IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
1. This document presents a functional approach to flow assurance analysis for deepwater field developments.
2. The approach involves systematically reviewing all operating conditions, including steady state, start-up, shut down, and non-producing periods to ensure fluid properties remain within allowable pressure and temperature ranges throughout.
3. Multiphase flow simulations and thermal analysis are used to model critical conditions like hydrate formation, wax deposition, and assess insulation needs under different scenarios.
Rheology of Fluids Hydraulic Calculations & Drilling Fluid (Mud) Filtration T...Shaoor Kamal
This document summarizes two experiments conducted to investigate the rheology of drilling fluids and their filtration properties. In Experiment 2, the rheological behavior of two mud samples (Mud A and Mud B) was analyzed using a viscometer. Both muds exhibited similar shear thinning properties and were best described by the Herschel-Bulkley and power law rheological models. In Experiment 3, the filtration properties of the two muds were examined by measuring filter cake buildup and fluid invasion over time. Key results showed that the muds had similar rheology and filtration behavior.
This document provides a summary of innovative stimulation technologies for shale gas recovery. It discusses various fracturing methods including hydraulic, pneumatic, dynamic loading, and other methods. Specific technologies are described in more detail, including liquid carbon dioxide fracturing, LPG fracturing, energized fluids, HiWAY flow channel fracturing, various perforating technologies like FracGun, StimGun, GasGun, and a proposed Multistage Perforator. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods are presented. The goal is to review these technologies to inspire discussion between industry and academia around developing environmentally friendly and economically viable solutions for Polish shales.
This document discusses various types of reactors used for gas-solid catalytic reactions, with a focus on packed bed reactors. It summarizes:
1) The main types of reactors are adiabatic packed beds, wall cooled tubular reactors, fluidized beds, and risers.
2) Key design considerations for adiabatic packed beds include controlling the adiabatic temperature rise, pressure drop, and explosion potential.
3) Wall cooled tubular reactors require plug flow and careful control of wall cooling to prevent hot spots from forming.
4) Scale up of these reactors aims to maintain the same conditions as the laboratory scale, such as space time and flow distribution. Novel designs and operation methods aim
Drilling fluids are absolutely essential during the drilling process and considered the primary well control.
Know more now about such a very important component of the drilling process.
nFluids Nanoparticle Technology Additives for Drilling Fluids & Oil & Gas Ap...Dr. Jeff Forsyth
An innovative Canadian technology company is commercializing a nanoparticle technology platform to develop drilling fluid additives. Laboratory tests show the company's first product, nForcer, can reduce drilling fluid losses by up to 90%, increase wellbore fracture pressure resistance by up to 60%, and reduce friction by up to 50%. Field tests in Alberta demonstrated up to 30% reduction in mud volume losses. The nanoparticles form stronger, thinner filter cakes and seals in fractures and pores to strengthen the wellbore.
This document discusses different types of injection patterns used in enhanced oil recovery techniques. It defines key terms like sweeping efficiency and displacement efficiency. It classifies injection patterns into direct line drive, staggered line drive, and 5-spot patterns. It describes pilot testing methods like non-producing pilots and small-scale confined pilots used to evaluate EOR processes at low cost before large-scale application. Peripheral flooding is discussed as an alternative to conventional patterns to improve sweep efficiency. Factors affecting pattern selection include existing well configurations and reservoir heterogeneity.
1. This document presents a functional approach to flow assurance analysis for deepwater field developments.
2. The approach involves systematically reviewing all operating conditions, including steady state, start-up, shut down, and non-producing periods to ensure fluid properties remain within allowable pressure and temperature ranges throughout.
3. Multiphase flow simulations and thermal analysis are used to model critical conditions like hydrate formation, wax deposition, and assess insulation needs under different scenarios.
Rheology of Fluids Hydraulic Calculations & Drilling Fluid (Mud) Filtration T...Shaoor Kamal
This document summarizes two experiments conducted to investigate the rheology of drilling fluids and their filtration properties. In Experiment 2, the rheological behavior of two mud samples (Mud A and Mud B) was analyzed using a viscometer. Both muds exhibited similar shear thinning properties and were best described by the Herschel-Bulkley and power law rheological models. In Experiment 3, the filtration properties of the two muds were examined by measuring filter cake buildup and fluid invasion over time. Key results showed that the muds had similar rheology and filtration behavior.
This document provides a summary of innovative stimulation technologies for shale gas recovery. It discusses various fracturing methods including hydraulic, pneumatic, dynamic loading, and other methods. Specific technologies are described in more detail, including liquid carbon dioxide fracturing, LPG fracturing, energized fluids, HiWAY flow channel fracturing, various perforating technologies like FracGun, StimGun, GasGun, and a proposed Multistage Perforator. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods are presented. The goal is to review these technologies to inspire discussion between industry and academia around developing environmentally friendly and economically viable solutions for Polish shales.
This document discusses various types of reactors used for gas-solid catalytic reactions, with a focus on packed bed reactors. It summarizes:
1) The main types of reactors are adiabatic packed beds, wall cooled tubular reactors, fluidized beds, and risers.
2) Key design considerations for adiabatic packed beds include controlling the adiabatic temperature rise, pressure drop, and explosion potential.
3) Wall cooled tubular reactors require plug flow and careful control of wall cooling to prevent hot spots from forming.
4) Scale up of these reactors aims to maintain the same conditions as the laboratory scale, such as space time and flow distribution. Novel designs and operation methods aim
Drilling fluids are absolutely essential during the drilling process and considered the primary well control.
Know more now about such a very important component of the drilling process.
nFluids Nanoparticle Technology Additives for Drilling Fluids & Oil & Gas Ap...Dr. Jeff Forsyth
An innovative Canadian technology company is commercializing a nanoparticle technology platform to develop drilling fluid additives. Laboratory tests show the company's first product, nForcer, can reduce drilling fluid losses by up to 90%, increase wellbore fracture pressure resistance by up to 60%, and reduce friction by up to 50%. Field tests in Alberta demonstrated up to 30% reduction in mud volume losses. The nanoparticles form stronger, thinner filter cakes and seals in fractures and pores to strengthen the wellbore.
This document discusses different types of injection patterns used in enhanced oil recovery techniques. It defines key terms like sweeping efficiency and displacement efficiency. It classifies injection patterns into direct line drive, staggered line drive, and 5-spot patterns. It describes pilot testing methods like non-producing pilots and small-scale confined pilots used to evaluate EOR processes at low cost before large-scale application. Peripheral flooding is discussed as an alternative to conventional patterns to improve sweep efficiency. Factors affecting pattern selection include existing well configurations and reservoir heterogeneity.
Oil & Gas Pipelines are often subjected to an operation called ‘Pigging’ for maintenance purposes (For e.g., cleaning the pipeline of accumulated liquids or waxes). A pig is launched from a pig launcher that scrapes out the remnant contents of the pipeline into a vessel known as a ‘Slug catcher’. The term slug catcher is used since pigging operations produces a Slug flow regime characterized by the alternating columns of liquids & gases. Slug catcher’s are popularly of two types – Horizontal Vessel Type & Finger Type Slug catcher. However irrespective of the type used, the determination of the slug catcher volume becomes the primary step before choosing the slug catcher type.
This document summarizes the use of a packerless, multistage fracture stimulation method called pinpoint fracturing (PPF) in Argentina. Key points:
1) PPF has been used to complete 22 wells with 193 fractures since 2006, allowing more selective stimulation and aggressive fracturing treatments.
2) The method uses coiled tubing to hydrajet perforate intervals and pump fracturing fluid down the annulus, isolating stages with sand or bridge plugs.
3) A case study describes applying PPF across 9 wells with 90 stages, reducing completion times compared to conventional methods using packers.
The document summarizes a final seminar presentation on optimization of shale gas production through hydraulic fracturing. It provides an outline of the presentation sections including introduction, objectives, literature review, methodology, and conclusions. The introduction defines well stimulation techniques like acidizing and hydraulic fracturing and their purposes. It describes the aims of increasing permeability and communication between wells and reservoirs. Key challenges of hydraulic fracturing discussed include potential water and air contamination from chemicals and activities, and management of materials like proppant and produced water.
