Case study ece on household appliances with latest technology

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INTRODUCTION
Household appliances is also know as domestic appliances it is used for cleaning, cooking
and food preservation They are divided into the three classifications: small appliances, major
appliances, or white goods, and consumer electronics, or brown goods in the United
Kingdom.
The division is also recognized in the maintenance and repair of these types of products.
Brown goods typically require high technical knowledge and skills (which get more complex
with time, such as going from a soldering iron to a hot-air soldering station), while white
goods may need more practical skills and force to manipulate the devices and heavy tools
required to repair them.
In simple word we say that , the domestic application attached to home appliance instrument
or device designed for a particular use or function. More specifically, Collins English
Dictionary defines home appliance as: devices or machines, usually electrical, that are in your
home and which you use to do jobs such as cleaning or cooking. The broad usage, afforded to
the definition allows for nearly any device intended for domestic use to be a home appliance,
including consumer electronics as well as stoves, refrigerators, toasters and air conditioners.
Now here the origin of domestic appliances development of these appliances is tied to the
disappearance of full-time domestic servants and the desire to reduce the time-consuming
activities in pursuit of more recreational time. In the early 1900s, electric and gas appliances
included washing machines, water heaters, refrigerators , kettles and sewing heaters. The
invention of Earl Richardson's small electric clothes iron in 1903 gave a small initial boost to
the home appliance industry. In the Post–World War II economic expansion, the domestic
use of dishwashers, and clothes dryers were part of a shift for convenience.
Increasing discretionary income was reflected by a rise in miscellaneous home appliances.
In America during the 1980s, the industry shipped $1.5 billion worth of goods each year and
employed over 14,000 workers, with revenues doubling between 1982 and 1990 to $3.3
billion. Throughout this period companies merged and acquired one another to reduce
research and production costs and eliminate competitors, resulting in antitrust legislation.
The United States Department of Energy reviews compliance with the National Appliance
Energy Conservation Act of 1987, which required manufacturers to reduce the energy
consumption of the appliances by 25% every five years.
In the 1990s, the appliance industry was very consolidated, with over 90% of the products
being sold by just five companies. For example, in 1991, dishwasher manufacturing market
share was split between General Electric with 40% market share, Whirlpool with 31% market
share, Electrolux with 20% market share, Maytag with 7% market share.
TYPES OF APPLIANCES
There are two types of appliances:
1.Major Appliances:
Major appliances, also known as white goods, comprise major household appliances and may
include: air conditioners, dishwashers, clothes dryers,
dryingcabinets, freezers, refrigerators, kitchen stoves, water heaters, washing machines, trash

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compactors, microwave ovens, and induction cookers. White goods were typically painted
or enameled white, and many of them still are.
2.Small Appliances:
Small appliances are typically small household electrical machines, also very useful and
easily carried and installed. Yet another category is used in the kitchen,
including: juicers, electric mixers, meat grinders, coffee grinders, deep fryers, herb
grinders, food processors, electric kettles, waffle irons, coffee makers, blenders and dough
blenders, rice cookers, toasters and exhaust hoods.
Entertainment and information appliances such as: home electronics, radio receivers, TV
sets, CD, VCRs and DVD players, digital cameras, camcorders, still cameras, clocks, alarm
clocks, computers, video game consoles, HiFi and home cinema, telephones and answering
machines are classified as "brown goods". Some such appliances were traditionally finished
with genuine or imitation wood, hence the name. This has become rare but the name has
stuck, even for goods that are unlikely ever to have had a wooden case.
Now we talk about major home appliances and its technology and uses:
1. AIR-CONDITIONER:
Air conditioners often use a fan to distribute the conditioned air to an occupied space such
as a building or a car to improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Electric
refrigerant-based AC units range from small units that can cool a small bedroom, which
can be carried by a single adult, to massive units installed on the roof of office towers that
can cool an entire building. The cooling is typically achieved through,
sometimes evaporation or free cooling is used. Air conditioning systems can also be made
based on desiccants (chemicals which remove moisture from the air). Some AC
systems reject or store heat in subterranean pipes.
In the most general sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of technology that
modifies the condition of air (heating, (de-) humidification, cooling, cleaning, ventilation,
or air movement). In common usage, though, "air conditioning" refers to systems which
cool air. In construction, a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is
referred to as HVAC. In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor
at Cambridge University, conducted an experiment to explore the principle of evaporation
as a means to rapidly cool an object. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that evaporation of
highly volatile liquids (such as alcohol and ether) could be used to drive down the
temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They conducted their
experiment with the bulb of a mercury thermometer as their object and with a bellows
used to speed up the evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb
down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted
that, soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice
formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm
(1⁄4 in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin
concluded: "From this experiment one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death
on a warm summer's day."

