore, a reversing valve, positioned near the compressor, permits the
refrigerant flow to be reversed, enabling the transition into cooling mode.
Additionally, it facilitates the defrosting of the outdoor coil during winter.

Image credits: https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-heat-
pumps/how-a-heat-pump-works
https://edenergy.be/heat-pumps-paradigm-or-fallacy/?lang=en

• Air-air heat pump systems tend to achieve greater efficiency when there is a
smaller temperature variance between the inside and outside environments.
• To optimize their efficiency, these heat pumps typically aim to deliver a larger
volume of warm air, but at a lower temperature (typically ranging between 25°C
and 45°C).
• This approach differs from that of furnace systems, which distribute a smaller
amount of air but heat it to higher temperatures (typically ranging between 55°C
and 60°C).
• If you switch from a furnace system to a heat pump, you may observe this
distinction when you begin using your new heat pump..

Ductless Air-Source Heat Pumps
• Spaces without ducts can utilize air-source heat
pumps by employing a ductless variation called
a mini-split heat pump.
• A distinct category of air-source heat pump
known as a "reverse cycle chiller" generates both
hot and cold water instead of distributing air.
• This unique capability allows it to seamlessly
integrate with radiant floor heating systems
during the heating mode.
Image credit: https://www.betterhomesbc.ca/products/what-are-
ductlessmini-split-heat-pumps/

Ground-Source Heat Pumps
Ground-source heat pumps, also known as geothermal heat pumps, harness the
thermal energy from the earth or ground water as a heat source during heating
mode and as a heat sink during cooling mode.
These systems consist of two primary components.
• Ground Heat Exchanger: This component exchanges thermal energy with the
earth or ground. Various configurations of heat exchangers are available and will
be explained later in this section.
• Heat Pump: In contrast to air-source heat pumps, ground-source heat pumps
utilize a fluid that circulates through the ground heat exchanger as their heat
source during heating or heat sink during cooling.

There are four primary types of ground
loop systems for ground-source heat
pumps.
Three of them, namely horizontal,
vertical, and pond/lake systems, are
classified as closed-loop systems. The
fourth type is an open-loop system.
Image credit:
https://www.consolidatedelectric.com/ground-source-heat-
pumps/

On the building side, there are options for both air-
based and hydronic (water-based) systems.
In hydronic applications, operating temperatures
are critical. Heat pumps exhibit optimal
performance at lower temperatures, typically
below 45 to 50°C, which makes them ideal for
radiant floors or fan coil systems.
Image credit:
https://www.icax.co.uk/How_Ground_Source_Heat_Pumps_Work.html

Major Benefits of Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems
Efficiency
• In locations where temperatures can fall below 0°C, ground-source systems is
capable of functioning with greater efficiency by taking advantage of warmer and
more consistent ground temperatures.
Energy Savings
• The potential savings in heating costs compared to electric furnaces can reach
approximately 65%.
• The actual amount of energy savings will depend on various factors such as the
local climate, the efficiency of the existing heating system, fuel and electricity
costs, the size and configuration of the heat pump, seasonal energy balance, and
heat pump efficiency performance under standard operating conditions.

The use of Programmable Thermostats
By modifying your thermostat settings during periods of sleep or when you're not at
home or work, you have the opportunity to reduce expenses on heating and cooling.
With a programmable thermostat, you can conveniently modify the heating or air-
conditioning activation times based on a predetermined schedule.
Image credits: https://electronics360.globalspec.com/article/16294/fundamentals-of-smart-thermostats

Setting Thermostats
• By adjusting your thermostat back 2°-3°C for 8 hours a day from its regular
setting, on average, you may reduce your heating and cooling expenses by 10%.
• To minimize your overall cooling expenses, it's advisable to keep the temperature
difference between the inside and outside spaces at a minimum.
• During winter, you can conserve energy by setting your thermostat to around
20°C as long as you are awake and lowering it when either you're sleeping or not
at home.

Setting Thermostats
• In summer, you can adopt a similar strategy for central air
conditioning by maintaining your home at a higher
temperature when you are away and by setting the
thermostat to a comfortable temperature for cooling and
humidity control when you're at home.
• While manual adjustments are possible, programmable
thermostats provide a convenient solution that ensures your
comfort by returning temperatures to normal before you
wake up or return home.
Image credits: https://electronics360.globalspec.com/article/16294/fundamentals-of-smart-
thermostats

Setting Correctly the Thermostats
• Set your air conditioning thermostat to a higher temperature
• You can energetically safe reduce the temperature when not at home.
• During winter, heat loss happens more slowly the cooler it is inside.
• Similarly, in the summer, raising the thermostat setting will impede the heat flow
into your home, conserving energy used for air conditioning.