Rheology model 900 viscometer Mud Engineering Exp.Jarjis Mohammed
Rheology model 900 viscometer by jarjis
Experiment Number 7: Rheological Properties using Model 900 Viscometer.
Koya University.
Faculty of Engineering.
Drilling Lab
Supervised By Muhammad Jamal
=============
This a report about Rheological Properties using Model 900 Viscometer.. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
This document discusses various water and gas conformance technologies used to improve sweep efficiency in oil reservoirs. It begins with an overview of water conformance methods like injection profile modification and BrightWater technology, providing a field case example from Alaska where BrightWater increased incremental oil production. It also summarizes gas conformance technologies, noting foams are commonly used to modify gas injection profiles or shut off high GOR wells. The document concludes with descriptions of polymer flooding, ZL Nano-spheres, and the status of foam applications in North Sea reservoirs.
The document discusses various well completion types including open hole, screen or pre-slotted liner, and cemented and perforated casing/liner completions. It also covers topics like well design and completion considerations, artificial lift methods, production optimization techniques, and concepts like skin factor and its impact on inflow performance. Key well completion components and their functions are outlined as well.
Lab 8 measurement of yield point of drilling mud sample using rheometer.Awais Qureshi
This document describes an experiment to measure the yield point of a drilling mud sample using a rotational rheometer. It explains that a rheometer is used to measure the flow properties of non-Newtonian fluids like drilling mud. The yield point is an important parameter that indicates a fluid's ability to carry cuttings and is measured using the rheometer at 300 and 600 rpm. The document provides the step-by-step procedure for taking measurements and calculating the plastic viscosity and yield point from the rheometer readings.
Mud logging involves collecting and analyzing drill cuttings and mud properties to interpret lithology and detect hydrocarbon shows. It relies on mud circulation from the mud pump through the drill string and annulus to the shale shaker where cuttings are examined. The mud logger monitors and records drilling parameters and cuttings data to help assess the producibility of formations. However, mud logging becomes less accurate at depths over 3000m where cuttings are mixed and it takes longer for mud to return to the surface.
This document discusses different types of water pressure booster systems:
1. Elevated gravity and hydropneumatic tank systems which have advantages like simplicity but are now seldom used.
2. Multiple-pump systems like variable-speed-drive and constant-speed systems which are better suited for buildings. Variable-speed systems precisely control pressure but require more complex electronics.
3. Constant-speed multiple pump systems use multiple pumps running continuously to maintain pressure without water storage tanks. They have low initial costs but require determining optimal capacity split among pumps.
This document discusses hydraulic fracturing, which is a well stimulation technique used to increase production from low permeability reservoirs. It involves injecting fluid into the wellbore at high pressure to create fractures in the rock formation. Proppants, such as sand or ceramic beads, are placed in the fractures to keep them open after pressure is removed. Key aspects covered include fracture modeling, optimization of fracture size and conductivity, candidate well selection, and a case study showing production increases from hydraulic fracturing treatment.
The document provides guidance on designing ion exchange plants, covering key parameters to consider such as feed water analysis, production flow rate, cycle length, treated water quality requirements, and regeneration technology. It recommends reverse flow regeneration and packed bed columns for efficient design and high quality treated water. An example calculation is provided to estimate resin volumes needed for a simple demineralization system based on the water analysis and design parameters.
This document presents a methodology to measure flow rates in multiple zone water injection wells using fluid temperature profiles. It describes using the Ramey model to relate fluid temperature to flow rates in each zone through an exponential function. The Ramey model is then linearized to allow for uncertainty analysis of the calculated flow rates. An experimental fluid temperature profile from a dual zone water injection well was used to validate the methodology, with calculated flow rates showing good agreement with measured values and uncertainties of 1-10%.
This document provides an overview of well control techniques. It discusses the importance of maintaining primary well control by keeping hydrostatic pressure greater than formation pressure. It describes what a kick is and types of kicks that can occur. Common causes of kicks include not keeping the hole full, insufficient mud density, swabbing, lost circulation, and poor well planning. Warning signs of a kick and methods for recognition are outlined. Finally, it discusses the objective of well control and some important well control concepts like determining reservoir pressure and selecting a well control method.
The document summarizes a collaboration between Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) to develop a common set of Features, Events, and Processes (FEPs) relevant to the disposal of heat-generating waste in salt repositories. It outlines the objectives of developing a generic FEP matrix and catalog, as well as an online FEP database and knowledge archive. Recent work includes completing a full set of approximately 450 generic FEPs organized by thermal-hydrological-chemical-mechanical-biological processes and host rock features, and defining over 2,000 associated processes for screening and modeling.
The document provides information about a lecture on compositional simulation given by Dr. Russell T. Johns. It discusses:
1) Current compositional simulators use averaged properties and phase labels which can lead to discontinuities and inaccurate simulations.
2) A new approach is presented to model relative permeability as a state function dependent on saturation, connectivity, capillary number, and wettability without using phase labels.
3) Examples show this new approach improves simulation robustness, speed, and accuracy, and can provide more reliable recovery estimates compared to current compositional and black-oil simulators.
The document discusses requirements, layouts, and components of water distribution systems. It describes four common distribution system layouts - dead end or tree system, grid iron system, circular or ring system, and radial system. It also discusses distribution reservoirs, valves including gate valves, globe valves, check valves, and pressure relief valves. Pipe supports, parameters to measure in pipes like pressure and temperature, and designing considerations for distribution systems are also covered.
The document describes the design of an integrated forward osmosis-reverse osmosis (FO-RO) system for wastewater treatment and potable water production. It involves a two-stage process where seawater is first diluted using impaired wastewater through an FO membrane. This diluted seawater is then processed through a reverse osmosis membrane to reject salts and contaminants. Material and energy balances are presented to determine flow rates and energy requirements. Key aspects of the process design like membrane area, pump selection, number of membrane modules and vessels are also discussed. Finally, a cost estimation is provided for major equipment like membranes, housings and pumps.
A gold flotation plant was having issues with varying settling characteristics affecting the efficiency of its tailings thickener. The instrument that tested settling rates was failing intermittently, increasing suspended solids and decreasing water quality. Hawk Measurement Systems solved this by providing a high-powered three-crystal sonar transducer with automatic scum cleaning. The sonar outputs the low-density interface and heavy compacted interface. This penetrated suspended solids even under poor conditions and could be used for dosing control if the instrument failed. The heavy interface was also used to control the underflow pump density pumped to tailings dams, adjusting flocculent based on the deviation between interfaces.
This document compares the optical properties of PZT(65/35) and PLZT(96/4/65/35) ceramics in the rhombohedral phase using density functional theory calculations. The key findings are:
1) PLZT has a higher density of states above the Fermi level compared to PZT due to the presence of localized La-4f states.
2) PLZT has more plasma oscillation roots in its dielectric function spectrum compared to PZT, indicating stronger plasma oscillations.
3) The refractive index and birefringence of PLZT are higher than PZT, showing PLZT has better optical properties for applications like lasers.
This document discusses the design and simulation of low noise amplifier (LNA) circuits with different matching circuit combinations at the input and output sides. It compares the performance of LNA circuits using 'T' and 'L' type matching networks. The circuits are simulated using Advanced Design System (ADS) software. Simulation results show that the T-L matching configuration provides better gain and noise figure than L-L, L-T, and T-T matching under stability conditions. Specifically, the T-L matching achieved a forward gain of 14.14 dB and noise figure of 1.81 dB, outperforming the other matching configurations. Stabilization circuits are also applied and analyzed.
This document presents a proposed model for integrating network security and fine-grained access control to simultaneously handle security at the network and database layers for web databases. The authors implemented their model on a college database and evaluated its performance. Their model suspends unauthorized access attempts, reauthenticates the user, and reports any unauthorized data alterations to authorized users via email or SMS. The implementation results showed how their integrated model is suitable for web database security.
