The document provides general instructions for a question paper consisting of 30 questions ranging from very short answer to long answer questions worth 1 to 5 marks each. It specifies that all questions are compulsory and there is no overall choice but internal choice in some questions. Calculators are not allowed but log tables can be used. The document then lists the 30 questions covering various topics in physics.
This document provides an introduction to the concepts covered in the course EC 8451 - Electromagnetic Fields. It begins with an overview of the electromagnetic model and defining the basic quantities used, including electric charge, current density, and the four fundamental field quantities. It then reviews key concepts in vector algebra and describes the rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. The remainder of the document provides more details on units and constants, vector operations, and the Cartesian and cylindrical coordinate systems.
This document discusses electromagnetic field theory and computational electromagnetics. It introduces electromagnetic theory, which is divided into electrostatics, magnetostatics, and time-varying fields. Computational electromagnetics is presented as a way to numerically solve electromagnetic problems using computers. Different types of equation solvers are described, including integral equation solvers and differential equation solvers. General coordinate systems and transformations between coordinate systems are also covered.
The document discusses the method of moments (MoM) technique for solving electromagnetic problems. It begins by introducing MoM and its application to electrostatic problems. The basic steps in MoM are then outlined, which involve transforming integro-differential equations into a matrix system of linear equations using a basis function approximation. Weighting functions are used to enforce boundary conditions and eliminate error, resulting in a matrix equation that can be solved for the unknown coefficients. An example problem applying Galerkin's MoM to a 1D differential equation is presented to illustrate the method.
This document provides sample questions from various units of the subject Electromagnetic Fields. It includes two questions from each unit and year from 2010-2014. The units covered are: Static Electric Fields, Conductors and Dielectrics, Static Magnetic Fields, Magnetic Forces and Materials, and Time Varying Fields and Maxwell's Equations. The questions test various concepts like electric field intensity, potential, Gauss's law, Laplace's equation, magnetic field intensity, Biot-Savart law, Ampere's circuital law, magnetic boundary conditions, energy, and Maxwell's equations.
1) The document provides one mark, two mark and three mark questions from the chapter on Electric Charges and Fields.
2) It includes questions testing definitions of key terms like electric charge, electric field, electric dipole moment, Gauss's law.
3) It also has questions requiring diagrams of electric field patterns and derivations of expressions for force between charges and electric field.
1. This document provides numerical problems related to electric potential, electric potential energy, and capacitance. It includes 55 problems covering topics like calculating potential due to point charges, work done in electric fields, potential energy of charge configurations, capacitance of parallel plate and other capacitors, and energy stored in capacitors.
2. Many problems involve calculating electric potential, electric field intensity, or capacitance given charges and distances between charges or capacitor plate separations. Other problems calculate work done, potential energy, or energy stored in capacitors.
3. The problems cover basic concepts in electrostatics and capacitance and provide practice calculating various quantities using the fundamental equations for these topics.
The document provides general instructions for a question paper consisting of 30 questions ranging from very short answer to long answer questions worth 1 to 5 marks each. It specifies that all questions are compulsory and there is no overall choice but internal choice in some questions. Calculators are not allowed but log tables can be used. The document then lists the 30 questions covering various topics in physics.
This document provides an introduction to the concepts covered in the course EC 8451 - Electromagnetic Fields. It begins with an overview of the electromagnetic model and defining the basic quantities used, including electric charge, current density, and the four fundamental field quantities. It then reviews key concepts in vector algebra and describes the rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. The remainder of the document provides more details on units and constants, vector operations, and the Cartesian and cylindrical coordinate systems.
This document discusses electromagnetic field theory and computational electromagnetics. It introduces electromagnetic theory, which is divided into electrostatics, magnetostatics, and time-varying fields. Computational electromagnetics is presented as a way to numerically solve electromagnetic problems using computers. Different types of equation solvers are described, including integral equation solvers and differential equation solvers. General coordinate systems and transformations between coordinate systems are also covered.
The document discusses the method of moments (MoM) technique for solving electromagnetic problems. It begins by introducing MoM and its application to electrostatic problems. The basic steps in MoM are then outlined, which involve transforming integro-differential equations into a matrix system of linear equations using a basis function approximation. Weighting functions are used to enforce boundary conditions and eliminate error, resulting in a matrix equation that can be solved for the unknown coefficients. An example problem applying Galerkin's MoM to a 1D differential equation is presented to illustrate the method.
This document provides sample questions from various units of the subject Electromagnetic Fields. It includes two questions from each unit and year from 2010-2014. The units covered are: Static Electric Fields, Conductors and Dielectrics, Static Magnetic Fields, Magnetic Forces and Materials, and Time Varying Fields and Maxwell's Equations. The questions test various concepts like electric field intensity, potential, Gauss's law, Laplace's equation, magnetic field intensity, Biot-Savart law, Ampere's circuital law, magnetic boundary conditions, energy, and Maxwell's equations.
1) The document provides one mark, two mark and three mark questions from the chapter on Electric Charges and Fields.
2) It includes questions testing definitions of key terms like electric charge, electric field, electric dipole moment, Gauss's law.
3) It also has questions requiring diagrams of electric field patterns and derivations of expressions for force between charges and electric field.
1. This document provides numerical problems related to electric potential, electric potential energy, and capacitance. It includes 55 problems covering topics like calculating potential due to point charges, work done in electric fields, potential energy of charge configurations, capacitance of parallel plate and other capacitors, and energy stored in capacitors.
2. Many problems involve calculating electric potential, electric field intensity, or capacitance given charges and distances between charges or capacitor plate separations. Other problems calculate work done, potential energy, or energy stored in capacitors.
3. The problems cover basic concepts in electrostatics and capacitance and provide practice calculating various quantities using the fundamental equations for these topics.
This document discusses electrostatics and related concepts. It begins by outlining what will be covered, including finding electrostatic fields for various charge distributions, the energy density of electrostatic fields, and how fields behave at media interfaces. It then defines Coulomb's law and the electric field, and discusses Gauss's law and how to use it to find electric fields from symmetric charge distributions. Finally, it covers electric potential, boundary value problems, and the electrostatic energy of charge distributions.
Analysis, Design and Optimization of Multilayer Antenna Using Wave Concept It...journalBEEI
The wave concept iterative process is a procedure used for analyses a planar circuits This method consists in generating a recursive relationship between a wave source and reflected waves from the discontinuity plane which is divided into cells. A high computational speed has been achieved by using Fast Modal Transform (FMT). In this paper we study a patch antenna and multilayer circuits, to determine the electromagnetic characteristics of these structures.
