The document discusses the importance of biodiversity conservation and integrated action to address threats to biodiversity. It notes that biodiversity drives key ecological functions and provides valuable economic services. However, overconsumption, population growth, habitat loss, and failure to account for ecological trade-offs are reducing biodiversity. The consequences of biodiversity loss disproportionately impact the poor. Integrated scientific, political, and economic action is needed worldwide to mitigate human-caused biodiversity decline.
Scientific Facts on Biodiversity & Human Well-beingGreenFacts
Biodiversity contributes to many aspects of human well-being, for instance by providing raw materials and contributing to health.
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment shows that human actions often lead to irreversible losses in terms of diversity of life on Earth and these losses have been more rapid in the past 50 years than ever before in human history.
What factors are responsible for this rapid loss? What would need to be done to significantly slow this trend?
Community Food Systems and the Tragedy of the CommonsPablo Martin
This slideshow explores community food systems and the so-called "Tragedy of the Commons" in light of Ostrom's Factors for Successful Resource Management.
Scientific Facts on Biodiversity & Human Well-beingGreenFacts
Biodiversity contributes to many aspects of human well-being, for instance by providing raw materials and contributing to health.
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment shows that human actions often lead to irreversible losses in terms of diversity of life on Earth and these losses have been more rapid in the past 50 years than ever before in human history.
What factors are responsible for this rapid loss? What would need to be done to significantly slow this trend?
Community Food Systems and the Tragedy of the CommonsPablo Martin
This slideshow explores community food systems and the so-called "Tragedy of the Commons" in light of Ostrom's Factors for Successful Resource Management.
The adverse impact of ecosystem degradation and poor governance on marginaliz...NAAR Journal
Bangladesh has been achieving remarkable success in economic growth in the last two decades. Does this economic success bring a sustainable and positive result for marginalized people? This study aims to investigate whether the local economic activity positively changes their socioeconomic position. The study reveals that cropland lost on an average of 0.2636 Bigha per household and disappeared 2.59 local fish species in local water bodies. Moreover, more than three-fourth respondents perceived that their access to local ecosystem services is decreasing and the services are degraded. However, more than half of the respondents paid $6.82 each time as a bribe in accessing to local ecosystem services. Combine of these issues is negatively influencing their income, employment opportunity, and household expenditure so that the marginal community becomes more marginalized and wealthier become wealthier. This study may help to find out a new trajectory of sustainable economic activity in the coastal areas with reducing ecosystem services degradation and vulnerability of marginalized people.
Environmental and Ecological Conflicts of India: A Reviewijtsrd
The term Ecological Distribution Conflicts (EDCs) was coined by Martinez Alier and Martin O Connor in 1996 to describe social conflicts born from the unfair access to natural resources and the unjust burdens of pollution. Environmental benefits and costs are distributed in a way that causes conflicts. Conflict on nature which harms the biological environment has increased in frequency and intensity of India. This manifest themselves as political, social, economic, ethnic, religious or territorial conflicts or conflicts over resources or natural interests or any other type of conflict. They are traditional conflicts induced by an environmental degradation. The paper focus on how environmental conflict challenges on the contemporary environmental issue. This paper aim to rethink ecosystem conservation perspective and can draw special attention to have our capacity building on ecological system sustainable. Mohon Rongphar"Environmental and Ecological Conflicts of India: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11515.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/11515/environmental-and-ecological-conflicts-of-india-a-review/mohon-rongphar
Ecosystem services for biodiversity conservation and sustainable agricultureExternalEvents
The presentation by Dr. Abigael Otinga (University of Eldoret) outlines the concept of “ecosystem services” and particularly their relevance not only for biodiversity conservation but also for ensuring sustainable production of healthy and abundant crops. The presentation was given at a national training workshops for stakeholders involved in the revision of the Kenya NBSAP that was held at ICRAF in Nairobi, 25-26 May 2016. More information on the event are available at: www.fao.org/africa/news/detail-news/en/c/417489/ .