Oil & Gas Pipelines are often subjected to an operation called ‘Pigging’ for maintenance purposes (For e.g., cleaning the pipeline of accumulated liquids or waxes). A pig is launched from a pig launcher that scrapes out the remnant contents of the pipeline into a vessel known as a ‘Slug catcher’. The term slug catcher is used since pigging operations produces a Slug flow regime characterized by the alternating columns of liquids & gases. Slug catcher’s are popularly of two types – Horizontal Vessel Type & Finger Type Slug catcher. However irrespective of the type used, the determination of the slug catcher volume becomes the primary step before choosing the slug catcher type.
This document summarizes the use of a packerless, multistage fracture stimulation method called pinpoint fracturing (PPF) in Argentina. Key points:
1) PPF has been used to complete 22 wells with 193 fractures since 2006, allowing more selective stimulation and aggressive fracturing treatments.
2) The method uses coiled tubing to hydrajet perforate intervals and pump fracturing fluid down the annulus, isolating stages with sand or bridge plugs.
3) A case study describes applying PPF across 9 wells with 90 stages, reducing completion times compared to conventional methods using packers.
The document summarizes a final seminar presentation on optimization of shale gas production through hydraulic fracturing. It provides an outline of the presentation sections including introduction, objectives, literature review, methodology, and conclusions. The introduction defines well stimulation techniques like acidizing and hydraulic fracturing and their purposes. It describes the aims of increasing permeability and communication between wells and reservoirs. Key challenges of hydraulic fracturing discussed include potential water and air contamination from chemicals and activities, and management of materials like proppant and produced water.
Rheology model 900 viscometer Mud Engineering Exp.Jarjis Mohammed
Rheology model 900 viscometer by jarjis
Experiment Number 7: Rheological Properties using Model 900 Viscometer.
Koya University.
Faculty of Engineering.
Drilling Lab
Supervised By Muhammad Jamal
=============
This a report about Rheological Properties using Model 900 Viscometer.. written by Jarjis Muhammad, Petroleum Engineering Dep. Koya University. For more Information please contact me: www.facebook.com/Jarjis.shaqlawaee
This document discusses various water and gas conformance technologies used to improve sweep efficiency in oil reservoirs. It begins with an overview of water conformance methods like injection profile modification and BrightWater technology, providing a field case example from Alaska where BrightWater increased incremental oil production. It also summarizes gas conformance technologies, noting foams are commonly used to modify gas injection profiles or shut off high GOR wells. The document concludes with descriptions of polymer flooding, ZL Nano-spheres, and the status of foam applications in North Sea reservoirs.
The document discusses various well completion types including open hole, screen or pre-slotted liner, and cemented and perforated casing/liner completions. It also covers topics like well design and completion considerations, artificial lift methods, production optimization techniques, and concepts like skin factor and its impact on inflow performance. Key well completion components and their functions are outlined as well.
Lab 8 measurement of yield point of drilling mud sample using rheometer.Awais Qureshi
This document describes an experiment to measure the yield point of a drilling mud sample using a rotational rheometer. It explains that a rheometer is used to measure the flow properties of non-Newtonian fluids like drilling mud. The yield point is an important parameter that indicates a fluid's ability to carry cuttings and is measured using the rheometer at 300 and 600 rpm. The document provides the step-by-step procedure for taking measurements and calculating the plastic viscosity and yield point from the rheometer readings.
Mud logging involves collecting and analyzing drill cuttings and mud properties to interpret lithology and detect hydrocarbon shows. It relies on mud circulation from the mud pump through the drill string and annulus to the shale shaker where cuttings are examined. The mud logger monitors and records drilling parameters and cuttings data to help assess the producibility of formations. However, mud logging becomes less accurate at depths over 3000m where cuttings are mixed and it takes longer for mud to return to the surface.
This document discusses different types of water pressure booster systems:
1. Elevated gravity and hydropneumatic tank systems which have advantages like simplicity but are now seldom used.
2. Multiple-pump systems like variable-speed-drive and constant-speed systems which are better suited for buildings. Variable-speed systems precisely control pressure but require more complex electronics.
3. Constant-speed multiple pump systems use multiple pumps running continuously to maintain pressure without water storage tanks. They have low initial costs but require determining optimal capacity split among pumps.
This document discusses hydraulic fracturing, which is a well stimulation technique used to increase production from low permeability reservoirs. It involves injecting fluid into the wellbore at high pressure to create fractures in the rock formation. Proppants, such as sand or ceramic beads, are placed in the fractures to keep them open after pressure is removed. Key aspects covered include fracture modeling, optimization of fracture size and conductivity, candidate well selection, and a case study showing production increases from hydraulic fracturing treatment.
The document provides guidance on designing ion exchange plants, covering key parameters to consider such as feed water analysis, production flow rate, cycle length, treated water quality requirements, and regeneration technology. It recommends reverse flow regeneration and packed bed columns for efficient design and high quality treated water. An example calculation is provided to estimate resin volumes needed for a simple demineralization system based on the water analysis and design parameters.
This document presents a methodology to measure flow rates in multiple zone water injection wells using fluid temperature profiles. It describes using the Ramey model to relate fluid temperature to flow rates in each zone through an exponential function. The Ramey model is then linearized to allow for uncertainty analysis of the calculated flow rates. An experimental fluid temperature profile from a dual zone water injection well was used to validate the methodology, with calculated flow rates showing good agreement with measured values and uncertainties of 1-10%.
This document provides an overview of well control techniques. It discusses the importance of maintaining primary well control by keeping hydrostatic pressure greater than formation pressure. It describes what a kick is and types of kicks that can occur. Common causes of kicks include not keeping the hole full, insufficient mud density, swabbing, lost circulation, and poor well planning. Warning signs of a kick and methods for recognition are outlined. Finally, it discusses the objective of well control and some important well control concepts like determining reservoir pressure and selecting a well control method.
The document summarizes a collaboration between Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) to develop a common set of Features, Events, and Processes (FEPs) relevant to the disposal of heat-generating waste in salt repositories. It outlines the objectives of developing a generic FEP matrix and catalog, as well as an online FEP database and knowledge archive. Recent work includes completing a full set of approximately 450 generic FEPs organized by thermal-hydrological-chemical-mechanical-biological processes and host rock features, and defining over 2,000 associated processes for screening and modeling.
The document provides information about a lecture on compositional simulation given by Dr. Russell T. Johns. It discusses:
1) Current compositional simulators use averaged properties and phase labels which can lead to discontinuities and inaccurate simulations.
2) A new approach is presented to model relative permeability as a state function dependent on saturation, connectivity, capillary number, and wettability without using phase labels.
3) Examples show this new approach improves simulation robustness, speed, and accuracy, and can provide more reliable recovery estimates compared to current compositional and black-oil simulators.
The document discusses requirements, layouts, and components of water distribution systems. It describes four common distribution system layouts - dead end or tree system, grid iron system, circular or ring system, and radial system. It also discusses distribution reservoirs, valves including gate valves, globe valves, check valves, and pressure relief valves. Pipe supports, parameters to measure in pipes like pressure and temperature, and designing considerations for distribution systems are also covered.
The document describes the design of an integrated forward osmosis-reverse osmosis (FO-RO) system for wastewater treatment and potable water production. It involves a two-stage process where seawater is first diluted using impaired wastewater through an FO membrane. This diluted seawater is then processed through a reverse osmosis membrane to reject salts and contaminants. Material and energy balances are presented to determine flow rates and energy requirements. Key aspects of the process design like membrane area, pump selection, number of membrane modules and vessels are also discussed. Finally, a cost estimation is provided for major equipment like membranes, housings and pumps.
A gold flotation plant was having issues with varying settling characteristics affecting the efficiency of its tailings thickener. The instrument that tested settling rates was failing intermittently, increasing suspended solids and decreasing water quality. Hawk Measurement Systems solved this by providing a high-powered three-crystal sonar transducer with automatic scum cleaning. The sonar outputs the low-density interface and heavy compacted interface. This penetrated suspended solids even under poor conditions and could be used for dosing control if the instrument failed. The heavy interface was also used to control the underflow pump density pumped to tailings dams, adjusting flocculent based on the deviation between interfaces.