This document discusses plane wave reflection from a media interface. It begins by introducing the concepts of reflection and transmission coefficients which describe how much of an incident wave is reflected or transmitted at a boundary. It then examines plane wave reflection at normal incidence, deriving expressions for the reflected and transmitted electric and magnetic fields in two lossy media. Boundary conditions requiring the tangential field components to be continuous are applied to obtain equations relating the reflection and transmission coefficients to the material properties on either side of the interface.
This document discusses electric circuits and direct current. It contains conceptual problems, picture problems, and determine the concept problems related to topics like Ohm's law, resistors, capacitors, Kirchhoff's laws, and more. Some key points:
- Resistors dissipate more power when connected in series compared to parallel due to their higher equivalent resistance in series.
- The time it takes for the charge on a capacitor to reduce to half its initial value when discharging through a resistor can be calculated using the RC time constant.
- Kirchhoff's laws apply to all circuits as they are statements about the conservation of energy and charge in circuits.
- Applying concepts like Ohm's
1) The document discusses various concepts related to electric current and direct current circuits, including resistance, resistivity, Ohm's law, temperature dependence of resistance, and drift velocity of electrons.
2) It provides examples and conceptual problems involving calculating resistance, current, power, drift velocity, and other quantities using relationships like Ohm's law, relationships between resistance and resistivity, and how resistance changes with temperature.
3) Sample problems include calculating the resistance of wires with different lengths and gauges, the drift speed of electrons in copper wires carrying different currents, the potential difference required across a wire to produce a given current, and the temperature at which a copper wire's resistance would be 10% greater than at 20
1) Two point charges are located on the y-axis separated by a distance d. The electric field is sketched in the neighborhood and at distances much greater than d. At greater distances, the system looks like a single charge equal to the sum of the charges.
2) The document discusses dipole moments of two molecules and determining the electric field direction at numbered locations based on the orientation of the dipole moments.
3) Information is provided about the total charge of protons in 1 kg of carbon, including using proportions and other relationships to calculate the number of atoms and coulombs of charge.
1) The document discusses electric potential, electric field, and capacitors. It provides definitions and equations for electric potential due to point charges, conducting spheres, rings, and other configurations.
2) Examples are given for calculating electric potential and electric field due to various charge distributions, including point charges, conducting spheres, disks, rings, and charged rods. Integral techniques are used for non-uniform charge distributions.
3) Boundary conditions for electric potential and fields are explained. The relationship between electric potential and electric field is emphasized.
Chiral Transverse Electromagnetic Waves with E H i to study Circular Dichroisminventionjournals
It is shown that a general class of transverse electromagnetic waves with E H i can be obtained. These waves possess magnetic helicity and chirality. This condition is important to excitation of nano molecules when it is necessary consider a global factor as the product of the parameter of optical chirality with the inherent enantiometric properties of the material. The absorption of a chiral molecule in a chiral electromagnetic field is proportional to the imaginary part of mixed electric-magnetic dipole polarizability of the molecules, which determines the circular dichroism, CD of molecules. Chiral fields with different handedness can be used to obtain basic information from the interaction fields-molecules with high optical chirality, having chiral hot spots in nodes of stationary waves with parallel components of electric and magnetic fields.
(1) The document discusses capacitance concepts including the capacitance of parallel plate, cylindrical, and spherical capacitors. (2) It provides equations to calculate the capacitance, electric field, and energy stored in capacitors. (3) Key equations include expressions for capacitance as a function of plate area and separation, and energy stored as proportional to capacitance times the square of the potential difference.
This document contains 30 physics problems from an unsolved AIEEE past paper from 2009. The problems cover topics including electrostatics, mechanics, optics, thermodynamics, and circuits. For each problem, multiple choices for the answer are provided.
This first lecture describes what EMT is. Its history of evolution. Main personalities how discovered theories relating to this theory. Applications of EMT . Scalars and vectors and there algebra. Coordinate systems. Field, Coulombs law and electric field intensity.volume charge distribution, electric flux density, gauss's law and divergence
Fundamental Concepts on Electromagnetic TheoryAL- AMIN
The document summarizes key concepts from a presentation on electromagnetic theory. It discusses different types of fields, including scalar and vector fields. It also covers gradient, divergence, curl, coordinate systems, static electric and magnetic fields, Maxwell's equations, and other fundamental electromagnetic concepts. Multiple students contributed sections on topics including Coulomb's law, Biot-Savart law, Lorentz force, and Maxwell's equations in differential, integral and harmonic forms.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
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Electromagnetic fields of time-dependent magnetic monopoleIOSR Journals
Dirac-Maxwell’s equations, retained for magnetic monopoles, are generalized by introducing
magnetic scale field. It allows the magnetic monopoles to be time-dependent and the potentials to be Lorentz
gauge free. The non-conserved part or the time-dependent part of the magnetic charge density is responsible to
produce the magnetic scalar field which further contributes to the magnetic and electric vector fields. This
contribution makes possible to create an ideal square wave magnetic field from an exponentially rising and
decaying magnetic charge.
[Electricity and Magnetism] ElectrodynamicsManmohan Dash
We discussed extensively the electromagnetism course for an engineering 1st year class. This is also useful for ‘hons’ and ‘pass’ Physics students.
This was a course I delivered to engineering first years, around 9th November 2009. I added all the diagrams and many explanations only now; 21-23 Aug 2015.
Next; Lectures on ‘electromagnetic waves’ and ‘Oscillations and Waves’. You can write me at g6pontiac@gmail.com or visit my website at http://mdashf.org
This document contains 28 physics problems from an unsolved IITJEE past paper from 2004. The problems cover topics including kinematics, optics, electricity, magnetism, thermodynamics, and properties of gases. For each problem, multiple choice options for the answer are provided. The document states that the solutions can be found by visiting a specific website.
This document contains a 50 question physics exam with multiple choice answers for each question. The questions cover topics in mechanics, electricity, waves, optics, thermodynamics and modern physics. No answers are provided, just the questions and multiple choice options for each.
This document provides a sample question paper for Class XII Physics with instructions and questions. It contains 5 sections (A-E) with a total of 26 questions of varying marks. Section A contains 5 one-mark questions, Section B contains 5 two-mark questions, Section C contains 12 three-mark questions, Section D contains 1 four-mark question and Section E contains 3 five-mark questions. The document also provides physical constants and formulas that may be required to solve the questions.