Ecological economics and biodiversity conservationSaroj Upadhyay
definition of economics, types of economic systems, environmental impacts of traditional economic systems, Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), Ecological economics and its capitals, Conventional unsustainable vs Environmentally sustainable economic growth, Economics of Ecosystem and Biodiversity,Ecological Economics And Biodiversity Conservation
The environment provides humans with everything we need to survive. This presentation looks at the services ecosystems deliver humanity and the importance of conserving plant biomass and diversity in order to maintain those services
Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on
biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental
Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
- ADVANCE UNEDITED VERSION –
Biophysical Foundations of Production and Consumption of Human Economy Source...ijtsrd
Three major problems associated with our management of the world's ecosystems are already causing significant harm to some people, particularly the poor, and unless addressed will substantially diminish the long term benefits we obtain from ecosystems First, approximately 60 15 out of 24 of the ecosystem services examined during the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment are being degraded or used unsustainably, including fresh water, capture fisheries, air and water purification, and the regulation of regional and local climate, natural hazards, and pests. The full costs of the loss and degradation of these ecosystem services are difficult to measure, but the available evidence demonstrates that they are substantial and growing. Many ecosystem services have been degraded as a consequence of actions taken to increase the supply of other services, such as food. These trade offs often shift the costs of degradation from one group of people to another or defer costs to future generations. Second, there is established but incomplete evidence that changes being made in ecosystems are increasing the likelihood of nonlinear changes in ecosystems including accelerating, abrupt, and potentially irreversible changes that have important consequences for human well being. Dr. Anshumala Chandangar "Biophysical Foundations of Production and Consumption of Human Economy Sources and Sink Functions of the Ecosystem" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47663.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/47663/biophysical-foundations-of-production-and-consumption-of-human-economy-sources-and-sink-functions-of-the-ecosystem/dr-anshumala-chandangar
Sustainable utilization and conservation of plant biodiversity in montane eco...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Background Conservation of the unique biodiversity of mountain ecosystems needs trans-disciplinary approaches to succeed in a crowded colloquial world. Geographers, conservationists, ecologists and social scientists have, in the past, had the same conservation goals but have tended to work independently. In this review, the need to integrate different conservation criteria and methodologies is discussed. New criteria are offered for prioritizing species and habitats for conservation in montane ecosystems that combine both ecological and social data.
Scope Ecological attributes of plant species, analysed through robust community statistical packages, provide unbiased classifications of species assemblages and environmental biodiversity gradients and yield importance value indices (IVIs). Surveys of local communities’ utilization of the vegetation provides use values (UVs). This review suggests a new means of assessing anthropogenic pressure on plant biodiversity at both species and community levels by integrating IVI and UV data sets in a combined analysis.
Conclusions Mountain ecosystems are hot spots for plant conservation efforts because they hold a high overall plant diversity as communities replace each other along altitudinal and climatic gradients, including a high proportion of endemic species. This review contributes an enhanced understanding of (1) plant diversity in mountain ecosystems with special reference to the western Himalayas; (2) ethnobotanical and ecosystem service values of mountain vegetation within the context of anthropogenic impacts; and (3) local and regional plant conservation strategies and priorities.
The adverse impact of ecosystem degradation and poor governance on marginaliz...NAAR Journal
Bangladesh has been achieving remarkable success in economic growth in the last two decades. Does this economic success bring a sustainable and positive result for marginalized people? This study aims to investigate whether the local economic activity positively changes their socioeconomic position. The study reveals that cropland lost on an average of 0.2636 Bigha per household and disappeared 2.59 local fish species in local water bodies. Moreover, more than three-fourth respondents perceived that their access to local ecosystem services is decreasing and the services are degraded. However, more than half of the respondents paid $6.82 each time as a bribe in accessing to local ecosystem services. Combine of these issues is negatively influencing their income, employment opportunity, and household expenditure so that the marginal community becomes more marginalized and wealthier become wealthier. This study may help to find out a new trajectory of sustainable economic activity in the coastal areas with reducing ecosystem services degradation and vulnerability of marginalized people.
