Dr.Shukri and Dr.Ahmad Eid collaberated together to teach us how to tackle difficult cases and how to deal with a typical presentation to psychiatry symptoms
An interactive case presentation during the monthly meeting of Early-career psychiatrists in Jeddah, SA. Basically, a case managed and supervised clinically by Dr Shokry Alemam, MD
An interactive case presentation during the monthly meeting of Early-career psychiatrists in Jeddah, SA. Basically, a case managed and supervised clinically by Dr Shokry Alemam, MD
Fostering and Assessing Creativity and Critical Thinking in Education by Andy...EduSkills OECD
This presentation was given by Andy Penaluna of the University of Wales and of the Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce at the project meeting “Fostering and assessing students' creativity and critical thinking in higher education” on 20 June 2016 in Paris, France.
Metyrosine in Adolescent Psychosis Associated with 22q11.2 Deletion SyndromeCarlo Carandang
"Metyrosine in Adolescent Psychosis Associated with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome,"
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; June 7, 2006
Dalhousie University, Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Conference
*Learn clinical features of velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS)
*Learn association of psychosis with VCFS
*Learn genetic and biochemical abnormalities leading to psychosis in VCFS
*Discuss case report of metyrosine in psychosis associated with VCFS
*What can we learn from the association between VCFS and schizophrenia to design candidate gene studies for polygenic syndromes?
Maintenance Electroconvulsive Therapy Augmentation on Clozapine-Resistant Psy...Zahiruddin Othman
Case Report: Maintenance electroconvulsive therapy augmentation on clozapine-resistant psychosis with neurosyphilis is effective and safe but has never been reported in the literature to the authors' knowledge. It is hoped that this case report would contribute to the scarce literature on this augmentation strategy
Multiple sclerosis case scenario study basedtasbeehalibra
Case scenario of multiple sclerosis . Disease modification drugs. Ljermitte sign. Cerebellar sign. Uthoff phenomenon . Parkinsonism neurology neurosurgery. Cerebellar signs diseasSymptoms of MS vary from person to person and depend on the location and severity of nerve fibre damage. These often include vision problems, tiredness, trouble walking and keeping balance, and numbness or weakness in the arms and legs. Symptoms can come and go or last for a long time.
The causes of MS are not known but a family history of the disease may increase the risk.
While there is no cure for MS, treatment can reduce symptoms, prevent further relapses and improve quality of life.Disease course
Most people with MS have a relapsing-remitting disease course. They experience periods of new symptoms or relapses that develop over days or weeks and usually improve partially or completely. These relapses are followed by quiet periods of disease remission that can last months or even years.
Small increases in body temperature can temporarily worsen signs and symptoms of MS. These aren't considered true disease relapses but pseudorelapses.
At least 20% to 40% of those with relapsing-remitting MS can eventually develop a steady progression of symptoms, with or without periods of remission, within 10 to 20 years from disease onset. This is known as secondary-progressive MS.
The worsening of symptoms usuallyCauses
The cause of multiple sclerosis is unknown. It's considered an immune mediated disease in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues. In the case of MS, this immune system malfunction destroys the fatty substance that coats and protects nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord (myelin).
Myelin can be compared to the insulation coating on electrical wires. When the protective myelin is damaged and the nerve fiber is exposed, the messages that travel along that nerve fiber may be slowed or blocked.
It isn't clear why MS develops in some people and not others. A combination of genetics and environmental factors appears to be responsible.
Risk factors
These factors may increase your risk of developing multiple sclerosis:
Age. MS can occur at any age, but onset usually occurs around 20 and 40 years of age. However, younger and older people can be affected.
Sex. Women are more than 2 to 3 times as likely as men are to have relapsing-remitting MS.
Family history. If one of your parents or siblings has had MS, you are at higher risk of developing the disease.
Certain infections. A variety of viruses have been linked to MS, including Epstein-Barr, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis.
Race. White people, particularly those of Northern European descent, are at highest risk of developing MS. People of Asian, African or Native American descent have the lowest risk. A recent study suggests that the number of Black and Hispanic young adults with multiple sclerosis may be greater than previously thought.
Climate. MS is far more common in countries wit
This is a case presentation of a cancer patient having major depression disorder with discussion about the management and the effects of chemotherapy and cancer on depression and clinical picture
SSPE, dr. amit vatkar, pediatric neurologistDr Amit Vatkar
Subacute sclerosing pan encephalitis (SSPE) also known as Dawson Disease, Dawson encephalitis, and measles encephalitis is a rare and chronic form of progressive brain inflammation caused by a persistent infection with measles virus.