Cbse class 12 physics sample paper 02 (for 2014)mycbseguide
The document provides a sample physics question paper for Class 12 with 29 questions ranging from 1 to 5 marks. It includes questions from various topics in physics like electromagnetism, optics, modern physics, semiconductor devices, communication systems, and electrical circuits. The paper tests concepts, calculations, principles, diagrams, and applications of concepts across different areas of the physics syllabus. It provides guidelines for time, marks distribution and instructions for answering the questions.
This document discusses electrostatics and related concepts. It begins by outlining what will be covered, including finding electrostatic fields for various charge distributions, the energy density of electrostatic fields, and how fields behave at media interfaces. It then defines Coulomb's law and the electric field, and discusses Gauss's law and how to use it to find electric fields from symmetric charge distributions. Finally, it covers electric potential, boundary value problems, and the electrostatic energy of charge distributions.
Analysis, Design and Optimization of Multilayer Antenna Using Wave Concept It...journalBEEI
The wave concept iterative process is a procedure used for analyses a planar circuits This method consists in generating a recursive relationship between a wave source and reflected waves from the discontinuity plane which is divided into cells. A high computational speed has been achieved by using Fast Modal Transform (FMT). In this paper we study a patch antenna and multilayer circuits, to determine the electromagnetic characteristics of these structures.
This document discusses plane wave reflection from a media interface. It begins by introducing the concepts of reflection and transmission coefficients which describe how much of an incident wave is reflected or transmitted at a boundary. It then examines plane wave reflection at normal incidence, deriving expressions for the reflected and transmitted electric and magnetic fields in two lossy media. Boundary conditions requiring the tangential field components to be continuous are applied to obtain equations relating the reflection and transmission coefficients to the material properties on either side of the interface.
This document discusses electric circuits and direct current. It contains conceptual problems, picture problems, and determine the concept problems related to topics like Ohm's law, resistors, capacitors, Kirchhoff's laws, and more. Some key points:
- Resistors dissipate more power when connected in series compared to parallel due to their higher equivalent resistance in series.
- The time it takes for the charge on a capacitor to reduce to half its initial value when discharging through a resistor can be calculated using the RC time constant.
- Kirchhoff's laws apply to all circuits as they are statements about the conservation of energy and charge in circuits.
- Applying concepts like Ohm's
1) The document discusses various concepts related to electric current and direct current circuits, including resistance, resistivity, Ohm's law, temperature dependence of resistance, and drift velocity of electrons.
2) It provides examples and conceptual problems involving calculating resistance, current, power, drift velocity, and other quantities using relationships like Ohm's law, relationships between resistance and resistivity, and how resistance changes with temperature.
3) Sample problems include calculating the resistance of wires with different lengths and gauges, the drift speed of electrons in copper wires carrying different currents, the potential difference required across a wire to produce a given current, and the temperature at which a copper wire's resistance would be 10% greater than at 20
1) Two point charges are located on the y-axis separated by a distance d. The electric field is sketched in the neighborhood and at distances much greater than d. At greater distances, the system looks like a single charge equal to the sum of the charges.
2) The document discusses dipole moments of two molecules and determining the electric field direction at numbered locations based on the orientation of the dipole moments.
3) Information is provided about the total charge of protons in 1 kg of carbon, including using proportions and other relationships to calculate the number of atoms and coulombs of charge.
1) The document discusses electric potential, electric field, and capacitors. It provides definitions and equations for electric potential due to point charges, conducting spheres, rings, and other configurations.
2) Examples are given for calculating electric potential and electric field due to various charge distributions, including point charges, conducting spheres, disks, rings, and charged rods. Integral techniques are used for non-uniform charge distributions.
3) Boundary conditions for electric potential and fields are explained. The relationship between electric potential and electric field is emphasized.
Chiral Transverse Electromagnetic Waves with E H i to study Circular Dichroisminventionjournals
It is shown that a general class of transverse electromagnetic waves with E H i can be obtained. These waves possess magnetic helicity and chirality. This condition is important to excitation of nano molecules when it is necessary consider a global factor as the product of the parameter of optical chirality with the inherent enantiometric properties of the material. The absorption of a chiral molecule in a chiral electromagnetic field is proportional to the imaginary part of mixed electric-magnetic dipole polarizability of the molecules, which determines the circular dichroism, CD of molecules. Chiral fields with different handedness can be used to obtain basic information from the interaction fields-molecules with high optical chirality, having chiral hot spots in nodes of stationary waves with parallel components of electric and magnetic fields.
(1) The document discusses capacitance concepts including the capacitance of parallel plate, cylindrical, and spherical capacitors. (2) It provides equations to calculate the capacitance, electric field, and energy stored in capacitors. (3) Key equations include expressions for capacitance as a function of plate area and separation, and energy stored as proportional to capacitance times the square of the potential difference.
This document contains 30 physics problems from an unsolved AIEEE past paper from 2009. The problems cover topics including electrostatics, mechanics, optics, thermodynamics, and circuits. For each problem, multiple choices for the answer are provided.
This first lecture describes what EMT is. Its history of evolution. Main personalities how discovered theories relating to this theory. Applications of EMT . Scalars and vectors and there algebra. Coordinate systems. Field, Coulombs law and electric field intensity.volume charge distribution, electric flux density, gauss's law and divergence
Fundamental Concepts on Electromagnetic TheoryAL- AMIN
The document summarizes key concepts from a presentation on electromagnetic theory. It discusses different types of fields, including scalar and vector fields. It also covers gradient, divergence, curl, coordinate systems, static electric and magnetic fields, Maxwell's equations, and other fundamental electromagnetic concepts. Multiple students contributed sections on topics including Coulomb's law, Biot-Savart law, Lorentz force, and Maxwell's equations in differential, integral and harmonic forms.
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Electromagnetic fields of time-dependent magnetic monopoleIOSR Journals
Dirac-Maxwell’s equations, retained for magnetic monopoles, are generalized by introducing
magnetic scale field. It allows the magnetic monopoles to be time-dependent and the potentials to be Lorentz
gauge free. The non-conserved part or the time-dependent part of the magnetic charge density is responsible to
produce the magnetic scalar field which further contributes to the magnetic and electric vector fields. This
contribution makes possible to create an ideal square wave magnetic field from an exponentially rising and
decaying magnetic charge.
[Electricity and Magnetism] ElectrodynamicsManmohan Dash
We discussed extensively the electromagnetism course for an engineering 1st year class. This is also useful for ‘hons’ and ‘pass’ Physics students.
This was a course I delivered to engineering first years, around 9th November 2009. I added all the diagrams and many explanations only now; 21-23 Aug 2015.
