The cardiovascular system has two major components - the heart, which is approximately the size of a closed fist and pumps around 5 liters of blood throughout the body, and blood vessels which form a "highway" system to transport blood. The main responsibilities of the cardiovascular system are to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and remove wastes. Three main tests are used to assess cardiovascular function - Doppler ultrasound which uses sound waves to examine blood flow and tissue, stress tests which evaluate the heart's response to external stress like exercise or medication, and ligation and stripping which is minor surgery to remove damaged veins by clamping and removing them.

1. Cardiovascular System
By: Jing

2. Cardiovascular System
Major components of the cardiovascular (CV) system
●
Heart
–
–
●
Approximately size of closed fist
Pumps ~5 liters of blood throughout body
Blood vessels
–
“Highway” system
●
Facilitates transport of major products to and
from essential organs

3. Cardiovascular System
Major responsibilities
●
Transport of products essential to life
–
Blood
–
Oxygenated
● Deoxygenated
Nutrients
–
Hormones
●
●
Transport of wastes for elimination

4. Assessment of CV function
Three tests for assessment of health / function of CV
system
●
Doppler ultrasound
●
Stress test
●
Ligation and stripping

5. Doppler Ultrasound

6. What is doppler ultrasound?
●
Non-invasive test
●
High frequency sound waves
Echo / reflect off surrounding tissues
– Waves recorded as an image
Used in the assessment of:
–
●
–
–
–
–
Blood flow
Stiffness of tissue
Presence of specific molecules
Overall anatomy

7. Doppler ultrasound
Diagnostics Applications
●
Blood clots
●
Regional blood flow
Heart / leg valve function
– Arterial / venous occlusion
– Structural abnormalities
Therapeutic Applications
–
●
Destruction of gall / kidney stones
●
Heat / destroy cancerous tissue
●
Guidance of interventional procedures

8. Stress Test

9. What is stress testing?
Purpose
●
Assess hearts ability to respond to external stress
–
●
Performed in controlled environment by healthcare
professionals
Used to diagnose ischemic heart disease

10. What is stress testing?
Procedure
●
Patient monitoring
–
–
Blood pressure
–
●
EKG
Physical symptoms
Cardiac stress induction
–
Medication
–
Exercise (treadmill)

11. Question about stress test?

12. Question about stress test?
How cardiac stress test perform?
Answer:
The best way to stimulate the heart and get the anchor
of views to see how the heart is responding is by
different level of exercising.

13. Question about stress test?
Can cardiac stress perform on a patient who can not perform the test
physically?
Answer:
Yes. There are medication used as substitute for exercise. This test
is called chemical stress test (either adenosine or dobutamine stress
test) to stimulate the activities of the heart to evaluate the function.

14. Ligation and stripping?

15. When blood accumulate in vein
Physical appearance:
●
Swollen
●
Twisted
●
enlarged
●
red or blue in color
–
usually appeared in the legs, but can occur in
other parts of the body.

16. What is ligation and stripping?
●
Minor surgery
–
●
Causes
–
●
requires anesthesia
veins to become filled with blood
Remove a damaged vein
–
–
–
two small incisions
clamp the vein to stop the blood flow (ligation)
A wire is then past down through the vein to the
other side of the incision.(striping)

17. Ligation and Stripping

18. Reference
●
●
●
●
●
"What Is Stress Testing?" - NHLBI, NIH. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb.
2014. <https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stress/>.
"Vein Ligation and Stripping." WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 11 Feb.
2014. <
http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/vein-ligation-and-st
>.
"Varicose Vein Stripping: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." U.S
National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d.
Web. 11 Feb. 2014. <
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002952.htm>.
"Doppler Ultrasound." WebMD. WebMD, 03 Jan. 2000. Web. 11 Feb.
2014. <http://www.webmd.com/dvt/doppler-ultrasound>.
"Cardiovascular System." InnerBody. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.innerbody.com/image/cardov.html>.