This document compares the optical properties of PZT(65/35) and PLZT(96/4/65/35) ceramics in the rhombohedral phase using density functional theory calculations. The key findings are:
1) PLZT has a higher density of states above the Fermi level compared to PZT due to the presence of localized La-4f states.
2) PLZT has more plasma oscillation roots in its dielectric function spectrum compared to PZT, indicating stronger plasma oscillations.
3) The refractive index and birefringence of PLZT are higher than PZT, showing PLZT has better optical properties for applications like lasers.
This document discusses the design and simulation of low noise amplifier (LNA) circuits with different matching circuit combinations at the input and output sides. It compares the performance of LNA circuits using 'T' and 'L' type matching networks. The circuits are simulated using Advanced Design System (ADS) software. Simulation results show that the T-L matching configuration provides better gain and noise figure than L-L, L-T, and T-T matching under stability conditions. Specifically, the T-L matching achieved a forward gain of 14.14 dB and noise figure of 1.81 dB, outperforming the other matching configurations. Stabilization circuits are also applied and analyzed.
This document presents a proposed model for integrating network security and fine-grained access control to simultaneously handle security at the network and database layers for web databases. The authors implemented their model on a college database and evaluated its performance. Their model suspends unauthorized access attempts, reauthenticates the user, and reports any unauthorized data alterations to authorized users via email or SMS. The implementation results showed how their integrated model is suitable for web database security.
This document presents a comparative study of uranium(VI) extraction between three resins: Lewatit TP 260, polyethyleniminephenylphosphonamidic acid (PEIPPA), and diaminotriphosphonic acid grafted polystyrene divinyl benzene (DATPA). Batch studies were conducted to optimize parameters such as pH, contact time, initial uranium concentration, ion strength, and temperature. The results showed that PEIPPA extracts uranium best at high acidity (pH ~1.5), while DATPA extracts effectively at low acidity (pH ~3.5). Sorption capacities for uranium were 39.66 mg/g for PEIPPA,
The document describes an experimental study on the electrochemical and biosorption treatment of effluent containing nitrobenzene. In the electrochemical oxidation treatment, nitrobenzene effluent was treated batch-wise in an electrolytic cell with lead anode and copper cathode electrodes. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the conditions. The maximum 76.4% COD reduction occurred at a current density of 3.56 A dm-2, time of 3 hours, flow rate of 40 L hr-1, and volume of 9 L, with a minimum power consumption of 30.3 kWhr/kg COD. This was followed by biosorption treatment using maize and rice stems, achieving a maximum
Effect of Combustion Air Pre-Heating In Carbon Monoxide Emission in Diesel Fi...IJERA Editor
This paper describes the effect of combustion air pre- heating in Diesel fired heat Treatment Furnace. The main
heat treatment processes are Normalizing, Tempering, Hardening, Annealing, Solution Annealing and Stress
Relieving. The emission of carbon monoxide is measured with combustion air pre-heating and without preheating.
The results are then compared and it is found that the emission of CO is reduced by 29.12%. With the
Combustion air pre-heating a considerable reduction in Specific Furnace Fuel Consumption (SFFC) is obtained.
The test was caaried out at Peekay Steels Casting (P) ltd, Nallalam, Calicut.
General Terms: Heat Treatment Furnace
Study Utility Vehicle Makassar City Transport a High- ErgonomicsIJERA Editor
The development of technology during this was to meet the man, but it should be men must be spoilt, But if it
turns out that all that did not make people feel safe, comfortable, healthy and easy, but the planning process,
decision-making and developments have experienced a deviation orientation. Public transport Transportation in
the Makassar city should be made with implementing aspects promotes ergonomic comfort, but it does not apply
in means of transportation to the public. Issues for public vehicles on access up and down not in accordance
with The aim of the research vehicle users. is to phrases dimensions body which have an effect on to utility
vehicle, to examine the public vehicles that high-promotes ergonomic comfort. The method assessment is the
measurement dimensions body to the passengers as well as the use questionnaires and analyzed in a holistic
approach ergonomics. Results of research high security tools to public vehicles that high-security vehicle users
generally by body dimensions as a powerful than Knee-and-a-half was knee, long your feet, and your elbow
kelantai. While utilities yangbernilai ergonomics was the first and second around 24.76 cm and 49.53 cm, wide
around 24.25 cm and was hangar 104, 78 cm.
A Combined Approach for Feature Subset Selection and Size Reduction for High ...IJERA Editor
selection of relevant feature from a given set of feature is one of the important issues in the field of
data mining as well as classification. In general the dataset may contain a number of features however it is not
necessary that the whole set features are important for particular analysis of decision making because the
features may share the common information‟s and can also be completely irrelevant to the undergoing
processing. This generally happen because of improper selection of features during the dataset formation or
because of improper information availability about the observed system. However in both cases the data will
contain the features that will just increase the processing burden which may ultimately cause the improper
outcome when used for analysis. Because of these reasons some kind of methods are required to detect and
remove these features hence in this paper we are presenting an efficient approach for not just removing the
unimportant features but also the size of complete dataset size. The proposed algorithm utilizes the information
theory to detect the information gain from each feature and minimum span tree to group the similar features
with that the fuzzy c-means clustering is used to remove the similar entries from the dataset. Finally the
algorithm is tested with SVM classifier using 35 publicly available real-world high-dimensional dataset and the
results shows that the presented algorithm not only reduces the feature set and data lengths but also improves the
performances of the classifier.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
1) The document presents TIRI-DCT, a new video fingerprinting technique that aims to overcome limitations of existing methods.
2) TIRI-DCT extracts fingerprints from temporally informative representative images (TIRIs) of video segments, capturing both spatial and temporal information.
3) It is more efficient than previous 3D-DCT technique while maintaining good performance against distortions. TIRI-DCT reduces false matches through longer fingerprints.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes an experiment to optimize the performance of an aluminum dross crusher using the Taguchi method of design of experiments. The researchers identified three parameters that affect the crusher's performance: blade profile, rotation speed, and duration. They conducted experiments using an L9 orthogonal array with these parameters set at different levels. Analysis of the results found that blade profile and duration were significant parameters, while rotation speed was not. Confirmation experiments at the optimized parameter settings increased the aluminum recovery rate from 60% to an average of 75%.
Quais produtos Alcon Pet são indicados para aquários marinhos?Alcon Pet
O documento recomenda produtos da Alcon Pet para aquários marinhos, incluindo alimentos balanceados com níveis adequados de proteína, neutralizadores de cloro e metais pesados, testes de pH, dureza e nitrito, e indica monitorar esses parâmetros semanalmente para manter a saúde dos peixes.
Este documento proporciona instrucciones para crear muñecas pixeladas usando un creador de muñecas en línea. Explica los pasos básicos como agregar elementos, ajustar las capas, guardar la imagen y compartir el enlace. También incluye ejemplos de códigos HTML y BBCode para insertar la imagen en foros y redes sociales. Finalmente, recomienda formatos de archivo como PNG, JPG, BMP o GIF dependiendo del uso previsto de la imagen creada.
O documento fornece instruções sobre como oferecer o suplemento alimentar Alcon Top Red para aves que apresentam o fator genético vermelho. Recomenda-se oferecer 1,5-2g do suplemento diariamente durante a muda de penas e 2-4 vezes por semana no período de manutenção, servido em comedouros separados ou associado à dieta de manutenção. Avisa que os carotenóides só serão armazenados nas penas quando a ave estiver nutricionalmente equilibrada.
El documento habla sobre el Día Internacional de la Mujer Trabajadora y Concepción Arenal, una feminista española del siglo XIX. Resume su biografía y cita algunas de sus frases sobre la igualdad de género. Las tareas a realizar son buscar información sobre su biografía, leer comprensivamente su fábula "La fábula de las dos Perras" y hacer un mural sobre su vida y obra.