Next; Lectures on ‘electromagnetic waves’ and ‘Oscillations and Waves’. You can write me at g6pontiac@gmail.com or visit my website at http://mdashf.org
This document contains 28 physics problems from an unsolved IITJEE past paper from 2004. The problems cover topics including kinematics, optics, electricity, magnetism, thermodynamics, and properties of gases. For each problem, multiple choice options for the answer are provided. The document states that the solutions can be found by visiting a specific website.
This document contains a 50 question physics exam with multiple choice answers for each question. The questions cover topics in mechanics, electricity, waves, optics, thermodynamics and modern physics. No answers are provided, just the questions and multiple choice options for each.
This document provides a sample question paper for Class XII Physics with instructions and questions. It contains 5 sections (A-E) with a total of 26 questions of varying marks. Section A contains 5 one-mark questions, Section B contains 5 two-mark questions, Section C contains 12 three-mark questions, Section D contains 1 four-mark question and Section E contains 3 five-mark questions. The document also provides physical constants and formulas that may be required to solve the questions.
Cbse class 12 physics sample paper 02 (for 2014)mycbseguide
The document provides a sample physics question paper for Class 12 with 29 questions ranging from 1 to 5 marks. It includes questions from various topics in physics like electromagnetism, optics, modern physics, semiconductor devices, communication systems, and electrical circuits. The paper tests concepts, calculations, principles, diagrams, and applications of concepts across different areas of the physics syllabus. It provides guidelines for time, marks distribution and instructions for answering the questions.
Physics Sample Paper with General Instruction for Class - 12Learning Three Sixty
Learning 360 brings “Physics sample paper” for CLASS – 12. This document also carries 31 questions with solution of each given question for better understanding of the students. Download for free now; http://www.learning360.net/study_hub/1090-2/
(i) The document provides general instructions for a physics exam containing 30 questions. It specifies the number and type of questions, the marks allocated to each question type, and exam guidelines.
(ii) The questions cover a range of physics topics including mechanics, properties of matter, heat and thermodynamics, waves, electricity and magnetism, optics, modern physics, electronics, and semiconductor devices.
(iii) Detailed information and diagrams are provided for each question to assess students' understanding of fundamental concepts and their ability to apply principles to solve problems.
This document provides a sample question paper for Class XII Physics with instructions and questions. It contains 5 sections (A-E) with a total of 26 multiple choice and numerical questions worth 70 marks. Section A has 5 one-mark questions, Section B has 5 two-mark questions, Section C has 12 three-mark questions, Section D has 1 four-mark question and Section E has 3 five-mark questions. The document also provides important physical constants and formulas required to solve the questions.
This document contains physics examination papers from 2008-2012 administered by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) in Delhi, India. It lists the contents which include CBSE examination papers from Delhi and All India in those years, as well as foreign papers. A sample paper from the 2008 Delhi exam is then provided, consisting of 30 multiple choice questions testing concepts in physics.
This document contains a sample physics question paper for Class 12 with 26 questions across 5 sections (A-E). It provides general instructions, details of questions in each section, and values of important physical constants. Section A contains 5 one-mark questions, Section B has 5 two-mark questions, Section C has 12 three-mark questions, Section D has 1 four-mark question and Section E contains 3 five-mark questions. The document tests students' understanding of concepts in electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic waves, optics, modern physics and electronics.
1) The document provides one mark, two mark and three mark questions from the chapter on Electric Charges and Fields.
2) It includes questions testing definitions of key terms like electric charge, electric field, electric dipole moment, Gauss's law.
3) It also has questions requiring diagrams of electric field patterns and derivations of expressions for force between charges and electric field.
1) The time constant for the current in the parallel circuit is 0.9 seconds and the steady state current through the battery is 6 amperes.
2) The final temperature of the water-ice mixture is 0°C.
3) Treating the sun as a black body, its surface temperature is approximately 5800 K.
This document contains 28 physics problems from an unsolved IITJEE past paper from 2004. The problems cover topics including kinematics, optics, electricity, magnetism, thermodynamics, and properties of gases. For each problem, multiple choice options for the answer are provided. The document states that the solutions can be found by visiting a specific website.
Download the previous year NEET question paper with the answer key for the years 2022–2023 only on Zephyr.
https://zephyrentrance.in/neet-quiestion-papers
Kinetics of X-ray conductivity for an ideal wide-gap semiconductor irradiated...Andrii Sofiienko
This document discusses the development of a kinetic theory to describe the X-ray conductivity (XRC) of semiconductors and dielectrics when irradiated by X-rays. It begins by outlining the need for such a theory and which characteristics it should describe. It then presents the initial stages of developing the theory, including modeling an ideal semiconductor at low excitation levels and deriving expressions for the spatial distribution of free electrons and holes and their lifetimes. The document also examines how the electric field of free charge carriers affects the distributions as excitation increases and considers incorporating the Coulomb interaction between carriers.
Radiation Q bounds for small electric dipoles over a conducting ground planeYong Heui Cho
This document discusses theoretical bounds on the quality factor (Q) of small electric dipole antennas placed over a conducting ground plane. It finds that for vertically polarized dipoles, the Q can decrease by approximately a factor of two compared to an antenna of the same size in free space, indicating a doubling of bandwidth. This bandwidth enhancement is validated through simulations and measurements of small spherical helix dipole antennas over a ground plane. For horizontally polarized dipoles, the Q increases significantly compared to free space as the ground separation decreases. The analysis divides space into regions and uses vector spherical wave functions to calculate stored electric and magnetic energies, from which Q is determined following definitions by Chu and Thal.
Kelvin devised a method to determine the ohm using a rotating coil in a magnetic field. The resistance of the coil could be calculated based on the angle of a magnetic needle placed at the coil's center once it reached a stationary position. Rayleigh and Sidgwick used a similar setup with two disks rotated between coils to induce currents and measure resistance. Kelvin also created a current balance using six coils to directly measure current based on the forces induced between the coils. The document describes these three historical experiments and calculations to determine electrical units like the ohm and ampere based on fundamental standards of length, mass and time.
This white paper describes the basic functionality and characteristics of antennas. It begins with an overview of Hertz's original antenna model and the fundamentals of wave propagation including Maxwell's equations and wavelength. The key general antenna characteristics covered are radiation pattern, directivity, gain, impedance, bandwidth and polarization. A few specific antenna types such as dipoles, monopoles and log-periodic antennas are then briefly described to conclude the white paper.
This document contains a sample paper for Class 12 Physics with 35 multiple choice questions covering various topics in Physics. The questions are divided into 5 sections - Section A contains 1 mark questions, Section B contains 2 mark questions, Section C contains 3 mark questions, Section D contains 5 mark questions and Section E contains case studies and applications of concepts in Physics. The sample paper tests conceptual understanding, problem solving abilities and application of concepts to real-life situations.