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Air-conditioner with Latest technology
 Ubiquitous Sensor Network for Smart Cooling
 App Control of ACs using the Smartphone
 4D Airflow with Wider Angle and Larger Fan
 Humidity Control using Auto Humid Control and Dry Mode
 Auto Clean with iClean, Blow Clean and iCleanser
 Copper Condenser and Anti-Corrosive Hydrophilic Blue Fin
CONCLUSION:
Taking the advantage of the latest research and discoveries, modern ACs come with
the state-of-art technologies and components to deliver comfort cooling. Japanese and
Korean brands like Hitachi, Daikin and LG are the vanguard of AC technologies and
have done away with obsolete and environmentally unfriendly technologies.
Like LG have stopped producing non-inverter ACs, Daikin has ceased from using
R22 refrigerant and Hitachi don’t use aluminum condenser .
2. Washing Machine :
A washing machine (laundry machine, clothes washer, or washer) is a home appliance used
to wash laundry. The term is mostly applied to machines that use water as opposed to dry
cleaning (which uses alternative cleaning fluids, and is performed by specialist businesses)
or ultrasonic cleaners. The user adds laundry detergent, which is sold in liquid or powder
form, to the wash water. Laundering by hand involves soaking, beating, scrubbing, and
rinsing dirty textiles. Before indoor plumbing, the maids washerwoman (laundress)
or housewife also had to carry all the water used for washing, boiling, and rinsing the

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laundry; according to an 1886 calculation, women fetched water eight to ten times every day
from a pump, well, or spring.[1] Water for the laundry would be hand carried, heated on a fire
for washing, then poured into the tub. That made the warm soapy water precious; it would be
reused, first to wash the least soiled clothing, then to wash progressively dirtier laundry.
Removal of soap and water from the clothing after washing was a separate process. First,
soap would be rinsed out with clear water. After rinsing, the soaking wet clothing would be
formed into a roll and twisted by hand to extract water. The entire process often occupied an
entire day of hard work, plus drying and ironing.
It is also often used in washbasins. Clothes washer technology developed as a way to reduce
the manual labor spent, providing an open basin or sealed container with paddles or fingers to
automatically agitate the clothing. The earliest machines were hand-operated and constructed
from wood, while later machines made of metal permitted a fire to burn below the washtub,
keeping the water warm throughout the day's washing.
There are mechanical washing machines dating from the 17th century.
LATEST TECHNOLOGY:
 Double up your Load with TwinWash and Flexwash
 Cleaning with Bubbles using EcoBubble and O2 wash
 6 Motion DD and WaveMotion to Achieve Gamut of Cleaning Styles
 Improved Drum Technology
 SuperSoak and BubbleSoak to Soak it Better
 Quieter Washers with VRT+ and AntiVibration Technology
 Battling the Hard Problem of Hard Water
 Auto Dispenser to Solve Dilemma of Correct Detergent Quantity
 Digital Inverter and Direct Drive to Increase Efficiency
 Smart Control using Apps and Sensors
Electric Fan:
A ceiling fan is a mechanical fan mounted on the ceiling of a room or space,
usually electrically powered, suspended from the ceiling of a room, that uses hub-
mounted rotating blades to circulate air. Ceiling fans typically rotate more slowly than other
types of circulating fans, such as electric desk fans. They cool people effectively by
introducing slow movement into the otherwise still, hot air of a room. Fans never actually
cool air, unlike air-conditioning equipment, they in fact heat the air due to the waste heat