The use of Programmable
Thermostats
Chosing the Thermostats
• Digital thermostats provide
advanced functionalities
• Electromechanical systems
typically consist of movable bars
or pegs and are comparatively
easier to set.
Image credits: https://smarthomeenergy.co.uk/wp-
content/uploads/2021/04/bg.gif

Replace Windows
• Around 25% to 30% of the energy used for residential heating and cooling is
attributed to heat gain and heat loss through windows.
• When choosing windows for either a new construction or the replacement of
existing ones, it is essential to prioritize affordability while selecting the most
efficient windows suitable for your specific climate.
• In the case where your current windows are in good condition, taking measures to
minimize energy loss through them can enhance the comfort of your home and
lead to savings on energy expenses.

Replace Windows
To enhance energy conservation and improve your home's comfort, you have two
main options:
• Enhance the efficiency of your current windows
• Install new windows
Image credits: https://umaine.edu/sustainability/energywise/windows/

Replace Windows
There are various measures you can take to improve the efficiency of your existing
windows:
• Inspect your current windows for any air leaks.
• Apply caulk and weatherstripping
• Install energy-efficient window coverings. Attach storm windows or panels.
• Apply solar control film.
• Incorporate exterior shading, such as exterior blinds, or overhangs.
Image credits: https://clearviewsg.co.uk/heat-loss/improving-the-energy-efficiency-of-existing-windows/

Replace Windows
Decide on the specific features you desire for your new windows:
• Frame types
• Glazing type
• Gas fills and spacers
• Operation types
Image credits https://www.championwindow.com/window-buyers-guide/window-glazing-and-why-its-important/

Solar Photovoltaic Technology
• Photovoltaic materials and devices are
designed to convert sunlight into electrical
energy.
• A single unit of Photovoltaic technology is
referred to as a cell, which is typically small
and capable of producing around 1 or 2 watts
of power.
• To enhance the power output of PV cells,
they are interconnected to form larger units
called modules or panels.
Image credits https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/solar/photovoltaics-
and-electricity.php

• Additional elements include
mounting structures that position
the panels to face the sun, as well as
components responsible for
converting the direct current (DC)
electricity produced by the modules
into alternating current (AC)
electricity, which powers all the
appliances in your home.
Image credits https://stendysolar.co.nz/solar-energy-
systems-work/

• The photovoltaic cell consists of a semiconductor material that has properties
between an insulator and a conductor.
• When the semiconductor material is exposed to light, it absorbs the energy from
the light and transfers it to electrons.
Image credits: https://www.planete-energies.com/en/media/article/how-does-photovoltaic-cell-work

• Photovoltaic arrays need to be installed on a structure that can support the array's
weight and withstand various weather conditions
• Photovoltaic modules in the northern hemisphere are typically pointed due south
and inclined at an angle equal to the local latitude.
• For ground-mounted photovoltaic arrays, tracking mechanisms are employed to
automatically adjust the position of the panels and follow the sun's.
Image credits: https://www.electronicsandyou.com/solar-panel-installation-guide-step-by-step-process.html

• Inverters are utilized to convert the
direct current (DC) electricity produced
by solar photovoltaic modules into
alternating current (AC) electricity,
which is used for local electricity
transmission and powering most
household appliances,
• Advanced inverters, also known as
"smart inverters," facilitate two-way
communication between the inverter
and the electrical utility.
Image credits:
http://www.futuregenerationenergy.ie/domestic/solar-pv-
inverters/

• Batteries enable the storage energy,
powering during nighttime
• Beyond residential applications,
batteries are becoming progressively
significant for utility companies.
• The growing adoption of batteries
contributes to the modernization and
stabilization of the electric grid.
Image credits: https://www.offgridenergy.com.au/on-grid-
autonomy-power-system/

Quiz
Which of the following actions can help conserve water in your home?
a) Installing low-flow showerheads
b) Fixing leaky faucets
c) Using a dishwasher instead of handwashing dishes
d) All of the above
True or False: Keeping electronics on standby mode doesn't consume any energy.
How can you reduce phantom energy consumption in your home?
a) Unplugging electronics when not in use
b) Using power strips with on/off switches
c) Turning off lights when leaving a room
d) Lowering the thermostat setting
True or False: Sealing air leaks in your home can help improve energy efficiency.
What device is used to convert sunlight into electricity in a solar power system?
a) Battery
b) Inverter
c) Generator
d) Solar panel

THANK YOU!

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