This document discusses cardiovascular disorders and provides an overview of several conditions that affect the cardiovascular system. It begins by reviewing cardiovascular anatomy and then discusses various disorders in detail, including congestive heart failure, rheumatic heart disease, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, aneurysms, varicose veins, thrombosis, embolism, and hypertension. For each condition, it describes clinical features, pathophysiology, risk factors, management approaches, and potential complications. The document aims to comprehensively review the cardiovascular system and common cardiovascular diseases.

1. CARDIOVASCULAR
DISORDERS
WINNIE BARAWA
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Winnie Barawa

2. OBJECTIVES
 Review of cardiovascular system
 Discuss cardio vascular conditions:
 Congestive heart failure , Rheumatic heart disease
 Acquired valve disease, Coronary heart disease
 Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis
 Aneurysm Gangrene
 Varicose veins Phlebitis
 Thrombosis Embolism
 Hypertension Infective endocarditis.
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3. Anatomy of the heart
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4. Disorders of the cardiovascular
system
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5. CLINICAL FEATURES OF CVS DISEASES
 Chest pain -commonest
 Shortness of breath
 Palpitations
 Weakness/Fatigue
 Dizziness/Syncope
 Pallor
 Skin-dry, Clummy, Cold
 Edema-pitting or non pitting
 Splinter hemmorhages on the nails
 Finger clubbing
 Altered vitals-especially Blood Presurre
Pulse

6. Vascular disorders
1. Atheroma/ Atherosclerosis
Accumulation of cholesterol
compounds in the inner wall of the
blood vessels.
Predisposing factors
 Genetic,
 Sex (females are commonly
affected),
 Environmental, 6/8/2023 6
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8. Factors cont;
 Smoking,
 Obesity,
 Certain lifestyles,
 Alcohol and certain diets
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9.  The atheroma can lead to thrombosis or
blood clots and the formation of
aneurysms.
 Aneurysms are formed due to a
weakened wall of an artery.
 The arteries affected can be narrowed or
occluded. This may lead to tissue
ischaemia and infarction.
 Diets that are high in saturated fats and
also high in cholesterol can cause
atheromas.
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10. Arteriosclerosis
 Degeneration of arteries
is associated with loss of elasticity
and hardening of the vessel due to
accumulation of calcium and
cholesterol.
 When it affects the intima of the
blood vessel, it is called
arteriosclerosis.
 Vessels lose their elasticity and their
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12.  A smaller lumen does not deliver blood
to the target tissues efficiently.
 Arteriosclerosis can lead to stroke,
myocardial infarction and
cardiac arrest
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13. MANAGEMENT
 Modification of risk factors
 weight loss
 exercise
dietary changes
 monitoring for type 2 diabetes.
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14.  Surgical Management
Surgical revascularization of the
affected vessels, including:
◦ Embolectomy -removal of blood
clot from the artery
◦ Thrombectomy - removal of
thrombus from the artery
◦ Endarterectomy - removal of
atherosclerotic plaque from the
artery.

15. COMPLICATIONS
 Long-term complications are related to the
specific body system affected.
 Brain - long- and short-term disabilities
associated with stroke
 Heart- Heart failure
 Aorta - ischemic bowel, aneurysms,
impotence, renal failure
 Lower extremities - non healing ulcers,
infections or gangrene, amputation

16. Varicose Veins
 These are dilated veins usually in the
lower extremities
 Predisposing Factors
◦ Pregnancy
◦ Prolonged standing or sitting
◦ Constipation (for hemorrhoids)
◦ Incompetent venous valves
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17. Pathophysiology
Predisposing Factors lead to venous
stasis hence increased hydrostatic
pressure manifested in edema
Assessment findings
 Tortuous superficial veins on the legs
 Leg pain and Heaviness
 Dependent edema
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19. Vericose veins
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20. Medical management
 Pharmacological therapy
 Leg vein stripping
 Anti-embolic stockings
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21. Nursing management
 Advise patient to elevate the legs
 Caution patient to avoid prolonged
standing or sitting
 Provide high-fiber foods to prevent
constipation
 Teach simple exercise to promote
venous return
 Caution patient to avoid knee-length
stockings and constrictive clothings
 Apply anti-embolic stockings as directed
 Avoid massage on the affected area
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22. Embolism
 An obstruction of the blood flow by an
embolus in the blood.
 The emboli may be fragments of blood
clots, tumours, pus, fat or air bubbles.
 The consequences of embolism are the
same as those of atheromas.
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23. Embolism
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24. Arterial Embolism
 This is an emboli that is found in the
arteries.
 It may develop from the chambers of the
heart due to atrial fibrillation, myocardial
infarction, endocarditis, cardiac failure or
as a result of transport from the venous
circulation into the heart. It can also
develop from arteriosclerosis.
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25.  When the thrombus is carried into
the peripheral circulation, it results
in blockage of blood circulation to
the vessel. It tends to lodge in
arterial dification and athelosclerotic
narrowing.
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26. Clinical features
 Severe pain aggravated by movement,
 Gradual loss of sensory and motor
function
 Reduced or lost pulse which is usually
accompanied by sharp line of colour and
temperature demarcation.
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27. Management
 Embolectomy - removal of blood clot
from the artery , management of choice.
This must be done early in 6-10 hrs to
prevent permanent necrosis.
 Intravenous anticoagulants- heparin to
prevent propagation of the clot and
reduce muscle necrosis.
 Post-operative -patient is encouraged to
perform simple exercises to promote
blood flow. Pain is managed with strong
analgesics.
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28. END: QUESTIONS?
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Winnie Barawa