What's a Cancer ?

1. CANCER
By Dr.Hesham Adel Al-Nouby
under the supervision of Dr.Mona Morsy
N.I.L.E.S 2014 - Cairo Uni.

2. Introduction..
• Cells divide and multiply as the body needs
them. When these cells continue multiplying
when the body doesn't need them, the result is
a mass or growth, also called a tumor.
• These growths are considered either benign or
malignant.
• Each type of cancer is unique with its own
causes, symptoms, and methods of treatment.
Like with all groups of disease, some types of
cancer are more common than others.

3. Cancer is:
• A disease where the cells grow
out of control and invade and
destroy the normal tissue, and
also define as a malignant
tumor of potentially unlimited
growth that expands locally by
invasion and metastasis.

4. • Cancer is one of the most common
diseases in the world:
• 1 in 4 deaths are due to cancer.
• Lung cancer is the most common cancer
in Men & Women, about 28% in men and
26% in women.
• Breast cancer is the most common
cancer in women about 14% (1 of 8)
• Prostate Cancer is the most common
cancer in Men about 10%
• Early detection/improvements in technology
have improved prognosis for many.

5. Cancer cont
• The division (mitosis) of normal cells is
controlled. New cells are only formed for
growth or to replace dead ones.
• Cancerous cells divide repeatedly out of
control even though they are not needed,
they crowd out other normal cells and
function abnormally.
• They can also destroy the correct
functioning of major organs.

8. حالات الوفاة بالسرطان في عام 2014 حالات الإصابة الجديدة بالسرطان في عام 2014

9. معدلات الوفاة بسبب السرطان معدلات الإصابة بالسرطان

12. Healthy Cells
• Cells represent the smallest,
functional unit of our existence
which contains cytoplasm and
a nucleus (i.e. metabolism,
reproduction, day to day
functions)
• Cells have a specialized
function depending on their
location in the body.
• Cells grow, replicate and repair
body organs.
• The genetic material
(DNA/RNA) and your immune
system regulate this process.

13. Tumors (abnormal cells)
• Benign (neoplasms)
Tumors are
Noncancerous
• Encapsulated, don’t
invade neighboring
tissue or spread.
• Enclosed in a fibrous
shell or capsule.
• Take up space
• Malignant
(neoplasms)Tumors
are Cancerous
• Not encapsulated, readily
invade neighboring tissues
• Not usually contained
metastasis
• Invade and emit claw like
protrusions that disrupt the
RNA and DNA of normal
cells (these cancerous cells
act like a virus).
Note: Neoplasm is an abnormal growth of cells

14. TYPES OF TUMORS picture
Benign tumor Malignant tumor

15. Cancer Cells Vs Normal Cells

16. •Classifications of Cancer
- Carcinomas
- Sarcomas
- Lymphomas
- Leukemias

17. What are the different kinds of
Cancer?
I- The four most common cancers are:
• Lung Cancer
• Breast Cancer
• Prostate Cancer
• Colon Cancer

18. Breast Cancer
Lung Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Colon Cancer

19. What are the different kinds of
Cancer? cont.
II- Cancers of Blood and Lymphatic
Systems:
• Hodgkin's Disease
• Leukemias
• Lymphomas
• Multiple Myeloma
• Waldenström's Disease

20. What are the different kinds of
Cancer? cont.
III- Cancers of Digestive Systems:
• Head and Neck Cancers
• Esophageal Cancer
• Stomach Cancer
• Cancer of Pancreas
• Liver Cancer
• Colon and Rectal Cancer
• Anal cancer

21. What are the different kinds of
Cancer? cont.
IV- Cancers of Urinary system:
• Kidney Cancer
• Bladder Cancer
• Testis Cancer
• Prostate Cancer

22. What are the different kinds of
Cancer? cont.
V- Miscellaneous cancers:
• Brain Tumors
• Bone Tumors
• Nasopharyngeal Cancer
• Retroperitoneal sarcomas
• Soft Tissue Tumors
• Thyroid Cancer
• Cancers of Unknown Primary Site

23. NAMING OF CANCER

24. Stages of Cancer
• Stage I cancers are localized to one part
of the body; usually curable.
• Stage II cancers are locally advanced.
• Stage III cancers are also locally
advanced.
• Stage IV cancers have often
metastasized, or spread to other organs
or throughout the body.

25. Stages of Cancer cont

26. What causes cancer?
• Cancer arises from the mutation
of a normal gene.
• A factor which brings about a mutation
is called a mutagen.
• It is thought that several mutations need
to occur to give rise to cancer
• Mutated genes that cause cancer
are called oncogenes.

27. What causes cancer? cont
• Any agent that causes cancer is
called a carcinogen and is
described as carcinogenic.
• Cancerous cells don’t self
destruct and continue to divide
rapidly producing millions of new
cancerous cells.

