Biodiversity loss and species extinction can occur through natural causes or human disruption of the environment. Natural causes include evolution, asteroid impacts, volcanic eruptions, and plate tectonics, which can destroy habitats. Human disruption involves activities like habitat destruction, climate change, overhunting, pollution, and warfare, which have accelerated species extinction, especially in the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs as human populations and impacts expanded. Conservation efforts aim to protect vulnerable and endangered species from extinction.