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from the motor and friction, but use significantly less power (cooling air
is thermodynamically expensive). Conversely, a ceiling fan can also be used to reduce
the stratification of warm air in a room by forcing it down to affect both occupants' sensations
and thermostat readings, thereby improving climate control energy efficiency . Due to this
renewed commercial success using ceiling fans effectively as an energy conservation
application, many American manufacturers also started to produce, or significantly increase
production of, ceiling fans. In addition to the imported Encon ceiling fans, the Casablanca
Fan Company was founded in 1974. Other American manufacturers of the time included the
Hunter Fan Co and Emerson Electric; which was often branded as Sears-Roebuck. Some
ceiling fans, mostly Hunter ones made in or before 1984, are mechanically reversible (have
adjustable blade pitch) instead of an electrically reversible motor. In this case, the blade
should be pitched to the right (or left if the motor spins clockwise) for downdraft, and left (or
right if the motor spins clockwise) for updraft. Hunter Hotel Original is one example. In very
rare case, such as late 1984 Hunter Original, fans are both mechanically reversible and
electrically reversible, in which case it can blow air up, or down, in either direction. Some
ceiling fans can only blow air in one direction and are not reversible in any way, more often
downdraft only, but rarely updraft only. It's the case on most antique fans, and most industrial
fans. For heating, ceiling fans should usually be set to turn the opposite direction (usually
clockwise; the blades should spin with the downward turned side leading) and on a low speed
(or the lowest speed the fan is able to circulate the air down to the floor). Air naturally
stratifies—that is, warmer air rises to the ceiling while cooler air sinks. Unfortunately, this
means it is colder on or near the floor where human beings spend most of their time. A
ceiling fan, with its direction of rotation set so that air is drawn upward, pulls up the colder
air below, forcing the warmer air nearer the ceiling to move down to take its place, without
blowing a stream of air directly at the occupants of the room. This action works to even out
the temperature in the room, making it cooler nearer the ceiling, but warmer nearer the floor.
Thus the thermostat in the area can be set a few degrees lower to save energy, while
maintaining the same level of comfort. It is important to run the fan at a low speed (or a
lowest speed the fan is able to circulate the air down to the floor) to minimize the wind chill
effect described above. However if the ceiling is high enough, or the lowest speed downdraft
would not create wind chill effect, it can be left on downdraft year around.
An additional use of ceiling fans is coupling them with an air conditioning unit. Through-the-
wall/through-the-window air conditioning units typically found in rented properties in North
America usually have both the tasks of cooling the air inside the room and circulating it.
Provided the ceiling fan is properly sized for the room in which it is operating, its efficiency
of moving air far exceeds that of an air conditioning unit, therefore, for peak efficiency, the
air conditioner should be set to a low fan setting and the ceiling fan should be used to
circulate the air.
 PARTS OF CELLING FAN:
1.Blade : The blades of the fans are the most common part of the ceiling fan. The blades are
that part of the fan which is noticed at a glance while looking at the ceiling fan. Since these
blades can wear down and sometimes even break.
Therefore these blades can be changed easily. If the ceiling fan that you have is not that
common and you are not able to find the right match for your ceiling fan, there is nothing to
worry.