29. Carcinogens العوامل المسببة للسرطان
• Ionising radiation: X Rays, UV light
• Chemicals i.e. Tar from cigarettes.
• Virus infection: i.e. papilloma virus can be
responsible for cervical cancer.
• Hereditary: Some families are more
susceptible to getting certain cancers.
Remember you can’t inherit cancer its just
that you maybe more susceptible to
getting it.

30. CAUSES OF CANCER (Carcinogens) cont
Environmental factors
• Tobacco
• Alcohol
• Diet (Chemicals in Food)
• Radiation.
• Viral (i.e. herpes, HPV,
mononucleosis), Bacteria &
Parasites.
• Lifestyles like “drugs”
• Sunlight (UV rays) & pollution.
• Social and Psychological Factors
- Stress
- Decrease negative emotions
Genetic, Hormones
Examples:
• Retino-blastoma in Children
• Leukemia in Mongols.
• Breast cancer

31. ETIOLOGY (Causes of Cancer) cont?

32. Factors Believed to Contribute to Global
Causes of Cancer

33. Brief on Types of Cancer
• Breast Cancer
– One in 8 women
– Risk increases with age
– Risk factors supported by research
– Prevention (self-exam and mammography)
– See figure 13.3 for self-examination procedure
– Treatment
• Colon and Rectum Cancer
– 3rd most common in men and women
– 135,400 in 2001 diagnosed
– Warning signals, e.g. blood in the stool, rectal
bleeding

34. Brief on Types of Cancer cont
• Skin Cancer: Sun Bathers Beware
– 1.3 million cases of skin cancer
– Treatable: basal or squamous
– Virulent: malignant melanoma
– ABCD rule about melanoma
• Prostate Cancer
– Most common in males today
– 189,000 new cases will be diagnosed in 2002
– Estimated 30,200 men will die

35. Brief on Types of Cancer cont
• Testicular Cancer
– Ages 17-34 at greatest risk
– Cause is unknown
– Undescended testicles present a great risk
• Ovarian Cancer
– 4th leading cause of death in young women
– Enlargement of abdomen common sign
– Prevention: annual pelvic exams
• Cancer of the Pancreas
– “Silent” disease
– 29,700 cases in 2002
– Only 4% survive
– Contributors: inflammation, diabetes, high-fat diet

36. Brief on Types of Cancer cont
• Endometrium (Uterine) Cancer
– Pap test for early detection
– Risk: early onset of intercourse
– Warning: abnormal bleeding
• Leukemia
– Cancer of blood-forming tissues
– Leads to the creation of immature white blood
cells
– Symptoms: fatigue / paleness / weight loss
– Can be acute or chronic

37. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Early cancer no symptoms
• Change in bowel habits or bladder functions
• Sores that do not heal
• Unusual bleeding or discharge
• Lumps or thickening of breast or other parts of
the body
• Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
• Recent change in wart or mole
• Persistent coughing or hoarseness

38. DIAGNOSIS
• Screening
• Self examinations
• Biopsy
• X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, PET
scans, and ultrasound scans
• Molecular diagnostic test

39. TREATMENTS
• I- Chemotherapy
• II- Radiotherapy
• III- Surgery
• IV- Other methods:
- Immunotherapy
- Hormone therapy
- Gene therapy
- Cancer-specific immune system cells to treat cancer

40. Cancer Treatment
I- Chemotherapy treatment
• uses medicine to weaken and destroy cancer cells in the
body, including cells at the original cancer site and any
cancer cells that may have spread to another part of the
body or "chemo," is a systemic therapy, which means it
affects the whole body by going through the
bloodstream.
• In some cases, chemotherapy is given before surgery to
shrink the cancer
• or "chemo," is a systemic therapy, which means it affects
the whole body by going through the bloodstream.
• In some cases, chemotherapy is given before surgery to
shrink the cancer

41. Cancer Treatment cont
II- Radiation therapy (Radiotherapy).
• Like surgery, radiation therapy is a local treatment; it affects
cancer cells only in the treated area. Radiation can come from a
machine (external radiation).
• high-energy rays are used to damage cancer cells and stop them
from growing and dividing.
• A specialist in radiation therapy is called a radiation oncologist.
• It can also come from an implant (a small container of radioactive
material) placed directly into or near the tumor (internal radiation).
Some patients receive both kinds of radiation therapy.
III- Surgical by remove the tumor, i.e. breast cancer
surgical removal.

42. EPIDEMOLOGY OF CANCER

43. Preventive measures of cancer
o Avoiding obesities
o Exercise and proper breathing
o Healthy dietary practices
o Reducing occupational and environmental exposures
o Reducing alcohol uses
o Immunization against hepatitis B virus
o Safe sexual practices for avoiding cancer genesis
o Water (8 to 10 glasses daily)
o Eating Fruit on an empty stomach

44. Video
Video link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8LhQllh46yI

45. CONCLUSION
• Increase in the number of cancer
patients every year.
• Factors responsible should be
controlled.
• Create awareness about cancer
and its prevention.
• Careful about diet and lifestyle

46. THANK YOU