This document provides information about cancer including what it is, warning signs, diagnosis, treatment options, ways to reduce cancer risk, and statistics about cancer in Pakistan. Cancer is defined as uncontrolled cell growth and division that can form tumors. Some main causes include smoking, DNA changes, radiation, diet, obesity, and chemicals. Warning signs include unusual bleeding, bowel or urinary changes, sores that don't heal, weight loss, or lumps. Diagnosis methods include exams, biopsies, scans and tests. Treatment options are surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, bone marrow transplants, and targeted drug therapy. Reducing risk involves not smoking, healthy diet and lifestyle. Pakistan sees over 100,000

1. CANCER
AWARENESS
presented by:
Romana Zafar
Hiba Ahmed
Hafsa Zameer

2. OBJECTIVES
AFTERTHIS PRESENTATIONYOUWILL BE ABLETO ANSWERTHE FOLLOWING:
 WHAT IS CANCER?
 WARNING SIGNSOF CANCER.
 CANCERAND ITS DIAGNOSIS.
 WAYSTOTREAT CANCER.
 WAYSTO REDUCECANCER.
 CANCERAND PAKISTAN.

5. WHAT IS CANCER?
■ DIVISION: the division at cellular level is uncontrolled.
■ GROWTH: either a lump like structure usually known as tumor is formed or an
abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells in the body is seen.
■ MUTATION: cancer involves the cellular DNA, that is in cancerous cells various
mutations are noticed when compared to original gene/DNA.
■ MOTILITY: cancer cells have the ability to move and survive in various parts of the
body.

6. CAUSES OF
CANCER
FEW MAIN CAUSES OF CANCER ARE:
• SMOKING
• DNA CHANGES
• RADIATION
• DIET
• OBESITY
• CHEMICAL
• ABNORMAL CELL GROWTH

8. YOUR DOCTOR NEEDSTO KNOW IF:

9. YOUR DOCTOR NEEDSTO KNOW IF:
■ if you witness unusual and adamant bleeding from any part of your body it might be a
warning sign that something is wrong with your homeostasis.
■ A consistent irritation and a drastic change in your usual habits of bowel and urination
is problematic.
■ If you have developed a sore and it has prolonged its due time, consult a doctor.
■ A nagging cough and hoarseness might be early signs of lung cancer.
■ If you have lost a lot of weight without any context (diet or otherwise) it too is a
warning sign to get yourself a check.
■ Your mole/warts is changing and not in a pretty way might also be a sign.
■ If you are facing difficulty in swallowing or indigestion, it might be because of
esophageal cancer.
■ And last, but the most important, if you see a palpable formation of mass or lump
formation get it immediately checked.

10. CANCERAND ITS DIAGNOSIS

11. DIAGNOSIS:
In the modern world it has become easier to diagnose a cancer in early stages i.e. if you
take the warning signs into consideration and visit the doctor as soon as possible.
Following are the ways we can diagnose a cancer:
■ Physical examination (in case of visible lump)
■ Biopsy
■ Fluoroscopy
■ CT Scan
■ MRI
■ Nuclide scan
■ PET Scan

12. WAYSTOTREAT CANCER:

13. WAYSTOTREAT CANCER:
■ Surgery. The goal of surgery is to remove the cancer or as much of the cancer
as possible.
■ Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
■ Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such
as X-rays or protons, to kill cancer cells.
■ Bone marrow transplant. A bone marrow transplant, also knowns as a stem
cell transplant, can use your own bone marrow stem cells or those from a donor.
■ Immunotherapy. Immunotherapy, also known as biological therapy, uses your
body's immune system to fight cancer.
■ Hormone therapy. Removing those hormones produced by the body or
blocking their effects may cause the cancer cells to stop growing.
■ Targeted drug therapy.Targeted drug treatment focuses on specific abnormalities
within cancer cells that allow them to survive.

14. WAYSTO REDUCE CANCER:

15. CANCER AND PAKISTAN:
■ An estimated 100,000 people die of various types of cancers every year
in Pakistan while over 300,000 new individuals are diagnosed
with cancer every year in the country adding up to the existing pool of
millions of cancer patients.
■ Currently, there are 21 dedicated hospitals which treat only cancer where
the bulk of the work Centre around cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Another 50 general hospitals have facilities to treat cancer with
chemotherapy and/or radiation.
■ Cancers like breast, lung, liver, colorectal, prostate, head and neck
carcinoma are most commonly diagnosed in Pakistan.