This document provides the instructions and structure for a CBSE sample question paper for Class XII Physics. It is divided into 5 sections (A-E). Section A contains 18 multiple choice questions worth 1 mark each. Section B contains 7 questions worth 2 marks each. Section C contains 5 questions worth 3 marks each. Section D contains 3 long questions worth 5 marks each. Section E contains 2 case study based questions worth 4 marks each. There is a total of 35 questions worth 70 marks. Calculators are not allowed. The document provides detailed instructions on the format and expectations for the paper.
Similar to Class 12 Cbse Physics Sample Paper 2012 - 13 (20)
The ICSE Class 2 syllabus includes chapters on poems, grammar, and mathematics. For English, students will study 16 poems and learn about parts of speech like nouns, verbs, adjectives and pronouns as well as punctuation, opposites, and tenses. The mathematics syllabus covers 16 topics including 2-digit and 3-digit numbers, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, geometry, fractions, and measurement of length, weight, and capacity.
The document outlines the syllabus for ICSE Class 1, covering Environmental Studies (EVS), Computer Applications, and French. The EVS syllabus includes 18 chapters on topics like the self, family, community, plants, animals, food, and the environment. The Computer Applications syllabus introduces students to computers and their basic parts through 8 chapters. The 11 chapter French syllabus teaches students about France, its culture, and introduces basic vocabulary around self, family, school, colors, and days of the week.
The document outlines the syllabus for various subjects in ICSE Class 1, including Mathematics, English, EVS, and Computer Applications. For Mathematics, topics range from pre-number concepts to addition, subtraction, measurement, money, and multiplication. English topics cover stories, poems, rhymes. EVS focuses on the child, family, school, neighborhood, environment. Computer Applications introduces basic computer parts and functions like the keyboard, mouse, and Paint software.
The document outlines the syllabus for various subjects in ICSE Class 1 including English, EVS, Computer Applications, and French. The English syllabus includes 10 chapters on topics like stories, poems, and rhymes. The EVS syllabus has 18 chapters covering topics about the self, family, community, environment and safety. The Computer Applications syllabus includes 8 chapters introducing students to basic computer parts and functions. The French syllabus has 11 chapters focusing on introducing students to French culture, language, numbers and school.
Class 1 CBSE EVS Sample Paper Term 2 Model 2Sunaina Rawat
This document provides a sample paper for an Environmental Studies exam with questions in three sections. Section A contains 10 one-mark multiple choice questions about national festivals, plants, animals, and seasons. Section B has 10 two-mark questions requiring short answers about holidays, occupations, the sun, and animals. Section C consists of 5 three-mark questions requiring longer answers about things that fly, water sources and uses, and plant-eating animals. The last question is worth 5 marks and asks how plants help humans.
The CBSE Class 1 Math syllabus for 2012-13 outlines 13 lessons covering topics such as shapes, numbers, addition, subtraction, time, measurement, data handling, patterns, and money taught over 10 months from April to March. Lessons include numbers from 1 to 100, addition, subtraction, time, measurement, data handling, patterns, and money.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
1. DESIGN OF QUESTION PAPER
PHYSICS
(042)
CLASS-XII – (2012-13)
Time: 3 hours
Maximum Marks: 70
The weightage of the distribution of marks over different dimensions of the question
paper shall be as follows
Weightage to content/subject units
S. No.
rit
e.
co
m
A.
Unit
Marks
Electrostatics
2.
Current Electricity
3.
Magnetic Effect of Current and Magnetism
08
4.
Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating
current
08
5.
Electromagnetic Waves
03
6.
Optics
14
.e
w
w
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
w
7.
du
1.
08
07
04
8.
Atoms and Nuclei
06
9.
Electronic Devices
07
10
Communication Systems
05
Total
70
The Question Paper will include question(s) based on values to the extent of 3-5 marks
136
2. SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER
PHYSICS
(042)
CLASS-XII – (2012-13)
BLUE PRINT
S. No.
SA I
(2marks)
(1mark)
Unit
VSA
SA II
(3marks)
Value Based
Question
(4 Marks)
LA
(5marks)
TOTAL
Electrostatics
1 (1)
4 (2)
3 (1)
–
8 (4)
2.
Current
Electricity
2 (2)
2 (1)
3 (1)
–
7 (4)
3.
Magnetic effect
of current &
Magnetism
4.
Electromagnetic
Induction and
Alternating
Current
5.
Electromagnetic
Waves
6.
Optics
7.
Dual nature of
Radiation and
matter
8.
Atoms and
Nuclei
9.
Electronic
Devices
10.
Communication
Systems
2 (2)
Total
8 (8)
–
2 (1)
–
.e
2 (1)
6 (2)
4 (2)
–
8 (3)
3 (1)
5 (1)
14 (5)
–
6 (2)
2 (1)
4 (2)
–
6 (2)
–
3 (1)
16 (8)
5 (1)
–
w
w
w
1 (1)
8 (3)
3 (1)
du
1 (1)
rit
e.
co
m
1.
–
27 (9)
4 (1)
5 (1)
7 (2)
5 (3)
15 (3)
70 (29)
The Question Paper will include value based question(s) to the extent of 3-4 marks.
137
3. SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER
PHYSICS
(042)
CLASS-XII – (2012-13)
A magnet is moving towards a coil with a uniform speed
as shown in the
figure. State the direction of the induced current in the resistor R.
1
Q2.
A square coil, OPQR, of side a, carrying a current I, is placed in the Y-Z plane as
shown here. Find the magnetic moment associated with this coil.
1
Q3.
Give one example each of a ‘system’ that uses the
Sky wave
w
(i)
w
w
.e
du
rit
e.
co
m
Q1.
(ii)
Space wave
mode of propagation
1
Q4.
A concave mirror, of aperture 4cm, has a point object placed on its principal axis
at a distance of 10cm from the mirror. The image, formed by the mirror, is not
likely to be a sharp image. State the likely reason for the same.
1
Q5.
Two dipoles, made from charges q and Q, respectively, have equal dipole
moments. Give the (i) ratio between the ‘separations’ of the these two pairs of
charges (ii) angle between the dipole axis of these two dipoles.
1
138
4. The graph, shown here, represents the V-I characteristics of a device. Identify the
region, if any, over which this device has a negative resistance.
1
Q7.
Define the term ‘Transducer’ for a communication system.
Q8.
