Carbon has an atomic number of 6 and electronic configuration of 2,4. It requires 4 electrons to achieve the inert gas configuration but cannot form stable ions. Instead, carbon overcomes this issue by forming covalent bonds where it shares its valence electrons with other carbon atoms or other elements. There are three main types of covalent bonds: single, double, and triple bonds which are formed by sharing one, two, or three pairs of electrons respectively. Carbon's ability to form long chains through catenation is due to its property of self-linkage through covalent bonds between identical carbon atoms.

1. Part - 1

2. SAWASDEE

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4. WARM UP QUESTIONS
Q1 – What is atomic number of carbon??

5. Q2 – Write the electronic configuration of carbon.

6. Dramatic Presentation
Different forms of Carbon

7. In this topic you will learn about the special
behaviour of carbon i.e. why does carbon form a
large number of compounds? Why does it link
together to form a long chain compound? Why it
has a special property among all other elements
present in periodic table?

8. Core Skills
Carbon always forms covalent compounds by sharing its
electrons with other atoms. Now, in covalent bonding, the
two electrons shared by the atoms are attracted to the
nucleus of both atoms and neither atom completely loses or
gains electrons as in ionic bonding. So the compounds in
which all the atoms are directly attached to C-atom, contain
covalent bonding and no ionic bond.

9. The atomic number of carbon is 6. Its electronic configuration is 2,
4. So, it requires 4 electrons to achieve the inert gas electronic
configuration. But carbon cannot form an ionic bond.
It could gain four electrons forming C4- cation. But it would be
difficult for the nucleus with six protons to hold on to ten
electrons.
It could lose four electrons forming C4+ cations. But it requires a
large amount of energy to remove four electrons.

10. Accelerated Learning

11. Thus, carbon overcomes this problem by sharing of its valence
electrons with other carbon atoms or with atoms of other
elements.
Thus, the bond formed by mutual sharing of electron pairs
between two atoms in a molecule is known as Covalent Bond.
Types of Covalent Bond:
Single Covalent Bond: When a single pair of electrons are shared
between two atoms in a molecule. For example - F2, Cl2, H2 etc.

12.  Double Covalent Bond: When two pairs of electrons are shared
between two atoms in a molecule. For example - O2, CO2 etc.
 Triple Covalent Bond - When three pairs of electrons are
shared between two atoms in a molecule. For example; N2 etc.
WORK SPACE

13. Electron Dot Structure: The electron dot structures provide a
picture of bonding in molecules in terms of the shared pairs of
electrons and octet rule.
Formation of Hydrogen Molecule
Atomic number of Hydrogen = 1
Number of valence electrons = 1

14. Formation of CH4 Molecule
Atomic number of Carbon = 6 [2, 4]
Number of valence electrons = 4
Atomic number of Hydrogen = 1
Number of valence electrons = 1

15. Formation of CO2 Molecule
Atomic number of Carbon = 6 [2, 4]
Number of valence electrons = 4
Atomic number of Oxygen = 8 [2, 6]
Number of valence electrons = 6

16. Formation of H2S Molecule
Atomic number of Sulphur = 16 [2, 8, 6]
Number of valence electrons = 6

17. Physical Properties of Organic Compounds
 Covalent compounds can exist in all three states of matter i.e.
gaseous, liquids and solid state.
 Most of the covalent organic compounds have low boiling and
melting point, due to the weak force of attraction (i.e., the
inter-molecular force of attraction) among their molecules.
 Most covalent carbon compounds are poor conductors of
electricity, due to the absence of free electrons and free ions.

18. QUIZ TIME

19. Fill the correct answer –
Carbon can form only
______________ type of bonds

20. Mark the correct answer –
The property of self-linkage among identical atoms
to form long chain compounds is known as:
a) Catenation
b) Isomerisation
c) Superposition
d) Halogenation

21. HOW WELL DID YOU LIKE THIS TOPIC?

22. ASSIGNMENT
Q1 – Write the electronic configuration of Carbon.
Q2 – How many number of valence electrons present
on the carbon atom?