La técnica de fichaje consiste en la recolección organizada de materiales para el desarrollo de un tema a través de la toma de notas en fichas de investigación. Estas fichas facilitan la sistematización y ordenación de la información recopilada y permiten reunir y seleccionar los datos de manera efectiva. Existen diferentes tipos de fichas como fichas bibliográficas, de contenido y personales, las cuales deben elaborarse siguiendo ciertos principios como registrar un solo dato por ficha y mencionar siempre la fuente
El documento habla sobre el significado de la palabra "urgente" y cómo vivimos nuestras vidas de forma acelerada sin valorar lo realmente importante. Enfatiza que lo más urgente es apreciar el tiempo con la familia y amigos, vivir cada día con gratitud, y recordar que lo verdaderamente importante es vivir y no dejar para después decirle a los seres queridos cuánto los amas.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on evaluating the performance of desilting basins used in small hydropower plants. It discusses the problems caused by sediment in SHP plants and how desilting basins are used to trap sediment before it reaches turbines. The objective of the study is to evaluate the performance of existing desilting devices and examine the impact of sediment on turbines. Data was collected from 14 SHP sites through site visits. Desilting basin efficiency was evaluated using various methods and compared to observed efficiency. Analysis found the effect of desilting basin efficiency on turbine runners.
This document summarizes a numerical study on the effect of discharge coefficient on the performance of a six jet Pelton turbine model. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to analyze the turbine's performance at design and off-design discharge conditions. The CFD results for efficiency were compared to available model test data and found to be in close agreement. Pressure distribution, water velocity, and water distribution within the turbine were also obtained from the CFD simulations and discussed. The study aims to provide a cost-effective tool for detailed flow analysis and performance evaluation of Pelton turbines at different operating conditions.
This document discusses a numerical study on the effect of jet shape on the flow and torque characteristics of a Pelton turbine runner. Four different jet shapes - circular, triangular, square and elliptical - were simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, keeping the cross-sectional area of the jets constant. The results showed that the circular jet produced the highest hydraulic efficiency of 88.03%, distributing water most uniformly across the buckets. The triangular and square jets did not allow complete emptying of buckets before the next jet arrived, reducing efficiency. The elliptical jet had the lowest efficiency of 77.80%. In conclusion, circular jets were found to be most efficient for Pelton turbines.
Dynamic Stability of Zaghloul Drainage Pumping Station, Kafr El Shiekh, EgyptIJERA Editor
Zaghloul Pumping Station located at El-Moheet drainage in Kafr El Sheikh Governorate. The station consists of four axial pumping units. The operating system depends on running not more than three pumping units. The old station is replaced by new one and the old sump is reused with some modifications. Each pump takes 20 second to start and takes 300 second to reach steady state. Activation more than two units lead to decrease the suction water level, disturbance of velocity distribution in suction intake and increase vibration and noise levels. The disturbance in velocity distribution generates dynamic instability of pumping units which leads to failure, damage and other operation and maintenance difficulties. Field measurements and numerical simulation were done to investigate dynamic stability of the station. The Solid Works flow simulation software, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to simulate the flow conditions at different water levels to predict the hydraulic problem at the suction side. The field measurements are used to investigate the dynamic problem. Measurements are used to measure pump flow rate, pump head and vibration levels. The (MVP2C OneproD/ ACOEM) two channel vibration analyzer and data collector was used to prepare dynamic balancing for each unit with different weights. In general, the results indicated that with the decrease of water level; approach velocity increases, swirl and vortices induce vibrations and excessive bearing loads. From simulation results the geometry of suction intake is proper for running three parallel axial flow pumps with the designed flow rate. The input data to simulation model were taken from the filed measurements and this data is validating to simulation model. The dynamic balancing as a solution leads to reduce vibration level and save bearing life. It is very important to investigate the dynamic stability and check the dynamic balancing for pumping units at the primary operation of the new stations as mentioned in the bidding
This work was aimed at developing a computational model following certain standards that are important to turbo machinery. Numerical and experimental investigations have been carried out on a two bladed savonius rotor by varying certain parameters of the turbine namely blade shape, blade profile, aspect ratio of the turbine and position of vent on the blade. For numerical investigation, commercial computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software ANSYS-FLUENT has been used. The results obtained have been validated with established experimental results. Investigations involving the variation of Aspect ratio have been done completely through experimentation. For the other cases, the obtained numerical results have been validated with the established experimental values. For the investigation regarding variation of blade shape, the length of semi minor axis has been changed and simulations have been carried out. Also, in the blade a vent has been introduced and its best position determined. Finally, new blade shapes have been designed and simulations carried out to find the optimum one. All these cases were computed at two different Reynolds number specifically 150000 and 80000. The new configurations gave better results than that for the conventional one.
The effect of geometrical parameters on mixing and parallel jets mixing in a ...iaemedu
The document summarizes an experimental study on the mixing of parallel liquid jets in a static mixer. Key findings from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis and experimental investigations using a conductivity probe technique are presented. The experiments and CFD analysis revealed that mixing efficiency increases with the opening of parallel ports and as the primary fluid nozzle is positioned 50mm from the throat entrance with mixing inserts. Geometrical parameters like the position of inlet ports, cone angle of the suction nozzle, and position of the driving nozzle were found to influence mixing.
The effect of geometrical parameters on mixing and parallel jets mixing in a ...iaemedu
The document summarizes research into the mixing of parallel liquid jets in a static mixer. Key findings include:
1) Experimental and computational analysis was used to study the effects of geometrical parameters like nozzle position and port location on mixing efficiency.
2) The mixing efficiency increased with the opening of parallel ports and when the primary nozzle was positioned 50mm from the throat, reaching over 50% efficiency.
3) Computational analysis showed maximum vorticity and turbulent kinetic energy, and thus best mixing, occurred when the parallel ports were all open and the nozzle was at 50mm, enhancing fluid interaction.
4) When only the down ports were open, mixing efficiency decreased with increasing distance between the nozzle tip
Predicting Performance Curves of Centrifugal Pumps in the Absence of OEM DataVijay Sarathy
Chemical and Mechanical Engineers in the oil & gas industry often carry out the task of conducting technical studies to evaluate piping and pipeline systems during events such as pump trips and block valve failures that can lead to pipes cracking at the welded joints, pump impellers rotating in the reverse direction and damaged pipe supports due to excessive vibrations to name a few. Although much literature is available to mitigate such disturbances, a key set of data to conduct transient studies are pump performance curves, a plot between pump head and flow.
The present paper is aimed at applying engineering research in industrial applications for practicing engineers. It provides a methodology called from available literature from past researchers, allowing engineers to predict performance curves for a Volute Casing End Suction Single Stage Radial Pump. In the current undertaking, the pump in question is not specific to any one industry but the principles are the same for a Volute Casing End suction radial pump.
Predicting Performance Curves of Centrifugal Pumps in the Absence of OEM DataVijay Sarathy
Chemical and Mechanical Engineers in the oil & gas industry often carry out the task of conducting technical studies to evaluate piping and pipeline systems during events such as pump trips and block valve failures that can lead to pipes cracking at the welded joints, pump impellers rotating in the reverse direction and damaged pipe supports due to excessive vibrations to name a few. Although much literature is available to mitigate such disturbances, a key set of data to conduct transient studies are pump performance curves, a plot between pump head and flow.
The present paper is aimed at applying engineering research in industrial applications for practicing engineers. It provides a methodology called from available literature from past researchers, allowing engineers to predict performance curves for a Volute Casing End Suction Single Stage Radial Pump. In the current undertaking, the pump in question is not specific to any one industry but the principles are the same for a Volute Casing End suction radial pump.
Ansys-CFX analysis to design the diffuser of a multistage pumpIRJET Journal
This document discusses a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of a two-stage pump to evaluate the impact of the number of vanes in the diffuser on pump performance and head loss under different operating conditions. The CFD analysis is performed using ANSYS CFX software. Streamline patterns are examined for diffuser vane configurations ranging from 7 to 11 vanes. The analysis shows that while the impeller increases fluid velocity, the diffuser reduces velocity by 4-5 m/s, resulting in smooth flow through the pump.