State the steady value of the reading of the ammeter in the circuit shown below.
rit
e.
co
m
Q6.
du
1
1
w
w
.e
Q9. The following table gives data about the single slit diffraction experiment:
w
Wave length of Light
Half Angular width of
the principal maxima
p
q
Find the ratio of the widths of the slits used in the two cases. Would the ratio of
the half angular widths of the first secondary maxima, in the two cases, be also
equal to q?
2
Q10. N spherical droplets, each of radius r, have been charged to have a potential V
each. If all these droplets were to coalesce to form a single large drop, what
would be the potential of this large drop?
(It is given that the capacitance of a sphere of radius x equals 4
139
kx.)
5. OR
Two point charges, q1 and q2, are located at points (a, o, o) and (o, b, o)
respectively. Find the electric field, due to both these charges, at the point,
(o, o, c).
2
rit
e.
co
m
Q11. When a given photosensitive material is
irradiated with light of frequency , the
maximum
speed
of
the
emitted
photoelectrons equals max. The square of max,
i.e., max2, is observed to vary with , as per
the graph shown here.
(i)
Planck’s constant, and
(ii)
Obtain expres
The work function of the given
photosensitive material,
in terms of the parameters
n and the mass, m, of the electron.
R1 is decreased
R2 is increased
.e
(i)
(ii)
2
du
Q12. For the circuit shown here, would the balancing length increase,
decrease or remain the same, if
Q13.
w
w
w
without any other change, (in each case) in the rest
of the circuit. Justify your answers in each case.
Find the P.E. associated with a charge ‘q’ if it were present at the point P with
respect to the ‘set-up’ of two charged spheres, arranged as shown. Here O is the
mid-point of the line O1 O2.
2
140
6. Q14.
An athlete peddles a stationary tricycle whose pedals are attached to a coil
having 100 turns each of area 0.1m2. The coil, lying in the X-Y plane, is rotated,
in this plane, at the rate of 50 rpm, about the Y-axis, in a region where a
uniform magnetic field,
= (0.01)
(i) maximum emf
tesla, is present. Find the
(ii) average e.m.f
generated in the coil over one complete revolution.
2
Q15. A monochromatic source, emitting light of wave length, 600 nm, has a power
output of 66W. Calculate the number of photons emitted by this source in
2 minutes.
2
rit
e.
co
m
Q16. For the circuit shown here, find the current
flowing through the 1 resistor. Assume
that the two diodes, D1 and D2, are ideal
diodes.
2
The galvanometer, in each of the two given circuits, does not show any
deflection. Find the ratio of the resistors R1 and R2, used in these two
circuits.
3
Q18.
The electron, in a hydrogen atom, initially in a state of quantum number n1
makes a transition to a state whose excitation energy, with respect to the
ground state, is 10.2 eV. If the wavelength, associated with the photon emitted
in this transition, is 487.5 mm, find the
w
w
w
.e
du
Q17.
(i)
energy in ev, and (ii) value of the quantum number, n1 of the electron in its
initial state.
3
141
7. Three identical polaroid sheets P1, P2, and P3 are oriented so that the (pass) axis
of P2 and P3 are inclined at angles of 600 and 900, respectively, with respect to
the (pass) axis of P1. A monochromatic source, S, of intensity I0, is kept in front
of the polaroid sheet P1. Find the intensity of this light, as observed by
observers O1, O2, and O3, positioned as shown below.
Q20.
A fine pencil of -particles, moving with a speed , enters a region (region I),
where a uniform electric and a uniform magnetic field are both present. These
-particles then move into region II where only the magnetic field, (out of the
two fields present in region I), exists. The path of the -particles, in the two
regions, is as shown in the figure.
rit
e.
co
m
Q19.
State the direction of the magnetic field.
(ii)
State the relation between ‘E’ and ‘B’ in region I.
(iii)
Drive the expression for the radius of the circular path of the -particle in
region II.
w
w
.e
du
(i)
w
If the magnitude of magnetic
field, in region II, is changed
to n times its earlier value,
(without
changing
the
magnetic field in region I)
find the factor by which the radius of this circular path would change. 3
Q21.
Draw an appropriate ray diagram to show the passage of a ‘white ray’, incident
on one of the two refracting faces of a prism. State the relation for the angle of
deviation, for a prism of small refracting angle.
It is known that the refractive index, , of the material of a prism, depends on
the wavelength , , of the incident radiation as per the relation
142
8. =A+
where A and B are constants. Plot a graph showing the dependence of on
and identify the pair of variables, that can be used here, to get a straight line
graph.
3
Q22.
Define the terms (i) mass defect (ii) binding energy for a nucleus and state the
relation between the two.
For a given nuclear reaction the B.E./nucleon of the product nucleus/nuclei is
more than that for the original nucleus/nuclei. Is this nuclear reaction
exothermic or endothermic in nature? Justify your choice.
rit
e.
co
m
OR
(a) The number of nuclei, of a given radioactive nucleus, at times t=0 and t=T,
are N0 and (N0/n) respectively. Obtain an expression for the half life (T1/2) of
this nucleus in terms of n and T.
X
Z
du
(b) Identify the nature of the ‘radioactive radiations’, emitted in each step of the
‘decay chain’ given below:
3
A-4
A-4
Z-2
Y
A-4
Z-1
W
Draw the waveforms for
w
w
Q23.
Z-2
Y
.e
A
w
The (i) Input AM wave at A, (ii) output, B, of the rectifier and (iii) output signal,
C, of the envelope detector.
3
Q24.
The capacitors C1, and C2, having plates of area A each, are connected in series,
as shown. Campare the capacitance of this combination with the capacitor C 3,
again having plates of area A each, but ‘made up’ as shown in the figure.
3
143
9. 3
(a)
Write the formula for the velocity of light in a material medium of relative
permittivity r and relative magnetic permeability r.
1
(b)
The following table gives the wavelength range of some constituents of
the electromagnetic spectrum.
S.No.
rit
e.
co
m
Q25
Wavelength Range
1mm to 700nm
2.
0.1m to 1mm
.e
w
w
3.
du
1.
< 10 3 nm
w
4.
400 nm to 1nm
Select the wavelength range, and name the (associated) electromagnetic waves,
that are used in
(i) Radar systems for Aircraft navigation
(ii) Earth satellites to observe growth of crops.
Q26. Suhasini’s uncle, was advised by his doctor to have an MRI scan
of his chest. Her uncle did not know much about the details and
significance of this test. He also felt that it was too expensive and
thought of postponing it.
