Dementia is an acquired global impairment of intellect, memory and personality but without impairment of consciousness“
Or
According to WHO
Dementia is a syndrome in which there is deterioration in cognitive function beyond what might be expected from the usual consequences of biological ageing.
Describes about the major neurodegenerative disorders such as Dementia,Alzhimers disease,Parkinsons disease,Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,etc.Their causes,symptoms and preventative measures.
Describes about the major neurodegenerative disorders such as Dementia,Alzhimers disease,Parkinsons disease,Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,etc.Their causes,symptoms and preventative measures.
Learn more about the most common types of dementia from BrightStar Care. For more information on BrightStar Care's person-centered approach to Alzheimer’s and Dementia Care, please visit http://www.brightstarcare.com/alzheimers-dementia-care.
Dementia introduction slides by swapnakishore released cc-by-nc-saSwapna Kishore
Dementia awareness presentation intended for general public/ patients/ potential and existing caregivers/ volunteers interested in spreading dementia awareness.
Visit my site for more information: http://dementiacarenotes.in
common ask question:
Is memory loss a natural part of ageing?
Why can’t I remember as well as my wife?
Is it normal to write notes to myself?
Why can’t I remember names?
Is it normal to forget why I went into the kitchen?
Sometimes my mind just goes blank, normal?
Can I slow age related memory changes?
Learn more about the most common types of dementia from BrightStar Care. For more information on BrightStar Care's person-centered approach to Alzheimer’s and Dementia Care, please visit http://www.brightstarcare.com/alzheimers-dementia-care.
Dementia introduction slides by swapnakishore released cc-by-nc-saSwapna Kishore
Dementia awareness presentation intended for general public/ patients/ potential and existing caregivers/ volunteers interested in spreading dementia awareness.
Visit my site for more information: http://dementiacarenotes.in
common ask question:
Is memory loss a natural part of ageing?
Why can’t I remember as well as my wife?
Is it normal to write notes to myself?
Why can’t I remember names?
Is it normal to forget why I went into the kitchen?
Sometimes my mind just goes blank, normal?
Can I slow age related memory changes?
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Introduction
Cognition is that operation of the mind process by which
we become aware of objects of thought and perception,
including all aspects of perceiving, thinking &
remembering. Organic brain syndrome is general term
referring to many physical disorders that cause impaired
mental function.
3. History of Dementia
In 1906, Alzheimer, who looked at post-mortem brains of
affected younger people, published the first case - a 50-
year-old woman with dementia symptoms. After her death,
Alzheimer saw the microscopic plaques and tangles now
known as hallmarks of the disease.
5. Definition
"Dementia is an acquired global impairment of intellect, memory
and personality but without impairment of consciousness“
Or
According to WHO
Dementia is a syndrome in which there is deterioration in
cognitive function beyond what might be expected from the
usual consequences of biological ageing.
6. CLASSIFICATION OF DEMENTIA -BASED ON SITE :
Cortical
# Higher Cortical
Abnormalities
#Dysphasia, Agnosia,
Apraxia
# Eg. Alzheimer’s
Disease
Sub Cortical
# APATHETIC
# FORGETFUL & SLOW, POOR
ABILITY TO USE KNOWLEDGE
# ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER
NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS &
MOVEMENT DISORDERS
#Eg PARKINSON'S DISEASE,
AIDS DEMENTIA COMPLEX
7.
8. Anterior Posterior
# FRONTAL PREMOTOR CORTEX
# BEHAVIOURAL CHANGES,LOSS
OF INHIBITION,ANTI-SOCIAL
BEHAVIOUR, FACILE &
IRRESPONSIBLE
# Eg: NORMAL PRESSURE
HYDROCPHALUS,HUNTINGTON’S
CHOREA, METABOLIC DISEASE
#PARIETAL & TEMPORAL LOBES.
#DISTURBANCE OF COGNITIVE
FUNCTION (MEMORY &
LANGUAGE) WITHOUT
MARKED CHANGE IN
BEHAVIOUR.
#Eg: ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
10. Alzheimer's Disease :
Experts think between 60% to 80% of people with dementia have this disease. More
than 5 million Americans have been diagnosed with Alzheimer's. It's what most people
think of when they hear "dementia.
"If someone you know has Alzheimer's, you'll notice symptoms such as memory loss and
trouble planning and doing familiar tasks. The symptoms are mild at first but get worse
over a number of years.
The victim might :
• Be confused about where they are or what day or year it is
• Have problems speaking or writing
• Lose things and be unable to backtrack to find them
• Show poor judgment
• Have mood and personality changes.
11.
12. Vascular Dementia :
It's usually because they had a major stroke, or one or more
smaller, "silent" strokes, which can happen without them realizing
it.
The symptoms depend on which part of their brain was affected
by the stroke.
While Alzheimer's usually begins with memory problems, vascular
dementia more often begins with poor judgment or trouble
planning, organizing, and making decisions.