IRJET - Experimental Study on Flow Net through Multilayered Soil by using Hyd...IRJET Journal
This study experimentally analyzed seepage flow through a multilayered soil foundation using a hydraulic model. A seepage tank was designed and built with three soil layers and inclined cut-offs at various angles (90°, 45°, 120°) on the upstream and downstream sides. Flow nets were constructed by injecting dye to identify flow lines and using piezometers to measure total head and construct equipotential lines. Test results found that placing a cut-off at 45° on the upstream side most reduced exit gradient, uplift pressure, and seepage quantity compared to other angles or no cut-off. Downstream cut-offs had little effect on reducing seepage impacts. The study provides insight into optimizing
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to design and analyze the performance of a Straflo axial flow turbine for micro-hydro power. The turbine was designed for a discharge of 550 kg/s and head of 7.5 m to produce 35 kW of power. CFD simulations were conducted using ANSYS CFX to model the turbine's distributor, runner blades, and draft tube under different operating conditions. The results showed that hydraulic efficiency peaked at 83.05% at the design discharge and rotational speed of 900 rpm. Performance parameters like specific energy and degree of reaction decreased with increasing speed factor as expected for an axial turbine.
Cavitation Effects in Centrifugal Pumps- A ReviewIJERA Editor
Cavitation is one of the most challenging fluid flow abnormalities leading to detrimental effects on both the
centrifugal pump flow behaviors and physical characteristics. Centrifugal pumps’ most low pressure zones are the
first cavitation victims, where cavitation manifests itself in form of pitting on the pump internal solid walls,
accompanied by noise and vibration, all leading to the pump hydraulic performance degradation. In the present
article, a general description of centrifugal pump performance and related parameters is presented. Based on the
literature survey, some light were shed on fundamental cavitation features; where different aspects relating to
cavitation in centrifugal pumps were briefly discussed.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
An Investigation on the Performance Characteristics of a Centrifugal CompressorIJERD Editor
The design and off-design performance characteristics of single stage centrifugal compressor
consisting of 12 vanes impeller interfacing with 11 vanes diffuser have been studied experimentally and
numerically. The impeller has been designed and developed with radial exit, 30o inlet blade angle (with
tangent), 77 mm diameter and the discharge volute considering constant mean flow velocity. The performance
of the compressor at varying capacity (60 to 120 % of design) by controlling the discharge valve and with the
variation of rotating speed (15000 to 35000 rpm) by regulating speed of the coupled gas turbine has been
conducted at the recently developed test rig. The numerical simulation has been done by adopting viscous
Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with and without Coriolis Force & Centrifugal Force in
rotating reference frame (impeller) and stationary reference frame (casing) respectively utilizing CFD software
Fluent 14. The flow around a single vane of impeller interfacing with single vane of diffuser, the rotational
periodicity and sliding mesh at the interfacing zone between rotating impeller and stationery diffuser are
considered. Non dimensional performance curves derived from experimental and numerical results are
presented and compared. The numerical results are found to match very closely with the experimented data near
the design point and deviation is observed at the both side of the designed operating point. Non-uniform
pressure profiles towards the impeller exit and strong cross flow from blade to blade are detected at low flow
operating conditions. Total pressure, static pressure and velocity distributions at design and off design
operation obtained from the CFD results are analysed and presented here.
IRJET- Parameters Affecting the Clogging of Recharge Wells in Different Soil ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the parameters affecting the clogging of recharge wells in different soil types. The study examined how total suspended solids (TSS) concentration and water head affect recharge well efficiency over time in sandy soil. Experiments were conducted with a model recharge well system using three water tanks. Results showed that in sandy soil, a change in water head affected efficiency from 20% to 31%, while a change in TSS concentration affected efficiency from 70% to 80%. Higher water head and TSS concentration led to a faster decrease in the flow rate from the well over time. It is recommended to use low TSS concentrations for recharging sandy soil to maintain better long-term flow.
This document summarizes a study on varying the outlet blade angle of a centrifugal pump impeller using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Three impellers were designed with outlet blade angles of 20, 30, and 50 degrees. CFD was used to analyze the flow patterns, pressure distributions, and head-capacity curves of each design. The results showed increased pump performance with higher outlet blade angles, including smoother head curves, higher heads, and improved efficiency. Future work is planned to model an impeller with a 30 degree outlet blade angle and further investigate design parameters.
Comparison of Multiphase Flow Model and Single-Phase Flow Model of Steam Jet ...IRJET Journal
This document compares multiphase and single-phase flow models of a steam jet ejector using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The multiphase model represents the actual behavior of steam and water mixing inside the ejector, showing variations in pressure, velocity, and temperature not captured by the single-phase model. Simulation results indicate the multiphase model more closely matches the expected behavior of a conventional steam jet ejector, providing insight into flow patterns and phase changes occurring inside the ejector. The study concludes the multiphase model provides a better understanding of the internal ejector flow compared to the single-phase model.
Flow Control Using Variable Frequency Drive In Water Treatment Process of Dei...IJTET Journal
The document discusses using a variable frequency drive instead of a control valve to control the flow of chemicals in a water treatment process. By controlling the speed of an induction motor with a variable frequency drive based on inlet water flow, the chemical dosage flow can be precisely controlled to improve water treatment efficiency. Vector control is implemented to control the induction motor speed by measuring motor quantities, transforming currents to reference frames, and separately controlling the flux and torque producing current components.
This document provides information on the design of rapid mixing (coagulation) and slow mixing (flocculation) units in water treatment. It discusses the objectives and design criteria for rapid mixing units, which is to provide complete mixing of coagulant and raw water over 20-60 seconds at 700-1000 sec-1. Slow mixing units called flocculators are used to promote particle aggregation over longer detention times of 15-30 minutes at lower velocity gradients of 10-100 sec-1. Tapered flocculation is described as a method to vary velocity gradients from higher to lower values through a basin to form dense, rapidly settling flocs. Examples are provided for designing paddle wheel and baffled channel flocculators
1. Prasanta Kumar Sen, Lal Gopal Das, Biswajit Halder / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.516-522
The Characteristics of a Vertical Submersible Slurry Pump in
Transporting Dredged Slurry
Prasanta Kumar Sen*, Lal Gopal Das** & Biswajit Halder***
*
(PPE, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur-713209, India)
**
(PPE, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur-713209, India)
***
(ME, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur-713209, India)
ABSTRACT
The performance of vertical centrifugal of the centrifugal slurry pump depends on particle
slurry pump is quite different from clear water size, size distribution, shape, solid concentration,
pump due to presence of solid particles in water. solid specific gravity, pump speed and certainly on
An approach to derive the performance the pump geometry. The presence of solid particles,
behaviour of a vertical centrifugal pump used for specifically coarse particles, in the fluid always
transporting dredged slurry based on detail breaks fluid continuum. The bigger the particle size
hydraulic loss analysis has been presented in this worse is the effect. In most of the slurry pumping
paper. The derived analytical data has been system, particle size distribution is uneven, i.e., it is
compared with experimental results. mixed with fine, medium and coarse particles and it
Performance analysis of a vertical submersible is called heterogeneous slurry.
centrifugal slurry pump has been accomplished Previous researchers like Sellgren [1],
in two stages. At first, performance Gahlot, et al. [2] and many other eminent
characteristics of the centrifugal pump with clear researchers developed empirical formulae
water have been investigated considering an in- correlating head reduction ratio (RH) with solid
depth hydraulic loss analysis. Depending on the concentration by weight, solid specific gravity and
particle size distribution, the effect of solid particle size. Performance prediction utilizing
particles on the performance characteristics of empirical correlation carried out by them with the
centrifugal slurry pump has been investigated error band of ±12% to ±20 % for the test slurry.