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The blades that are not even a perfect match for your ceiling fan can be drilled into it. You
can also buy a replacement kit that is specific to the blades only. Similarly the blade arms can
also be acquired from the generic sets easily available in the market.
There are also different types of blades available in the market from which you can choose
from according to your liking. Some common examples of these blades are dust repellent
blades and the non rusting ones.
2.Capacitor: Arguably the most important part of the ceiling fan is a capacitor. As we all
know that the core purpose of the ceiling fan is to disperse the breeze all around the room or
anywhere that it is installed. The job of the capacitor is to maintain the speed of the ceiling
fan and also its movement.
Hence if the capacitor is is not in proper working condition your ceiling fan will surely not
work properly. There is a huge variety of capacitors available in the market from which you
can choose the one that best suits your requirements
3.Pullchain switches : This is another part of the fan which is really important and at the
same time the most frequently used one as well. This is the reason why more attention should
be given towards the maintenance of the pullchain switches. They need repairing more
frequently than most of the other parts of the ceiling fan because of their frequent use.
 While buying these pullchain switches there are a couple of things that one should
keep in mind that is the right combination of wires and the pullchain switch that you
are buying should match the fan speeds.
1.Mounting Bracket : The part without which you can never use a ceiling fan is the mounting
bracket. The ceiling fan is attached to the ceiling with the help of this mounting bracket.
Therefore the mounting brackets are the part of the ceiling fan which is the most essential
because without the mounting brackets you can never even imagine having a ceiling fan.
 It is highly unlikely for the mounting brackets to be damaged or need repairs,
although it may happen due to renovation or seepage. The mounting brackets should
properly be installed at the time of the ceiling fan installation because if the bracket is
not installed properly there is always the danger of the fan to fall down.

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 BULB:
Early people used candles and oil lamps for light. Crude incandescent lights were
made in the early and middle 19th century but had little use. Improved vacuum pumps
and better materials made them shine longer and brighter late in the century.
Electric power stations brought electricity to urban and later rural areas to power
them. [2] Later gas discharge lights, including fluorescent lights, use less electricity to
make more light.
 Incandescent
 The incandescent light bulb turns electricity into light by sending the electric current
through a thin wire called a filament. Electrical filaments are made up mostly
of tungsten metal. The resistance of the filament heats the bulb up. Eventually the
filament gets so hot that it glows, producing light.[3]
 The filament needs to be protected from oxygen in the air, so it is inside the bulb, and
the air in the bulb is either removed (a vacuum) or more often, replaced with a gas
that doesn't affect anything, like neon or argon. Only about 3% of the energy that goes
into an incandescent light bulb actually makes light, the rest makes heat. That's one of
the reasons LED's are more efficient.
This is the type of light bulb that Thomas Edison spent so much time on in the 1870s. It was
the first light bulb that could be used in houses - it did not cost too much, and it worked well.
For the first time, people did not have to burn something (candles, oil lamps, kerosene lamps,
etc.) to make light. It was bright enough that people could read easily at night or do work. It

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was used to light stores and streets, and people could travel around after dark. This started the
common use of electricity in homes and businesses. Tungsten filaments, developed in the
1900s, last longer and make a brighter light. They quickly replaced carbon ones.
Early vacuum tube devices were incandescent bulbs made to operate at lower temperatures,
with added electronic parts.
 Fluorescent light bulb
 Fluorescent lamps are efficient, and only give off ¼ the amount of heat of an
incandescent. They also last longer than incandescent but until the late 20th century
were much bigger and did not fit into sockets for small overhead lights and lamps like
an incandescent could.
 A fluorescent bulb is a glass tube usually filled with argon gas and a little bit
of mercury. When turned on, the cathode heats up and sends out electrons. These hit
the argon gas and the mercury. The argon gas makes a plasma which lets the electrons
move around better. When the electrons hit a mercury atom it puts the molecule into a
state where it has a lot of energy (stores the energy). The energetic state doesn't last
very long, and when the energy is released, it lets out a photon. Photons from mercury
are not visible like some other photons; they are ultraviolet. So there's
a phosphor coating on the wall of the bulb. When the photon hits a phosphor
molecule, it in turn puts that molecule into an excited state. When this phosphor
releases energy, it lets out a photon that we can see, and light is made. Changing the
type of phosphor can change the color we see, but usually fluorescent light bulbs are