Environmental and Ecological Conflicts of India: A Reviewijtsrd
The term Ecological Distribution Conflicts (EDCs) was coined by Martinez Alier and Martin O Connor in 1996 to describe social conflicts born from the unfair access to natural resources and the unjust burdens of pollution. Environmental benefits and costs are distributed in a way that causes conflicts. Conflict on nature which harms the biological environment has increased in frequency and intensity of India. This manifest themselves as political, social, economic, ethnic, religious or territorial conflicts or conflicts over resources or natural interests or any other type of conflict. They are traditional conflicts induced by an environmental degradation. The paper focus on how environmental conflict challenges on the contemporary environmental issue. This paper aim to rethink ecosystem conservation perspective and can draw special attention to have our capacity building on ecological system sustainable. Mohon Rongphar"Environmental and Ecological Conflicts of India: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11515.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/11515/environmental-and-ecological-conflicts-of-india-a-review/mohon-rongphar
Ecosystem services for biodiversity conservation and sustainable agricultureExternalEvents
The presentation by Dr. Abigael Otinga (University of Eldoret) outlines the concept of “ecosystem services” and particularly their relevance not only for biodiversity conservation but also for ensuring sustainable production of healthy and abundant crops. The presentation was given at a national training workshops for stakeholders involved in the revision of the Kenya NBSAP that was held at ICRAF in Nairobi, 25-26 May 2016. More information on the event are available at: www.fao.org/africa/news/detail-news/en/c/417489/ .
Ecological economics and biodiversity conservationSaroj Upadhyay
definition of economics, types of economic systems, environmental impacts of traditional economic systems, Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), Ecological economics and its capitals, Conventional unsustainable vs Environmentally sustainable economic growth, Economics of Ecosystem and Biodiversity,Ecological Economics And Biodiversity Conservation
The environment provides humans with everything we need to survive. This presentation looks at the services ecosystems deliver humanity and the importance of conserving plant biomass and diversity in order to maintain those services
Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on
biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental
Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
- ADVANCE UNEDITED VERSION –
Biophysical Foundations of Production and Consumption of Human Economy Source...ijtsrd
Three major problems associated with our management of the world's ecosystems are already causing significant harm to some people, particularly the poor, and unless addressed will substantially diminish the long term benefits we obtain from ecosystems First, approximately 60 15 out of 24 of the ecosystem services examined during the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment are being degraded or used unsustainably, including fresh water, capture fisheries, air and water purification, and the regulation of regional and local climate, natural hazards, and pests. The full costs of the loss and degradation of these ecosystem services are difficult to measure, but the available evidence demonstrates that they are substantial and growing. Many ecosystem services have been degraded as a consequence of actions taken to increase the supply of other services, such as food. These trade offs often shift the costs of degradation from one group of people to another or defer costs to future generations. Second, there is established but incomplete evidence that changes being made in ecosystems are increasing the likelihood of nonlinear changes in ecosystems including accelerating, abrupt, and potentially irreversible changes that have important consequences for human well being. Dr. Anshumala Chandangar "Biophysical Foundations of Production and Consumption of Human Economy Sources and Sink Functions of the Ecosystem" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47663.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/47663/biophysical-foundations-of-production-and-consumption-of-human-economy-sources-and-sink-functions-of-the-ecosystem/dr-anshumala-chandangar
Sustainable utilization and conservation of plant biodiversity in montane eco...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Background Conservation of the unique biodiversity of mountain ecosystems needs trans-disciplinary approaches to succeed in a crowded colloquial world. Geographers, conservationists, ecologists and social scientists have, in the past, had the same conservation goals but have tended to work independently. In this review, the need to integrate different conservation criteria and methodologies is discussed. New criteria are offered for prioritizing species and habitats for conservation in montane ecosystems that combine both ecological and social data.
Scope Ecological attributes of plant species, analysed through robust community statistical packages, provide unbiased classifications of species assemblages and environmental biodiversity gradients and yield importance value indices (IVIs). Surveys of local communities’ utilization of the vegetation provides use values (UVs). This review suggests a new means of assessing anthropogenic pressure on plant biodiversity at both species and community levels by integrating IVI and UV data sets in a combined analysis.
Conclusions Mountain ecosystems are hot spots for plant conservation efforts because they hold a high overall plant diversity as communities replace each other along altitudinal and climatic gradients, including a high proportion of endemic species. This review contributes an enhanced understanding of (1) plant diversity in mountain ecosystems with special reference to the western Himalayas; (2) ethnobotanical and ecosystem service values of mountain vegetation within the context of anthropogenic impacts; and (3) local and regional plant conservation strategies and priorities.
Visualized Breadth-First Search Graph Algorithm.
The Algorithm puts the adjacent vertices from current the vertex into Queue.