considering volume fraction of particle size. The
homogenous slurry with fine particles has been Pump head with slurry, H s
treated as Newtonian fluid with slurry viscosity RH 1 (1)
and specific gravity. Additional hydraulic losses
Pump head with wate r, H w
due to coarse solid particle have been considered
for coarse slurry fraction. The performance of The present work has been conducted with
the vertical centrifugal slurry pump has been the objective of detail analysis of several hydraulic
predicted with the accuracies of about 87% and losses occurring in the pump. The fine slurry has
90 % for respective solid concentration of 18% been considered as Newtonian fluid. The same
and 10% by volume near the maximum efficiency hydraulic analysis method has been adopted for the
point. The drooping performance characteristics fine slurry with the slurry viscosity and specific
at low flow operation have been found gravity as presented for the centrifugal pump
deteriorating further with the increase of solid handling clear water. Additional hydraulic head
concentration. losses due to the presence of coarse solid particles
have been deducted from the fine Newtonian slurry
Keywords – Centrifugal, Diffuser, Impeller, Slurry head by applying the approach as postulated by
Roco, et al. [3]. The prediction of the performance
I. INTRODUCTION characteristics of the centrifugal slurry pump has
Centrifugal slurry pumps are mostly found been improved by considering the volume fraction
in transporting solid grains with carrier fluid through of the solid particles.
the pipe lines to the destined point in the process
industries like cement plant, petrochemical plants II. Test Rig & Experimentation
and fertilizer plants, etc. Performance characteristics The pilot seabed mining was carried out
of any centrifugal pump significantly differ in the from an anchor barge near the Kalvadevi bay of
presence of solid particles in the fluid from clear Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India. The seabed mining
fluid characteristics. The slurry of uniform particle was carried out by a dredge head with water jets.
size is hardly found in industries, rather in most of The dredge head as shown in “Fig. 1” contains a
the application particle size varies from few microns water distributor (1) which provides pressurized
to the order of mm. The performance characteristics water to a series of nozzles (2) housed in an agitating
516 | P a g e
2. Prasanta Kumar Sen, Lal Gopal Das, Biswajit Halder / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.516-522
chamber (3). The pressurized water is supplied
through feed line (4) and distributed to the nozzles. Table -1
Water jets from the nozzles cut the seabed Pump Details
resulting formation of slurry in the dredge head. The Rated Capacity 240 m3/hr
solid concentration in the dredge head is varied by Head 25 m
controlling the nozzle jet velocity. Capacity Range 75 – 400 m3/hr
The test rig of the seabed dredging system Motor Power 35 HP
is as shown in “Fig.-2” .The dredge head (1) is
Speed 2,900 rpm
suspended from a crane (2) and placed on seabed.
No. of stage single
The horizontal centrifugal pump (3) mounted on the
equipment barge (4) sucks sea water through flexible No of vanes in impeller 4
hose (5) and discharges high pressure water through Impeller blade inlet angle 18o
delivery pipe (6) to the dredge head(1). Impeller blade outlet angle 22.5o
The pressurized water released from a set Impeller diameter 198 mm
of nozzle cuts seabed resulting formation of solid- No. of vane in diffuser 8
water slurry in the agitation chamber of the dredge Water Properties
head (1).The vertical submersible slurry pump (7) Pumping water Sea water
mounted on the dredge head (1) sucks slurry from Temperature 0 – 20 oC
the dredge head and delivers through discharge Specific gravity of clear sea 1.028 – 1.034
flexible hose (9) and slurry pipe to the hopper barge water
(8). A by pass line (10) with flow control valve (11) Kinematic viscosity (m2/s) 1.83x10-6 to 1.05x10-6
regulates the pressurised water supply to the dredge Solid Properties
head without disturbing the performance
characteristics of the water supply pump(3). Power
to the equipment is supplied by 320 kVA Diesel Type Seabed sand
Generator Set mounted on the equipment barge.
Data Acquisition System for recording
online data in computer has been installed. Magnetic Specific gravity 2.7 to 3.5
flow meter (14), pressure transmitter (15), and Particle size (mm) 0.035 to 0.350
ultrasonic solid concentration meter (16) mounted on
slurry pipe line. Pressure transmitter (17) &
magnetic flow meter (18) are installed on the clear
water pipe line (6). Signal conditioner circuitry
converts signal sensed by the respective transducer
in to electrical signal which is transferred to a master
controller via RS 485 communication port. Master
controllers transmit Data to a personal computer via
RS 232 –C port for on line display and recording in
the hard disk. The investigated pump is single stage
centrifugal impeller and diffuser type casing. The
details of the pump and characteristics of sea water
and sea bed sand are listed in Table- 1
III. Performance Characteristics with Clear
Water
III.1 Eulers Head
The energy imparted to the pumping fluid per unit
weight of the fluid with infinite number of blades is
popularly known as Euler’s pump head.
u 2 c 2 - u 1c 1
H th (2)
g
Considering zero inlet pre-rotation of fluid in the
design.
u 2 c 2
H th (3)
g
517 | P a g e
3. Prasanta Kumar Sen, Lal Gopal Das, Biswajit Halder / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.516-522
Fig 1 Dredge Head
Fig 2 Test Rig
518 | P a g e
4. Prasanta Kumar Sen, Lal Gopal Das, Biswajit Halder / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.516-522
III.2 Slip Table. 2 Hydraulic losses
Fluid rotates in the reverse direction of Local Hydraulic Losses
impeller rotation at the impeller speed after Shock 2
entering into the rotating impeller from stationery Losses, w θi
h inc k inc ,
condition. Thus, a reverse circulation is set-up in Conrad et 2g
blade to blade flow passages. These relative eddies al. [5]
kinc = 0.5 to 0.7
at the outer edge of the impeller will have (6)
circumferential velocity (cөs) in the opposite
Mixing hmix 1 1 wake B
1
1 wake
Losses,
Johnston et ci 1 i
direction of the outlet whirl velocity (c Ө2) and is 2
known as slip velocity (cөs)
al. [6], 2g
Mizuki et (7)
c
al. [7] i 2
cm 2
1 w2
wake 1
0.45 wm ax
Secondary Hydraulic Losses
Blade 2
2 u2
Loading hbl 0.05D f (8)
Losses, 2g
Galvas [8] 0.75H th1
D f 0.3
w1 z D D
1 1 2 1
D
Fig. 3. Outlet effective velocity triangle with slip u2 2 D2
velocity
It is depicted in “Fig. 3”. It has been
studied by many researchers that Weisner’s[4] slip u 2 c 2
model gives realistic slip factor and same has been
H th1 2
u2
considered for the present work.
Friction
c
f 1 s Skin 1 2 L
u2 Friction, hf wm (10)
Musgrave 2 dh
sin 2 (4)
f 1 [9] 1 w d
z 0 .7 2 log 10 m hm 0.8
u c - c (5)
H th 2 2 s Clearance Flow
g Clearance q zsLu
cl cl
losses, (1
Augier Pcl
III.3 Hydraulic losses in the impeller u cl 0.816 1)
The fluid while passing through the [10]
impeller or diffuser flow passages encounters Qr2 c 2 r1c1
several hydraulic losses which reduces the effective Pcl
head developed by the pump. Roco et al [6] zrb
classified the hydraulic losses as local hydraulic r r
r 1 2 b
b1 b2
losses, secondary hydraulic losses and frictional 2 2
losses. The optimum hydraulic loss model has been
considered in the present study which is shown in
Table-2.
IV. Property of Homogeneous Solid Liquid
Mixture:
III.4 Diffuser Losses
It has been experimented that particles of
Hydraulic losses in the diffuser are
size below 70 µm remains suspended
calculated in the similar manner as impeller but a
homogenously in water. Viscosity of such fine
stationary frame of reference is considered.
solid liquid homogeneous mixture has been
calculated using Thoma’s [11] correlation and
mixture specific gravity as listed below.