13. Other symptoms of vascular dementia may include:
• Memory problems that disrupt your loved one's daily life
• Trouble speaking or understanding speech
• Problems recognizing sights and sounds that used to be familiar
• Being confused or agitated
• Changes in personality and mood
• Problems walking and having frequent falls
15. Dementia With Lewy Bodies (DLB):
Lewy bodies are microscopic deposits of a protein that
form in some people's brains. They're named after the
scientist who discovered them. If someone you know gets
DLB, it's because these deposits have formed in the part of
the brain called the cortex.
16. The symptoms of DLB includes :
• Problems thinking clearly, making decisions, or paying attention Memory trouble
• Seeing things that aren't there, known as visual hallucinations
• Unusual sleepiness during the day
• Periods of "blanking out" or staring
• Problems with movement, including trembling, slowness, and trouble walking
• Dreams where you act out physically, including, talking, walking, and kicking
18. Parkinson's Disease Dementia :
People with the nervous system disorder Parkinson's
disease get this type of dementia about 50% to 80% of
the time. On average, the symptoms of dementia
develop about 10 years after a person first gets
Parkinson’s. This type is very similar to DLB (dementia
with lewy bodies). They have the same symptoms, and
people with both conditions have signs of Lewy bodies in
their brains.
20. PARKINSON’S LEWY BODIES
When motor deficits
(eg, tremor, bradykinesia,
rigidity) precede and are
more severe than cognitive
impairment, Parkinson
disease dementia is usually
diagnosed.
When early cognitive
impairment (particularly
executive dysfunction) and
behavioral disturbances
predominate, dementia with
Lewy bodies is usually
diagnosed
22. Mixed Dementia is a combination of two
types of dementia. The most common
combination is Alzheimer's disease and
vascular dementia.
23. Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)
The victim with an FTD, they have developed cell damage in areas of
the brain that control planning, judgment, emotions, speech, and
movement.
Someone with FTD may have:
• Personality and behavior changes
• Sudden lack of inhibitions in personal and social situations
• Problems coming up with the right words for things when speaking
• Movement problems, such as shakiness, balance problems, and muscle
spasms
25. Huntington's Disease :
This is a brain disorder caused by a genetic defect that's passed down through
family members. While victim might have the gene for Huntington's
disease at birth, the symptoms don’t usually start to show up until they are
between the ages of 30 and 50.
People with Huntington's get some of the same symptoms seen in other
forms of dementia,
including problems with:
• Thinking and reasoning
• Memory
• Judgment
• Planning and organizing
• Concentration
27. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease :
This is a rare condition in which proteins called prions cause normal proteins in the
brain to start folding into abnormal shapes. The damage leads to dementia symptoms
that happen suddenly and quickly get worse.
Victim might have:
• Memory and concentration problems
• Poor judgment
• Confusion
• Mood swings
• Depression
• Sleep problems
• Twitching or jerky muscles
• Trouble walking
28. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus :
This type of dementia is caused by a buildup of fluid in the
brain. The symptoms include problems walking, trouble thinking
and concentrating, and personality and behavior changes.
Some symptoms can be treated by draining the extra fluid from
the brain into the abdomen through a long, thin tube, called a
shunt.
29. Symptoms of normal pressure Hydrocephalus may
includes :
• Trouble walking (feels like the feet are stuck to the
ground)
• Poor balance.
• Falling.
• Changes in the way you walk.
• Forgetfulness and confusion.
• Mood changes.
• Depression.
• Difficulty responding to questions.
31. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome :
This disorder is caused by a severe shortage of thiamine (vitamin
B-1) in the body. It most commonly happens in people who are
long-term heavy drinkers.
The dementia symptom that's most common with this condition
is a problem with memory. Usually a person's problem-solving
and thinking skills aren't affected.
32. HIV Infection (AIDS-Dementia complex) :
A condition that leads to the loss of intellectual abilities such as memory, judgment, and
abstract thinking. It can also cause changes in personality.
AIDS Dementia Complex (or ADC) is a type of dementia that occurs in advanced stages of
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
These are some of the first signs :
• Short attention span
• Trouble remembering
• Poor judgment
• Slowed thinking and longer time needed to do tasks
• Irritability
• Unsteady gait, tremor, or trouble staying balanced
• Poor hand coordination
• Social withdrawal or depression
34. Stages of Dementia
Stage 1 : Early Stage (2 to 4 years)
Stage 2 : Middle Stage (2 to 12 years)
Stage 3 : Final Stage ( up to a year)
35. Mid (2 to 4 years) Moderate (2 to 12 years) Severe (upto a year)
- Loss of memory
-Language
difficulties
-Mood swings
-Personality
changes
-Diminished
judgment
-Apathy
- Inability to retain
new info
- Behavioral,
personality changes
- Increasing long-
term memory loss
- Wandering,
agitation,
aggression,
- confusion
- Requires assistance
- Gait and motor
disturbances
- Bedridden
- Unable to perform
ADL
- Incontinence
- Requires long-term
care placement
36. Diagnosis Stage Signs and Symptoms Expected Duration of Stage
No Dementia
Stage 1:
No Cognitive Decline
– Normal function
– No memory loss
– People with NO dementia are considered in
Stage 1
N/A
No Dementia
Stage 2:
Very Mild Cognitive Decline
– Forgets names
– Misplaces familiar objects
– Symptoms not evident to loved ones or doctors
Unknown
No Dementia
Stage 3:
Mild Cognitive Decline
– Increased forgetfulness
– Slight difficulty concentrating
– Decreased work performance
– Gets lost more frequently
– Difficulty finding right words
– Loved ones begin to notice
Average duration of this stage
is between 2 years and 7 years.