Queue performs a First Input First Output (FIFO) approach
The Algorithm sequentially passes throughout Queue vertices.
The algorithm applied for searching the shortest paths for a pairs of vertices.
Визуализированный алгоритм на графе - поиск в ширину.
Алгоритм вставляет смежные вершины из текущей вершины в очередь.
В очереди выполняется подход - первый вошёл первый вышел (FIFO).
Алгоритм последовательно проходит по всем вершинам очереди.
Алгоритм применяется для поиска кратчайшего пути для пары вершин.
Fetch job as airline pilot is a dream come true with HM AviationHM Aviation Pvt.Ltd
HM Aviation – It is the top flight training school in India established with an objective to enhance skills of aspiring pilots by providing them with right atmosphere and equipment.
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Biodiversity ”” the variety of all life, from genes and species to ecosystems ”” is intimately linked to Earth’s climate and, inevitably, to climate change. Biodiversity and poverty are also inextricably connected. For instance, changes to natural ecosystems influence both climate change and people’s ability to cope with some of its damaging impacts. And in their turn climate change, as well as people’s responses to it, affect biodiversity. Unpicking all these strands clearly shows that conserving and managing biodiversity can help natural systems and vulnerable people cope with a shifting global climate. Yet compared to activities such as forest conservation and afforestation ”” widely noted as a way of sequestering carbon and cutting greenhouse gas emissions ”” biodiversity conservation is a neglected area. That must change urgent support is needed for local solutions to biodiversity loss that provide benefits on all counts. Dr. Anju Pathak "Affect of Climate Change on Biodiversity" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56209.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/56209/affect-of-climate-change-on-biodiversity/dr-anju-pathak
Determinants of Households Willingness to Pay for Conservation of Natural Koo...AI Publications
Most natural resources or environmental goods and services are exposed to degradation, society over utilize them for only their current benefits without thinking the future life span of these resources. The study analyzed determinants of households’ willingness to pay for conservation of natural Kool water (Burie Kool Wuha, W/Gojjam, Ethiopia). The contingent valuation method and Heckman two step model was employed. The results indicates that sex of the household head, education of the household, value attached to the resource by households as source of income, value attached to the resource by households reserving for future generation and wealth of the households has a significant and positive correlation with households WTP, and family size of households, education of the household and wealth of the households has a significant and positive correlation with the households payment levels. On the other hand, initial bid value has a negative correlation with the level of payments. Therefore, by taking the importance of the resource for the society and the households WTP, the policy makers need to focus on identified factors in designing strategies for the conservation of the resource.
Ecosystems are the "natural capital" of our economy and our world, providing valuable goods and services, but as consumption grows along with populations and their spending power, many ecosystems are struggling to keep pace.
Similar to CBradley_Biol 320_Writing Assignment 1 (17)
Revaluing Ecosystems: A special edition of The Economist magazine
CBradley_Biol 320_Writing Assignment 1
1. Writing Assignment 1
Conservation Biology
Conner Bradley, 1/30/2015
Understanding the Need for Integrated Biodiversity Conservation
Introduction
Biodiversity describes the distribution and abundance of all species throughout the planet
earth, as well as the interactions between species and communities from a microscopic to a
planetary scale. Biodiversity drives ecosystem productivity, creating stable ecosystems and
efficient natural processes.
In stable ecosystem, biotic organisms interact with one another, as well as abiotic
compounds in order to drive specific natural processes that otherwise may not exist. Processes
such as bioremediation, carbon sequestration, and nitrogen fixation all occur because of specific
ecological interactions. Biodiversity drives these key ecological cycles which in turn provide the
infrastructure for continued biodiversity. Due to cyclical biotic interactions, connections between
species are extremely important. Extensive studies of biodiversity show that ecological functions
are hindered as a result of human activity.
In the last century, human population growth and consumption has severely threatened
biodiversity. As a result, the extinction rate has reached levels up to one thousand times greater
than previously measured. Much ecological change has been studied in direct relation to
biodiversity loss, leading to conclusions that “The impacts of diversity loss on ecological
processes might be sufficiently large to rival impacts of many other global drivers of
environmental change.” (Cardinale et al 2012) Conservation Biologists and Ecologists continue
to compile evidence to help prove that biodiversity has an irreplaceable economic value to
humans, due to the direct relationship between ecosystem functions and community stability.