519 | P a g e
5. Prasanta Kumar Sen, Lal Gopal Das, Biswajit Halder / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.516-522
2
v* 1
m w 1 2.5Cv 10.5Cv
2 2
(12) Frsl
ad p ( s 1) s l
2
100 c
m (13) Where, a 2 ,
C w (100 Cw ) r2
s w c'
v*
b
V. Effects Of Solids on Pump Performance 5.98 5.75 log10 2
The centrifugal pump behaves in a quite 2kimp
different manner in presence of solid particles in 0.5
the pumping fluid. Solid particles can slip from the a
carrier fluid, i.e., the particles move at a slower or a W (a, C v ) Wo (1 C v ) E
g
faster velocity than the carrier fluid or it can move
with same velocity as carrier fluid depending on The value of E is taken from E vs. Particle
the particle size, particle specific gravity and solid Reynolds Numbers curve as given by Gandhi, et al.
concentration. [12]
Roco, et al. [6] considered the additional
head losses due to presence of solid particles in the H f
1100Cw(s 1)
gd p Wo (17)
H
sl
fluid. They classified the hydraulic losses in three
classes, viz., local losses, secondary losses and f f
c2 c
frictional losses. The additional hydraulic losses
due to the presence of solid particles have been VI. Experimental Uncertainty.
estimated by correlation with three non- Table. 2 Uncertainty of the instrument
dimensional numbers namely, particle Reynolds Instruments Make % of
number, Froude number and pump specific speed. Error
It has been observed that the solid particle sizes Magnetic Flow Manas 0.75%
below 70 µm remain homogenously suspended in Meter Microsystems Pvt
the fluid and such particles are treated as fine Ltd, India
particles. Homogenous slurry of fine particles in Pressure WIKA 0.50%
which particles are evenly distributed behaves like Transmitter Instruments India
a clear continuum liquid and it can well be treated Pvt. Ltd
as Newtonian fluid with its specific gravity and Ultrasonic Solid Rhosonics 0.10%
viscosity. Coarse particles (70 to 350 µm) are Concentration Analytical BV,
unevenly distributed in the fine homogeneous meter Netherland
slurry. The analysis has been done considering
coarse particle mean size, d50 = 250 µm and that of
the fine particles are of 50 µm. The hydraulic
VII Results and Discussion
The performance test of a vertical
losses have been estimated considering two volume
submersible slurry pump has been accomplished
fraction of particles as described above. In brief,
hydraulic losses occurred in the pump flow passage with 18 % and 10 % solid concentration by volume
are caused by fine homogenous slurry fraction and and same has been done analytically. It has been
the additional losses by the coarse slurry fraction. observed that analytical performance curve
Hydraulic losses (HL) for centrifugal slurry pump matches very closely to experimental curve at the
best efficiency point (bep) ( 254 m3/ hr.) with the
are analysed as below.
accuracy of about 87% and 90% for solid
concentration by volume (C v) of 18% and 10%
HL total HL f HLsl
(14) respectively. The present experimentation has been
H Re sl
conducted from minimum to maximum flow rate
297C v ( s 1)
sf sl with clear water as well as with slurry by opening
H sf f
Ns
(15)
the discharge valve gradually. It has been observed
that the predicted and the experimental
H loc sl 10.8Cv s 1 performance curve intersect at some flow rate
(16)
H loc f Frsl towards the left of the best efficiency point and
these curves closely match in the region from bep
w(a, cv )d p to intersection point. As the pump flow reduces
Re sl from bep operating conditions or in other words the
flow velocity reduces, hydraulic head losses as well
as the additional head losses due to solid particles
520 | P a g e
6. Prasanta Kumar Sen, Lal Gopal Das, Biswajit Halder / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.516-522
decreases although the pump fluid flow remains in
the turbulent region (Re ~ 6 x 105 ) with least
friction factor. So, in the region from bep to
intersection point, predicted performance curves
closely match with the experimental curves. It is
indicated in Fig.2 and Fig.3. It is also found that
from intersection point to the end of the curve,
head of the predicted performance curve is higher
than the experimental curve for slurry application.
The predicted heads are 24% and 15% higher than
the experimental heads at the flow rate of 300 m3/
hr. for Cv of 18% and 10% respectively. The
excessive additional head losses due to the
presence of coarse solid particles at high flow
Fig. 3. Performance Curve (18% solid Conc.)
region may cause this deviation, which could not
be captured accurately in the presented analytical I: Experimented with clear water
technique.
A drooping (stall) performance II: Predicted with clear water
characteristics in both the experimental and the III: Predicted with seabed sand slurry
predicted performance curves have also been (Conc. 10% by volume)
observed at an operating point in the reduced flow IV :Tested with seabed sand slurry
region. It happens due to steep divergence in blade (Conc. 10% by volume)
to blade flow passages. Fluid moves against the
positive pressure gradient which thickens the
boundary layer and finally it separates from the
impeller wall surfaces. Eddy formation takes place
in the separated region which causes huge
hydraulic losses and it is further deteriorated due to
presence of solid particles. The pump again tries to
develop higher head to match with the discharge
pressure which further increases hydraulic losses.
As a result, the head developed by the pump again
falls and the pump operation at this flow rate is
unstable.
These unsteady flow fluctuation
propagates throughout the impeller and diffuser
flow passages and the pump experiences stall. Fig. 4. Performance Curve (10% solid Conc.)
Pump performance at this low flow region is also .
found to deteriorate further with the increase of VIII. Conclusion
solid concentration, i.e., it is more prominent when Analysis of performance characteristics of
the pump handles slurry of solid concentration by centrifugal slurry pumps considering the volume
volume 18% than that of 10%. The dotted lines in fractions of solid particle depending on particle size
Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show the expected performance and particle distribution gives improved results
curves at reduced flow rate while the experimental than considering a mean particle size. The
curves deviate from it. presented method gives reasonably accurate results
around the best efficiency point. However, further
research, in-depth study and experimentation is
I: Experimented with clear water really needed for performance analysis of
II: Predicted with clear water centrifugal slurry pump when it handles highly
III: Predicted with seabed sand slurry coarse slurry with varied particle size.
(Conc. 18% by volume)
Acknowledgement
IV :Tested with seabed sand slurry The work has been conduced in network
(Conc. 18% by volume) project of Capacity Building of Coastal Placer
Mining led by Council of Scientific & Industrial
Research, New Delhi, India. Authors are duly
acknowledged to the Director, CSIR–Central
Mechanical Engineering Research Institute,
Durgapur, India for his kind support and permitting
to publish this paper.
521 | P a g e
7. Prasanta Kumar Sen, Lal Gopal Das, Biswajit Halder / International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.516-522
Nomenclature [3] M.C. Roco, M. Marsh, G.R. Addie, and
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Cw concentration of solids in the slurry by weight(%) (1967) 558—576
Power, 89
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D impeller diameter (m) Conference and the 22nd ASME Annual
Df diffusion factor Fluids Engineering Conference on
Fr Froude number Performance Prediction of Centrifugal
s clearance gap width (m) Pumps and Compressors, New Orleans,
ρ specific gravity Louisiana (1980) 135–147.
v* friction velocity (m/s)
[6] J. P. Johnston and Jr, R. C.Dean, Losses in
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local acceleration (a) and solid concentration(Cv) [7] S. Mizuki, I. Ariga and I. Watanabe,
z no of vanes Prediction of jet and wake flow within
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u impeller peripheral speed (m/s) Proceedings of the 25th ASME Annual
hinc incidence head losses (m) International Gas Turbine Conference
hmix mixing head losses (m) and the 22nd ASME Annual Fluids
hbl blade loading losses (m) Engineering Conference on Performance
hf frictional head loss (m) Prediction of Centrifugal Pumps and
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Compressors, New Orleans,
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Ns pump specific speed (SI) centrifugal compressor design geometry
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Q pump flow rate (m3/s) speed, NASA Technical Note T.N.-
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εwake width of wake (dimension less) International Gas Turbine Conference
ν kinematic viscosity (m2/s) and the 22nd ASME Annual Fluids
Subscripts Engineering Conference on Performance
1 impeller inlet f fluid, fine slurry Prediction of Centrifugal Pumps and
2 impeller outlet s slip, solid Compressors, New Orleans, Louisiana
Ө sl slurry tangential (1980) 185–189.
cl sf secondary flowclearance [10] R. H. Augier, Mean Streamline
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