144
2
10. When Suhasini learnt about her uncle’s problems, she immediately decided
to do something about it. She took the help of her family, friends and
neighbors and arranged for the cost of the test. She also told her uncle that
an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scan of his chest would enable the
doctors to know of the condition of his heart and lungs without causing any
(test related) harm to him. This test was expensive because of its set up that
needed strong magnetic fields (0.5 T to 3T) and pulses of radio wave energy.
rit
e.
co
m
Her uncle was convinced and had the required MRI scan of his chest done.
The resulting information greatly helped his doctors to treat him well.
(a) What according to you, are the values displayed by Suhasini and her (2)
family, friends and neighbours to help her uncle ?
Assuming that the MRI scan of her uncle’s chest was done by using a
magnetic field of 1.0 T, find the maximum and minimum values of force
that this magnetic field could exert on a proton (charge = 1.6x10 –19) that
was moving with a speed of 104 m/s. State the condition under which the
force has its minimum value.
2
w
w
A conducting rod XY slides freely on two parallel rails, A and B, with a
uniform velocity ‘V’. A galvanometer ‘G’
is connected, as shown in the figure and
the closed circuit has a total resistance ‘R’.
A uniform magnetic field, perpendicular
to the plane defined by the rails A and B
and the rod XY (which are mutually
perpendicular), is present over the region,
as shown.
w
Q27.
.e
du
(b)
(a)
With key k open:
(i)
Find the nature of charges developed at the ends of the rod XY.
(ii)
Why do the electrons, in the rod XY, (finally) experience no net force
even through the magnetic force is acting on them due to the motion
of the rod?
145
11. (b)
How much power needs to be delivered, (by an external agency), to keep
the rod moving at its uniform speed when key k is (i) closed (ii) open?
(c)
With key k closed, how much power gets dissipated as heat in the circuit?
State the source of this power.
OR
‘
Box’ A, in the set up shown below, represents an electric device often
used/needed to supply, electric power from the (ac) mains, to a load.
It
rit
e.
co
m
is known that Vo < Vi.
Identify the device A and draw its symbol.
(b)
Draw a schematic diagram of this electric device. Explain its principle and
working. Obtain an expression for the ratio between its output and input
voltages.
(c)
Find the relation between the input and output currents of this device
assuming it to be ideal.
5
w
Q28.
w
w
.e
du
(a)
Define the terms ‘depletion layer’ and ‘barrier potential’ for a P-N junction
diode. How does an increase in the doping concentration affect the width of the
depletion region?
Draw the circuit of a full wave rectifier. Explain its working.
OR
Why is the base region of a transistor kept thin and lightly doped?
Draw the circuit diagram of the ‘set-up’ used to study the characteristics of a
npn transistor in its common emitter configuration. Sketch the typical (i) Input
characteristics and (ii) Output characteristics for this transistor configuration.
146
12. How can the out put characteristics be used to calculate the ‘current gain’ of the
transistor?
A thin lens, having two surfaces of radii of curvature r1 and r2, made
from a material of refractive index , is kept in a medium of refractive
index . Derive the Lens Maker’s formula for this ‘set-up’
(ii)
A convex lens is placed over a plane mirror. A pin is now positioned so
that there is no parallax between the pin and its image formed by this
lens-mirror combination. How can this observation be used to find the
focal length of the convex lens? Give appropriate reasons in support of
your answer.
rit
e.
co
m
(i)
w
w
.e
du
OR
The figure, drawn here, shows a modified Young’s double slit experimental set
up. If SS2 SS1, = /4,
w
Q29.
(i)
state the condition for constructive and destructive interference
(ii)
obtain an expression for the fringe width.
(iii) locate the position of the central fringe.
147
5
13. MARKING SCHEME
Marking Scheme
Q.No.
Value point/ expected points
Marks
Total
1.
From X to Y
1
1
2.
The magnetic moment, associated with the
coil, is
1
1
(i) Short wave broadcast services
½
1
(ii) Television broadcast (or microwave
links or Satellite communication)
½
4.
The incident rays are not likely to be
paraxial.
1
5.
As qa = Qa’, we have
3.
= Ia2
rit
e.
co
m
m
1
½
= 0o
7.
A ‘transducer’ is any device that converts
one form of energy into another
8.
Zero
9.
1
1
1
1
Let d and d’ be the width of the slits in the
two cases.
w
w
w
Region BC
1
1
6.
½
1
.e
and
du
=
and q =
½+½
=
½
½
Yes, this ratio would also equal q
10.
Total (initial) charge on all the droplets
148
2
14. = N x (4
0k
½
r V)
r3 =
Also N x
R=
R3
½
r
If V’ is the potential of the large drop, we
have
4
R x V’ = N x 4
V’ =
V=
½
V
net
=
1
where
net
½
+
2
-a + c
1=
= -b + c
=
to
max
Einestein’s
w
w
According
Kmax = m
=
1
2
–
½
This is the equation of a straight line having
a slope 2h/m and an intercept (on the max
axis) of
½
Equation:
w
11.
2
du
2
1+
.e
and
=
2
rit
e.
co
m
OR
We have
½
kr x V
Comparing these, with the
½
given graph, we get
= or h =
12.
and
=
or
½+½
=
(i) decreases
(The potential gradient would increase)
149
½+½
2
15. (ii) increases
(The terminal p.d across the cell would
increase)
r1 = O,P =
½
r2 = O2 P =
13.
½+½
½
V=
½
2
P.E of charge , q, at P = qV
=
rit
e.
co
m
14.
½
(i) The maximum emf ‘ ’ generated in the
coil is,
½
=NBA
=
V
0.52 V
]V
.e
= [100 x 0.01 x 0.1 x 2
du
=NBA2 f
½
Energy of one photon = E =
E=
w
15.
w
w
(ii) The average emf generated in the coil
over one complete revolution = 0
1
3.3 x 10-19 J
½
E1 = energy emitted by the source in one
second = 66J
½
number of photons emitted by the source
in 1s = n =
= 2 x 1020
½
Total number of photons emitted by
150
2
16. source in 2 minutes
= N = n x 2 x 60
½
= 2 x 1020 x 120 = 2.4 x 1022 photons
2
16.
Diode D1 is forward biased while Diode D2
is reverse biased
½
rit
e.
co
m
Hence the resistances, of (ideal) diodes, D1
and D2, can be taken as zero and infinity,
respectively.
½
The given circuit can, therefore, be redrawn
as shown in the figure.
du
½
A = 2A
2
½
w
w
I=
.e
Using ohm’s law,
current flowing in the 1 resistor, is 2A.
For circuit 1, we have, (from the Wheatstone
bridge balance condition),
w
17.