In this presentaion i will a case a sspe and give u some information regarding daignosis and treatment
Case An elderly widow who just lost her spouse. Subjective.docxcowinhelen
Case: An elderly widow who just lost her spouse.
Subjective: A patient presents to your primary care office today with chief complaint of insomnia. Patient is 75 YO with PMH of DM, HTN, and MDD. Her husband of 41 years passed away 10 months ago. Since then, she states her depression has gotten worse as well as her sleep habits. The patient has no previous history of depression prior to her husband’s death. She is awake, alert, and oriented x3. Patient normally sees PCP once or twice a year. Patient denies any suicidal ideations. Patient arrived at the office today by private vehicle. Patient currently takes the following medications:
• Metformin 500mg BID
• Januvia 100mg daily
• Losartan 100mg daily
• HCTZ 25mg daily
• Sertraline 100mg daily
Current weight: 88 kg
Current height: 64 inches
Temp: 98.6 degrees F
BP: 132/86
Insomnia is a disorder linked with difficulty in sleep quality, initiating or maintaining sleep, along with substantial distress and impairments of daytime functioning. Its prevalence ranges from 10 to 15% among the general population, with higher rates seen among females, divorced or separated individuals, those with loss of loved ones, and older people (Bollu & Kaur, 2019). Insomnia can simply be defined as a sleep disorder where the patient has trouble falling asleep or staying asleep. According to Krystal et al (2019), it is a common condition that is linked with noticeable deterioration in function and quality of life, mental and physical morbidity. The complaints of insomnia are present in 60–90% of patients with major depression, Complaints of disrupted sleep are very common in patients suffering from depression, (Wichniak, etal., 2017).
Questions you might ask the patient and rationale
The diagnosis and treatment of insomnia rely mainly on a thorough sleep history to address the precipitating factors as well as maladaptive behaviors resulting in poor sleep (Bollu & Kaur, 2019).
What is your sleep pattern including how many hours of sleep do you get at night prior to your husband’s demise and what it has been in the 10 months since his death? Does she perform certain rituals or do something special before she sleeps. This assesses if the insomnia started before or after the husband’s death. This provides a clue to insomnia that may be related to bereavement.
What time do you go to bed every night and what is your normal routine before going to bed? This is to check if the patient is doing something differently which has disrupted her normal routine and caused insomnia.
How often do you wake up to urinate at night? This question is asked to assess for nocturia due to diabetes that may lead to insomnia. Nocturia can prevent the patient from having a good night’s sleep. , changes in blood glucose levels at night causesto hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic episodes, nocturia and associated .
Right Temporal Lobe Meningioma presenting as postpartum depression: A case re...Apollo Hospitals
Meningiomas are tumors which arise from arachnoid cells and can occur both in the brain and spinal cord. Meningiomas can present with psychiatric symptoms (such as depression, anxiety disorders, or personality changes) in the absence of any neurologic signs or symptoms.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. Ms S is a 32 year old female patient, single,
unemployed, educated till 3rd
year of
secondary school.
Presented for the first time to my clinic 2 years
ago by:
Hearing voices threatening her, thinking that
her maid will hurt her and watches her (as
voices tell her), disturbed sleep in the form of
difficulty to fall asleep, and frequent wakening
up.
3. Her sister reported that Ms S had many
bouts of agitation, social withdrawal, with
inappropriate behaviors, neglected self
hygiene, and bouts of disorientation to
time, and place.
4. All these symptoms started 17 years ago by
insidious onset, and progressive course, with
no specific precipitating or relieving factors.
She sought medical advice 17 years ago and
was diagnosed as schizoaffective, and in
another hospital as schizophrenia and her last
medications before presenting to our clinic
were, Prozac 20 mg, Risperdal consta 50 mg
IM every 2 weeks, Topamax 100 mg daily,
lamictal 100 mg BID.
5. • No past medical history.
• Positive family history as her cousin
(maternal) has similar presentation.
• Premorbid personality, she was introverted,
socially retarded, and poor school
performance.
6. By examination, Ms S was obese, with
psychomotor slowing, staring look, poor
concentration, coherent speech of decreased
volume and pressure, euthymic mood and
blunt affect, concrete thinking with poverty of
thoughts, delusion of reference and
persecution, poor insight and judgment, no
suicidal thoughts, plans or intent.
7. What is your provisional
diagnosis?
A)Schizophrenia.
B)Bipolar disorder.
C)Schizophreniform.
D)Psychotic disorder,
unspecified.
E)Non of the above.
