The document discusses cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), highlighting their prevalence and impact globally and in India, where CVDs are a major cause of mortality. It identifies key risk factors, both modifiable (like smoking, obesity, and diet) and non-modifiable (such as age and family history), that contribute to CVD incidence. The text emphasizes the need for preventive measures and advancements in diagnostics and treatments, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where the epidemic is still emerging.

1. Karnataka Institute of
Medical Sciences, Hubli
Guide:Presenter:
Sandeep M Pujar

2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM STATEMENT
WORLD
INDIA
RISK FACTORS
MODIFIABLE
NON-MODIFIABLE

3. INTRODUCTION
Cardiovascular diseases - diseases of
heart and the vascular system.
Major CVDs
Ischemic heart disease (IHD)
Hypertension
Stroke
Rheumatic heart disease(RHD)
Congenital heart disease

4. PROBLEM STATEMENT
WORLD:
Number one cause of death globally.
17.9 million people die each year from
CVDs- 31% of all deaths.
Greater than 75% of CVD deaths occur in
low- and middle-income countries.
85% of all CVD deaths are due to heart
attacks and stroke.

5. Incidence of CVDs are now in decline in the
industrialized countries.
Industrialized countries have crossed the
peak of epidemic
Since peaking in 1963, the death rate from
CVDs has fallen in the U.S by approximately
50%.
Prevention
Diagnostic and therapeutic advances
Low and middle income countries are at the
midpoint of the emerging epidemic.

6. INDIA:
2.59 million people died of CVD in
India in 2016
Prevalence of CVD is 2-3 times more in
urban than in rural areas.
IHD is found to be prevalent in 9.67%
of the population in urban and 2.71%
in rural areas
India faces maximum loss of potentially
productive years due to deaths from
CVD in the age group 35-64 years

7. RISK FACTORS
MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
Physical inactivity
Smoking
Hypertension
Obesity
Diet – High fats, sodium
Dyslipidemia

8. NON-MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
Age
Gender
Family history

9.  PHYSICAL INACTIVITY
 Approximately 3.2 million deaths
each year are attributable to
insufficient physical activity
 Leads to the development of Diabetes,
Obesity, Hypertension, which are all
independent risk factors for CVD

10.  SMOKING
Tobacco smoking kills more than 8 million
people each year.
More than 7 million of those deaths are the
result of direct tobacco use
1.2 million are the result of non-smokers being
exposed to second-hand smoke
Three constituents of cigarette smoke are
potential contributors to CVD:
Nicotine
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Oxidant gases

11.  HYPERTENSION
Defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140
mm Hg or more, or a diastolic blood
pressure of 90 mm Hg or more.
Major risk factor for atherosclerosis,
congestive heart failure
Increases the risk of Ischemic heart disease
by approximately 60% versus normotensive
populations.
Elevated pressures induce myocyte
hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis that
increases wall thickness and myocardial
stiffness

12.  OBESITY
Excessive fat accumulation that presents a
risk to health
Measured in body mass index (BMI), which
is a person’s weight (in kilograms) divided by
the square of his or her height (in meters)
A person with a BMI of 30 or more is
generally considered obese
Obesity increases blood LDL and Triglyceride
levels and decreases HDL levels

13.  DIET FACTORS
Diet high in Saturated fats, Trans
fats increases the risk of heart disease and
stroke
Unsaturated, polyunsaturated and mono-
unsaturated fats are beneficial for heart
health.
Diet high in sodium increases the risk of
hypertension, which in turn is a major risk
factor for CVD

14. REFERENCES:
Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social
Medicine, K.Park; 25th Ed
Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of
Disease, Kumar,Abbas,Aster; 9th Ed
World Heart Federation:
https://www.world-heart-federation.org/