Unfortunately, economists and politicians ignore it as threat of major importance. In order to
successfully mitigate human loss as a result of biodiversity decline, the integration of scientific,
political, and economic action must become a worldwide priority.
Economic value of biodiversity
The value of biodiversity can be quantified by measuring ecosystem functions.
Ecosystem functions such as: “biomass production, nitrogen fixation, nutrient cycling, control of
water runoff, purification of air and water, soil regeneration, pollination of crops and natural
vegetation, partial climate stabilization”(Baumgärtner et al, 2006) provide valuable services.
These environmental services have irreplaceable economic value. Without the necessary
biological components however, these services will ultimately fail. It is important to understand
that “up until today, no man-made substitutes are known which could replace these ecosystem
services.” (Baumgärtner et al, 2006)
We can use forests as an example of how biodiversity can be quantified economically
based on the services provided. When a forest functions efficiently as a result of stable
biodiversity we can expect there to be a substantial population of trees which in turn create a
habitat for woodland creatures. The community of biotic organisms supplies goods and services,
2. which can be used by humans willing to sacrifice a cost. The services available include carbon
sequestration, erosion control, bioremediation, ecotourism, and recreation, timber and medicine.
Since the resources are finite, the opportunity cost associated with use is governed by the laws of
supply and demand.
In order to avoid much cost, it is in our best interest to preserve these services and goods.
If too many trees are harvested for timber, erosion may create flooding, ultimately leading to
monetary loss. If too many game animals are hunted, losses of revenue based off recreation will
occur. Through this simple analysis it becomes clear that biodiversity not only drives the natural
living processes of life on earth, it also influences the economic functions. It is easy to
understand how ecosystems and biodiversity have a useful value. Unfortunately the complexity
of ecological interrelationships cause trouble among those who are in charge of regulating
resource use.
Forces andconsequences biodiversity loss
Economical thinking suggests to us that biodiversity should be valued by humans, yet
there are many reasons why biodiversity sustainability is not a top priority. Due to
overconsumption, demand for food and resources is extremely high. To supply the demand for
food, forests are cut down and used as pastureland or farmland. Currently, “approximately 60%
of the world's food supply comes from rice, wheat, and corn.”(Pimental et al, 2007) As a result,
these three species are replacing biologically diverse areas making us dependent on a way of life
that relies on monocultures and simplification of ecosystems. This dependency is seen through
political and social decisions, where we neglect biodiversity and emphasize agriculture.
Governments invest resources into increasing crop yields, which harms biodiversity.
In addition to consumption, another primary threat to diversity is “habitat loss due to
human appropriation of sites to fill other societal requirements.”(Camilo and Sale, 2011)
Housing development often replaces vital ecosystems, leading to unforeseen economic losses.
Take for example, the trade-off between a coastal buffer zone and beachfront housing. An
economist might value the property on the beach over a zone of sand dunes and diverse native
plants. An ecologist would value the opposite. In the long run, coastal storms may cause severe
flooding, destroying homes and causing huge economic losses. This happened during hurricane
Sandy, which put a significant amount of homes under water. Had the ecosystem service of the
coastal buffer zone been valued in the first place, those economic losses would have been much
less severe, and many lives would have been saved.
While the large scale drivers of biodiversity loss such as population growth and
consumption are generally seen as favorable in an economic sense, economists and politicians
often fail to account for unseen ecological trade-offs. The consequences of ecological trade-offs
are often detrimental to human livelihood. If we ignore the importance of biodiversity, we put
ourselves in more danger than we know. The more we destroy biologically diverse ecosystems of
high value, such as coastal buffer zones, forests, and marshes, the more consequences we will
see in the future. It is currently imperative to reconstruct our understanding of our role in many
disappearing ecosystems.
Who pays for the loss?
3. One of the reasons many people neglect the value of biodiversity is because they are not
directly impacted by the consequences of loss. Many consequences which “will be felt
disproportionately by the poor, who are most vulnerable to the loss of ecosystem services.”(Díaz
et al, 2006) In many ways, the loss of biodiversity will impact the poor because the poor
sometimes rely on these services the most. In the United States, genetically modified corn
dominates the growing market. The companies with the most money can put their profits into
methods to increase crop yield, such as additional fertilizer. If a drought were to occur, or any
other type of barrier to plant growth, the companies with successful growing methods might
suffer a loss but they will not be out of business. At the other end of the spectrum we have
farmers that rely on their yield as a livelihood. If they do not have success, their business may
diminish and they may be left without food or income. If an ecological disaster persists, those
with less economic resources will not be able to thrive.