Global Deterioration Scale (CGS) / Reisberg Scale :
37. Diagnosis Stage Signs and Symptoms Expected Duration of Stage
Early-stage
Stage 4:
Moderate Cognitive
Decline
– Difficulty concentrating
– Forgets recent events
– Cannot manage finances
– Cannot travel alone to new places
– Difficulty completing tasks
– In denial about symptoms
– Socialization problems: Withdraw from
friends or family
– Physician can detect cognitive problems
Average duration of this stage
is 2 years.
Mid-Stage
Stage 5:
Moderately Severe
Cognitive Decline
– Major memory deficiencies
– Need assistance with ADLs (dressing, bathing,
etc.)
– Forgets details like address or phone number
– Doesn’t know time or date
– Doesn’t know where they are
Average duration of this stage
is 1.5 years.
38. Diagnosis Stage Signs and Symptoms Expected Duration of Stage
Mid-Stage
Stage 6:
Severe Cognitive Decline
(Middle Dementia)
– Cannot carry out ADLs
without help
– Forgets names of family
members
– Forgets recent events
– Forgets major events in past
– Difficulty counting down
from 10
– Incontinence (loss of bladder
control)
– Difficulty speaking
– Personality and emotional
changes
– Delusions
– Compulsions
– Anxiety
Average duration of this stage
is 2.5 years
Late-Stage
Stage 7:
Very Severe Cognitive Decline
(Late Dementia)
– Cannot speak or
communicate
– Require help with most
activities
– Loss of motor skills
– Cannot walk
Average duration of this stage
is 1.5 to 2.5 years.
39. Etiology
• Significant loss of neurons and volume in brain regions devoted
to memory and higher mental functioning
• Neurofibrillary angles (twisted nerve cell fibers that are the
damaged remains of microtubules)
40. • Environmental factors: infection, metals and toxins.
• Excessive amount of metal ions, such as zinc and
copper, in brain
• Deficiencies of vitamin B6, B12 And Folate Possible
Risk Factor Due To Increased Levels Of Hemocysteine
(amino acid that may interfere with nerve cell repair)
• Early depression: common genetic factors seen in
those with early depression and Alzheimer's disease.
43. • Vitamin deficiency, especially deficiency of thiamine and nicotine
Physiologic:
• Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Metabolic:
• Endocrinopathies (e.g. hypothyroidism)
Tumor:
• Primary or metastatic (e.g. meningioma or metastatic breast or lung
cancer)
Traumatic:
• Di Subdural hematoma
44. Untreatable and irreversible cause of dementia :
• Degenerating disorders of CNS
• Alzheimer's disease (this is the most common
of all dementing illnesses)
• Pick's disease
• Huntington's chorea
• Parkinson's disease
45. • Personality changes: lack of interest in day-to-day
activities, easy mental fatigability, self-centred, withdrawn,
decreased self-care.
• Memory impairment: recent memory is prominently
affected.
• Cognitive impairment: disorientation poor judgement,
difficulty in abstraction, decreased attention span."
Clinical features
46. • Affective impairment: labile mood, irritableness,
depression
• Behavioural impairment: stereotyped behaviour,
alteration in sexual drives and activities, psychotic
behaviour.
• Neurological impairment: stereotyped behaviour,
alteration in sexual drives and activities,
47. Diagnostic Evaluation :
• Following test are used for diagnosis:
• Cognitive assessment evaluation- mini mental status
examination (MMSE) - shows cognitive impairment
• Functional dementia scale (to indicate the degree of dementia)
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): of the brain shows structural
and neurologic changes.
• Spinal fluid analysis shows increased beta amyloid deposits.
49. ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENTS AND MOODSTABILIZERS
• Low doses of the selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors and other newer antidepressive
agents should be considered.
51. Data to be included for nursing assessment :
• Disorientation
• Mood changes
• Fear
• Suspiciousness
• Self-care deficit
• Social behaviour
• Level of mobility, wandering behaviour
• Judgement ability
• Sleep disturbances
• Speech or language impairment
• Hallucinations, illusions or delusions
52. • Bowel and bladder incontinence
• Apathy
• Any decline in nutritional status
• Recognition of family members
• Identify primary care giver, support system and the
knowledge base of the family members.
53. Nursing intervention:
• Daily routine
• Nutrition & body weight
• Personal hygiene
• Toilet habits and incontinence
• Accidents
• Fluid management
• Moods and emotions
• Wandering
• Disturbed sleep
• Interpersonal relationship
54. Conclusion :
• Dementia is a serious cognitive disorder all together
dementia is a far common in the geriatric population, it
may be occur in any stage of childhood.
• So we need to get aware about the preventive
measures of dementia and educative the individuals
about its signs and symptoms with its treatment.