½
R1 = 6
½
In circuit 2, the interchange of the positions
of the battery and the galvanometer, does
not change the (wheatstone Bridge) balance
condition.
½
½
=
151
17. or R2 = 4
= =
18.
½
½
3
In a hydrogen atom, the energy (En) of
electron, in a state, having principal
quantum number ‘n’, is given by
En =
½
eV
½
E1 = -13.6eV and E2 = -3.4 eV
rit
e.
co
m
It follows that the state n=2 has an
excitation energy of 10.2 eV. Hence the
electron is making a transition from n=n1 to
n=2 where (n1>2).
Now En1 – E2 =
But
½
.e
≃ - 0.85 eV
du
½
En1= (-3.4 + 2.55) eV
w
w
But we also have En1 =
eV
½
3
w
we get n1 = 4
19.
½
Intensity observed by
(i)
(ii)
Observer O2 =
½
Observer O1 =
½
cos2 60o
½
=
(iii) Observer O3 =
cos2 (90o-60o)
152
1
3
18. =
20.
½
x =
(i) The magnetic field is perpendicular to
the plane of page and is directed inwards
3
½
(ii) In region I
=
qE = q B
½
E= B
=q B
rit
e.
co
m
(iii) In region II
½
r=
Substituting the value of , we get
½
r=
=
½
w
w
r1 =
.e
du
Let B’ (=nB) denote the new magnetic field
in region II. If r’ is the radius of the circular
path now, we have
w
Hence radius of the circular path, would
decrease by a factor n.
21.
See (fig 9.25, Page 332 Part II NCERT)
For a small angled prism, of refracting angle
:
Angle of deviation =
where is
the refractive index of the material of the
prism.
153
½
1
½
3
19. 1
and
3
as the pair of variables.
(i) Mass defect ( M), of any nucleus
A
Z
X , is
the difference in the mass of the nucleus
(=M) and the sum of masses of its
constituent nucleons (= M’).
du
M = M’ – M
.e
= [ Z mp + (A- Z ) mn] –M
w
w
where mp and mn denote the mass of the
proton and the neutron respectively.
1
(ii) Binding energy is the energy required to
separate a nucleus into its constituent
nucleons. The relation between the two is:
½
B.E. = (mass defect) c2
½
(iii) There is a release of energy i.e., the
reaction is exothermic.
½
w
22.
½
rit
e.
co
m
To get a straight line graph, we need to use
Reason: Increase in B.E/nucleon implies
that more mass has been converted into
energy. This would result in release of
energy.
154
3
½
20. OR
(a) According to the (exponential) law of
radioactive decay.
N = No
½
Given N=No/n and t = T
= No
or n =
half life
1
=
rit
e.
co
m
=
½
=
2
½
(b)
– rays
(iii)
– rays
du
(ii)
½
½
3
w
w
½
1
w
23.
– rays
.e
(i)
1
1
155
3
21. 24.
We have C1 =
½
and C2 =
Ceq =
½
=
Now, capacitor C3 can be considered as
made up of two capacitors C1 and C2, each
of plate area A and separation d, connected
in series.
rit
e.
co
m
We have : C1’ =
and C2’ =
½
C3 =
=
½
du
=1
=
w
w
We have
.e
Hence net capacitance of the combination is
equal to that of C3.
25. (a)
(b)
½
(i) Wavelength range : [0.1m to 1mm]
3
½
½+½
½+½
1
w
(Microwaves)
(ii) Wavelength range: [1mm to 700 nm]
½+½
(Infrared waves)
26.
(a) (i)
Presence of mind
High degree of general awareness
Ability to take prompt decisions
Concern for her uncle (Any two)
(ii) Empathy;
Helping
and
caring
156
(½+½)
3
22. nature
(½+½)
(b) Maximum force = qVB
½
= 1.6x10–19x104x1 N
= 1.6x10–15N
½
Minimum force = zero
½
4
(a)
½
rit
e.
co
m
(i) X : negative , Y: positive
1+½
du
(ii) Magnetic force, Fm, experienced by the
moving electrons, gets balanced by the
electric force due to the electric field, caused
by the charges developed at the ends of the
rod. Hence net force on the electrons, inside
the rod, (finally) become zero.
.lBV
w
w
P=FmV = (I l B)V =
.e
(b) The power, that needs to be delivered by
the external agency, when key k is closed, is
½+½
= B2l2V2/R
When k is open, there is an induced emf,
but no induced current. Hence power that
needs to be delivered is zero.
w
27.
½
Condition: when V is parallel to B
½
(c) Power, dissipated as heat
½+½
= i2 R =
The source of this power is the mechanical
work done by the external agency.
OR
157
½
5
23. (a) Step down transformer.
½
½
½
Principle
½
Working
½
Obtaining the expression
2
(c) Input power = output power
Vp iP = Vs is
½
.e
The space charge region, on either side of
the junction (taken together), is known as
the depletion layer.
w
w
The p.d across the depletion layer is known
as the barrier potential
The width of the depletion region decreases
with an increase in the doping
concentraction.
w
28.
=
du
=
rit
e.
co
m
(b) Diagram
½
½
½
The circuit of a full-wave rectifier is shown
below.
1½
158
5
24. Working details
2
OR
The base region of a transistor is thin and
lightly doped so that the base current (IB) is
very small compared to emitter current (IE).
1
rit
e.
co
m
1
w
w
w
.e
du
1
1
The current gain
of a transistor in
common emitter configuration is
159
5
25. =
IC and IB can be obtained, from the two
curves, in the output characteristics.
(i)
Diagram
Derivation
2½
The rays must fall normally on the
plane mirror so that the image of
the pin coincides with itself
½
rit
e.
co
m
(ii)
5
1
du
½
½
w
w
.e
Hence rays, like CA and DB, form a
parallel beam incident on the lens.
P is the position of the focus of the lens
Distance OP equals the focal length of
the lens
OR
w
29.
1
1
= initial path different between S1 and S2
= SS2 – SS1 =
= S2P–S1P = path difference between
160
½
5
26. disturbance from S1 and S2, at point P
=
= Total path difference between the two
disturbances at P
=
½
+ = +
For constructive interference:
=
= n ; n = 0, 1, 2,….
= (n- )
…(i)
1
For destructive interference
–
rit
e.
co
m
= (2n-1) . . . (ii)
1
= fringe width = yn+1 –yn =
The position Yo of central fringe is obtained
by putting n=o in Eqn (i). Therefore,
du
yo = -
w
w
w
.e
[Negative sign shows that the central fringe
is obtained at a point below the (central)
point O.]
161
1
5