Discussing solutions and barriers:
Researchers have argued that technological advances will someday replace ecological
services. Without modern technology, many cities across the world would not have adequate
freshwater. Freshwater, an ecological commodity can be created from salt water through a
process of desalinization. However currently desalinization is an extremely expensive operation.
In the future, technology may lessen the economic burden. While this may be true, there are
numerous other ecosystem services that may take decades to replace. Instead of investing money
into technological alternatives, increasing funding towards research and sustainability may be
more beneficial.
Since “most of the concrete actions to slow down biodiversity loss fall under the domain
of policy making by governments and the civil society,” (Díaz et al, 2006) we must work
together to avoid diminishing our ecological assets before it is too late. In the past, policies have
created protected natural areas. This solution however may not apply everywhere. One author
argues that “setting aside and then effectively managing areas for protection will be improbable
in states with poor and landless people, corruptible authorities, or powerful oligarchies.”(Camilo
and Sale, 2011) As I previously outlined, the value of biodiversity is extremely variable across
cultures and disciplines. If we are to make progress, societies must put pressure on politicians to
enact conservation laws. In countries where people hold little power, this simply won’t happen.
It is up to the economists, biologists, and ecologists to put together as much evidence as possible
to convince those in power to sustain biodiversity.
People have the power to help too. As one author wrote, “Whether sustainability should
be weak or strong cannot be decided solely on objective grounds, but ultimately depends on the
philosophical view on humans, nature, and their interrelation.”(Baumgärtner et al, 2006)
Scientists and economists can put together all of the necessary evidence to support their claims,
but they only make up a small proportion of the population. In order for biodiversity to be
properly sustained, the average person must change the way they interact with the environment.
Perhaps, in the end, it will take an ideological shift throughout humanity in order to preserve
biodiversity and the ecological services that accompany a stable environment.
4. Bibliography:
1. Baumgärtner, Stefan, Christian Becker, Malte Faber, and Reiner Manstetten. "Relative
and Absolute Scarcity of Nature. Assessing the Roles of Economics and Ecology for
Biodiversity Conservation." ScienceDirect. Alfred-Weber-Institute of Economics,
University of Heidelberg, Germany, Jan. 2006. Web. 30 Jan. 2015.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800905005227
2. Cardinale, Bradley J., J. Emmett Duffy, Andrew Gonzalez, David Hooper, Charles
Perrings, Patrick Venail, Anita Narwani, Georgina Mace, David Tilman, David Wardle,
Ann Kinzig, Gretchen Daily, Michel Loreau, James Grace, Anne Larigauderie, Diane
Srivastava, and Shahid Naeem. “Biodiversity Loss and its Impact on Humanity.” Nature
486, 59-67 (2012). Web. 30 Jan. 2015.
3. Díaz S, Fargione J, Stuart Chapin F III, Tilman D. ”Biodiversity Loss Threatens Human
Well-being.” PLoS Biology 4, 8 e277 (2006). Web. 30 Jan. 2015.
4. Mora, Camilo, and Peter F. Sale. "Ongoing Global Biodiversity Loss and the Need to
Move Beyyond Protected Areas: A Review of the Technical and Practical Shortcomings
of Protected Areas on Land and Sea." Marine Ecology Progress Series 434 (2011): 251-
66. Web. 30 Jan. 2015.
http://share.disl.org/heck/advanced%20marine%20ecology/Shared%20Documents/Mora
%20and%20Sale%202011%2....
5. Pimental, David, Christa Wilson, Christine McCullum, Rachel Huang, Paulette Dwen,
Jessica Flack, Quynh Tran, Tamara Saltman, and Barbara Cliff. "Economic and
Environmental Benefits of Biodiversity." JSTOR. Oxford University Press, Dec. 1997.
Web. 30 Jan. 2015. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0006-
3568%28199712%2947%3A11%3C747%3AEAEBOB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-H