8. She was diagnosed as schizophrenia
The plan was to continue on
Risperidone LAI 50 mg/ 2 weeks
Fluoxetine 20 mg
Topiramate 100 mg
Start risperidone 3 mg PO nocturnal
But
The next visit after 2 months, the patient reported
that she developed galactorrhea with no
improvement of her symptoms, so the plan was to
D/C risperidone tablets and start quetiapine 200 mg
and abilify 10 mg
9. “The difference between a good
neuropsychiatrist and a mediocre
one is a good history”
(David, 2009)
10. PSYCHOSIS: key concepts
• Psychosis / Psychotic ds
• Organic (Symptomatic) Vs Functional
(Nonorganic)
• Primary (Idiopathic) Vs Secondary
• Independent vs Comorbid
• Meaningful connections
Sachdev PS & Keshavan MS (2010). Secondary Schizophrenia, 1St Ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Oyebode F (2015). Sims' symptoms in the mind: Textbook of descriptive psychopathology, 5th ed. Saunders Elsevier
ICD 10 (1992)
DSM 5 (2013)
12. Liddle et al 1987
Cowen P et al (2012). Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 6th ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
13. After 4 months the patient still the same
regarding delusions and hallucinations with
severe irritability, and started to complain
of dry mouth, abdominal pain, and poor
appetite.
So, what is your next plan of
management?
A)Continue the same medications.
B)Discontinue some medications.
C)Adjustment of doses.
D)Add on new medications.
14. The plan was to D/C topiramate and
fluoxetine and start haloperidol 5 mg BID
and benztropine 2 mg BID
RFT, HbA1c were done and were normal
15. After 4 months no improvement, and the
patient still complaining of dry mouth,
abdominal pain, and developed hirsutism
and skin pigmentation in her back, legs,
and arms, smelling bad odor and stopped
haloperidol by herself,
so we started olanzapine 15 mg nocte, and
trifluperazine 5 mg BID
16. •All the endocrine profile was investigated with
RFT, LFT, CBC, glucose profile, and
electrolyte profile, and all the results were
normal.
•The final medications she was on were
Aripiprazole 30 mg, Risperidone LAI 50 mg/ 2
weeks, Olanzapine 15 mg, Metformin 500
BID, Benztropine 1 mg BID, and
Trifluperazine 5 mg BID
And the patient showed no
17. Mind-Body dualism ?!
Sharpe M & Walker J: Ch 5.1 Mind-body dualism, psychiatry, and medicine. In: Gelder MG et al (2009). New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry,
2nd ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press
18. Geddes J et al (2012). Psychiatry, 4th ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press
19. Biopsychosocial formulation, 3Ps
Sharpe M & Walker J: Ch 5.1 Mind-body dualism, psychiatry, and medicine. In: Gelder MG et al (2009). New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry,
2nd ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press
20. Beck BJ et al: Ch 21 Mental Disorders Due to Another Medical Condition. In:Stern T et al (2016). Massachusetts General Hospital
Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry, 2nd. Elsevier
21. Beck BJ et al: Ch 21 Mental Disorders Due to Another Medical Condition. In:Stern T et al (2016). Massachusetts General Hospital
Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry, 2nd. Elsevier
22. DD of psychosis
1. Another medical conditions
2. Drugs / substances
3. Other mental ds
23. Depending on the previous data and
findings, what may be the possible
diagnosis?
A)Resistant schizophrenia.
B)Substance induced psychosis.
C)Secondary psychosis.
D)Non of the above.
24. The next step was to reevaluate the case
discovering the detailed history of the previous
15 years which revealed:
•The patient developed galactorrhea twice
before once she took risperidone tablets
either with or without risperidone LAI
•She showed some improvement on
Valproate 500 BID mg and Quetiapine 900
mg by improvement of concentration only in
2003.
25. • She did pituitary MRI and was free
• CT brain with contrast which showed
venous malformation at right side of
cerebellum ( not clinically significant) in
3/2011
• In 7/2011 she was referred to do MRI due to
possible complex partial seizures, which
showed decreased volume of right
hippocampus, and right mesial
temporal sclerosis
• EEG was done and was unremarkable.
26. •By further history of possible complex
partial seizures, the mother reported
that it is always present and happens
many times per day.
•The next step was to wash out all the
antipsychotics and keep patient only on
clonazepam with close observation and
do MRI, CT, and EEG again.
27. True or False?
•Recent reviews show that chronic
interictal psychosis is schizophrenia-like
with frequent negative symptoms
28. Psychiatric aspects of epilepsy
• Epilepsy is the “bridge” between
psychiatry and neurology
• Related to seizure (ictus): peri ictal /
inter ictal
• Related to psychosocial factors
• Related to shared pathology
29. Laura M: Ch 7 Epilepsy. In: Lyketsos CG et al (2008). Psychiatric aspects of neurologic diseases : practical approaches to patient care. Oxford,
Oxford University Press
30. Psychosis and epilepsy
• Strong association, but in various forms.