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whiter than incandescent light bulbs, which are slightly yellow.
 LED
An LED is made like electronics. It's a chip of semiconducting material. LED bulbs are more
efficient and last much longer than either incandescent or fluorescent bulbs. Unlike
fluorescent bulbs, LEDs do not use mercury, which is toxic. For several years LED bulbs
were not as bright as the other kinds of lights, and cost more too.
 TOASTER:
In earlier days, the completion of the toasting operation was determined by a mechanical
clockwork timer; the user could adjust the running time of the timer to determine the degree
of toasting, but the first cycle produced less toasted toast than subsequent cycles because the
toaster was not yet warmed up. Toasters made since the 1930s frequently use a thermal
sensor, such as a bimetallic strip, located close to the toast. This allows the first cycle to run
longer than subsequent cycles. The thermal device is also slightly responsive to the actual
temperature of the toast itself. Like the timer, it can be adjusted by the user to determine the
doneness of the toast. Toasters may also be used to toast other foods such as teacakes, toaster
pastry, potato waffles and crumpets, though resultant accumulation of fat and sugar inside the
toaster can contribute to its eventual failure.
Among pop-up toasters, those toasting two slices of bread are more purchased than those
which can toast four. Pop-up toasters can have a range of appearances beyond just a square
box, and may have an exterior finish of chrome, copper, brushed metal, or any color
plastic. The marketing and price of toasters may not be an indication of quality for producing

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good toast. A typical modern two-slice pop-up toaster can draw from 600 to 1200 watts.
Beyond the basic toasting function, some pop-up toasters offer additional features such as:
 One-sided toasting, which some people prefer when toasting bagels
 The ability to power the heat elements in only one of the toaster's several slots
 Slots of various depth, length, and width to accommodate a variety of bread types
 Provisions to allow the bread to be lifted higher than the normal raised position, so toast
that has shifted during the toasting process can safely and easily be removed.
 VACCUM CLEANER:
The dirt is collected by either a dustbag or a cyclone for later disposal. Vacuum cleaners,
which are used in homes as well as in industry, exist in a variety of sizes and models—small
battery-powered hand-held devices, wheeled canister models for home use, domestic central
vacuum cleaners, huge stationary industrial appliances that can handle several hundred litres
of dust before being emptied, and self-propelled vacuum trucks for recovery of large spills or
removal of contaminated soil. Specialized shop vacuums can be used to suck up both dust
and liquids. The end of the 19th century saw the introduction of powered cleaners, although
early types used some variation of blowing air to clean instead of suction. One appeared in
1898 when John S. Thurman of St. Louis, Missouri submitted a patent (U.S. No. 634,042) for
a "pneumatic carpet renovator" which blew dust into a receptacle. Thurman's system,
powered by an internal combustion engine, traveled to the customers residence on a horse-
drawn wagon as part of a door to door cleaning service. Corrine Dufour of Savannah,
Georgia received two patents in 1899 and 1900 for another blown air system that seems to
have featured the first use of an electric motor.
In 1901 powered vacuum cleaners using suction were invented independently by British
engineer Hubert Cecil Booth and American inventor David T. Kenney. Booth also may have
coined the word "vacuum cleaner". Booth's horse drawn combustion engine powered
"Puffing Billy", maybe derived from Thurman's blown air design," relied upon just suction
with air pumped through a cloth filter and was offered as part of his cleaning services.