• Ictal / Peri-ictal psychosis: status, rare
• Post-ictal psychosis (PIP): single / recurrent
• Inter-ictal psychosis: brief (BIP) / chronic (CIP)
• Bimodal psychosis in some pts: PIP - FN - BIP
Sachdev PS & Keshavan MS (2010). Secondary Schizophrenia, 1St Ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
● FN: Forced Normalization
Salzberg M. Ch 13: Mood state, anxiety, and psychosis in epilepsy. In:Erik K St et al (2015). Epilepsy and the Interictal State: Co-Morbidities
and Quality of Life, 1st ed. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
31. Chronic inter-ictal psychosis, CIP
• Chronic inter-ictal psychosis:
schizophrenia-like psychosis with few
differences
• Affect: preserved / swing, Visual hall, less
negative sx
• Forced normalization (FN) / Alternating
psychosis: paradoxical, spurious, & may be
false in few pts
• AED induced psychosis: VGB, TPM, LEV, ……
• Antipsychotic induced seizures
• Post lobectomy psychosisSalzberg M. Ch 13: Mood state, anxiety, and psychosis in epilepsy. In:Erik K St et al (2015). Epilepsy and the Interictal State: Co-Morbidities
and Quality of Life, 1st ed. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
32. •The investigations confirmed the
previous findings through MRI brain only
•On the clinical base the patient is much
improved on clonazepam with better
concentration, activity, sleep, and less
delusions and hallucinations.
33. • After confirmation of diagnosis of
mesial temporal sclerosis and complex
partial seizures, we increased the dose
of clonazepam to 3 mg at bedtime, and
started on carbamazepine 200 mg at
bedtime.
34. •After 2 weeks of improvement the patient
showed racing thoughts, hyperactivity,
delusion of grandiosity, disinhibition,
aggressive behavior, olfactory hallucinations,
but sleeps well, so we decided to decrease
the dose of Clonazepam gradually, and up
titrating of oxcarbazepine to 600 mg BID, and
start Quetiapine gradually till the dose of
1000 mg daily.
35. WHAT HAPPENED?
WHY THIS PATIENT IS
RESISTANT TO MEDICATIONS?
WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE
TREATMENTS OF SUCH A
PATIENT
37. • Mesial temporal sclerosis is the commonest cause
of partial complex seizures.
• The etiology of this condition is controversial, but it
is postulated that both acquired and developmental
processes may be involved. Familial cases have
also been reported.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging
investigation of choice for the diagnosis and has
been shown to be highly sensitive and specific(1)
1. Marchetti RL, Tavares AG, Gronich G, et al. Complete remission of epileptic psychosis after
temporal lobectomy: case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2001 Sep;59:802–805
38. Lee TC et al (2015). Netter’s correlative imaging neuroanatomy. Philadelphia, PA, Elsevier Saunders
39. T2 weighted MRI. This image demonstrates an abnormality in the right mesial temporal lobe. It is shrunken and malformed
with enlargement of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle. There is also a small area of abnormal high T2 signal within
the right hippocampus. The left hippocampus is relatively normal.
40. The T1 weighted image demonstrates the lesion with somewhat better anatomical detail
42. •Mesial temporal sclerosis is the most
common pathologic entity associated with
refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE); it is
seen in as many as 60% to 80% of cases.(2)
2. Bronen RA, Fulbright RK, Spencer DD, et al. Refractory epilepsy: comparison of MR imaging, CT, and histopathologic findings in 117 patients. Radiology
1996;201:97–105
43. •medical treatment is successful in 25% of
cases, whilst anterior temporal
lobectomy (Tailored resection strategies
including selective amygdala-
hippocampectomy are established ) is
effective in 70 - 95% of patients, with up to
80% postoperative seizure freedom within
the first 2 years.(6)
6. von Lehe M, Lutz M, Kral T, Schramm J, Elger CE, Clus- mann H (2006) Correlation of health-related quality of life after surgery for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with two sei- zure outcome scales.
Epilepsy Behav 9:73–82
44. Take-home messages
• Psychosis is a trans-cutting clinical presentation
through medical and mental conditions.
• Schizophrenia is a diagnosis of exclusion after
full medical and psychiatric assessment.
• Epilepsy is strongly associated with mental
disorders.
• Psychosis in epileptic pts is around 4%
• Psychosis has different forms with epilepsy
• Mesial temporal sclerosis is a common
pathology in intractable epilepsy and resistance
to psychotropic medications