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Kenney's was a stationary 4,000 lb. steam engine powered system with pipes and hoses
reaching into all parts of the building.
Upright vacuum cleaners are popular in the United States, Britain and numerous
Commonwealth countries, but unusual in some Continental European countrie. They take the
form of a cleaning head, onto which a handle and bag are attached. Upright designs generally
employ a rotating brushroll or beater bar, which removes dirt through a combination of
sweeping and vibration. There are two types of upright vacuums; dirty-air/direct fan (found
mostly on commercial vacuums), or clean-air/fan-bypass (found on most of today's domestic
vacuums).
 The older of the two designs, direct-fan cleaners have a large impeller (fan) mounted
close to the suction opening, through which the dirt passes directly, before being
blown into a bag. The motor is often cooled by a separate cooling fan. Because of
their large-bladed fans, and comparatively short airpaths, direct-fan cleaners create a
very efficient airflow from a low amount of power, and make effective carpet
cleaners. Their "above-floor" cleaning power is less efficient, since the airflow is lost
when it passes through a long hose, and the fan has been optimized for airflow
volume and not suction.
 Fan-bypass uprights have their motor mounted after the filter bag. Dust is removed
from the airstream by the bag, and usually a filter, before it passes through the fan.
The fans are smaller, and are usually a combination of several moving and stationary
turbines working in sequence to boost power. The motor is cooled by the airstream
passing through it. Fan-bypass vacuums are good for both carpet and above-floor
cleaning, since their suction does not significantly diminish over the distance of a
hose, as it does in direct-fan cleaners. However, their air-paths are much less efficient,
and can require more than twice as much power as direct-fan cleaners to achieve the
same results.
 The most common upright vacuum cleaners use a drive-belt powered by the suction
motor to rotate the brush-roll. However, a more common design of dual motor upright
is available. In these cleaners, the suction is provided via a large motor, while the

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brushroll is powered by a separate, smaller motor, which does not create any suction.
The brush-roll motor can sometimes be switched off, so hard floors can be cleaned
without the brush-roll scattering the dirt. It may also have an automatic cut-off feature
which shuts the motor off if the brush-roll becomes jammed, protecting it from
damage.
RICE COOKER
A basic rice cooker has a main body (pot), an inner cooking container which the rice is in
contact with, an electric heating element, and a thermostat.
The bowl is filled with rice and water and heated at full power; the water reaches and stays
at boiling point (100 °C, 212 °F). When the water has all been absorbed, the temperature can
rise above boiling point, which trips the thermostat. Some cookers switch to low-power
"warming" mode, keeping the rice at a safe temperature of approximately 65 °C (150 °F);
simpler models switch off; the rice has entered the resting phase.
More advanced cookers may use fuzzy logic for more detailed temperature
control, induction rather than resistive heating, a steaming tray for other foods, and even the
ability to rinse the rice. Automatic rice cookers may be either gas or electrical appliances.
Most dedicated home rice cookers are of the electric type. In commercial or industrial use,
there are many varieties, such as large gas or electric rice cookers, a large-scale rice cooker
that is called a "rice boiler", and fully automatic versions which handle the whole process of
rice cooking from washing rice to the end of the cooking cycle.
Many modern cookers have a heat-insulating casing and a warming mechanism. When the
rice is determined to be fully cooked, the unit will automatically switch to the "keep warm"
cycle, thus preventing the rice from being overcooked and keeping the rice warm until it is

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ready to be served. The degree of insulation provided by the casing can also be used to keep
cold solids cold.

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REFERENCES
 www.google.com
 www.quora.com
 https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wiki
media.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F7%2F76%2FCeiling_fan_wit
h_lamp.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2F
wiki%2FFile%3ACeiling_fan_with_lamp.jpg&docid=Aog7DjjZ74Hv3M
&tbnid=8I2J_ca3_eFDJM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwj8w96WrJXlAhWk73M
BHV2fDbYQMwhZKAkwCQ..i&w=4128&h=2294&bih=706&biw=153
6&q=wikipedia%20in%20ceiling%20fan&ved=0ahUKEwj8w96WrJXlA
hWk73MBHV2fDbYQMwhZKAkwCQ&iact=mrc&uact=8
 www.bijlibachao.com
 www.ndv.com
 www.djnjj.com
 All image are from google image

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