Cancer
•Download as PPT, PDF•
1 like•661 views
Telomeres are repetitive sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect them from deterioration during cell division. As cells divide, telomeres get shorter until they are depleted, stopping division. Telomerase adds telomere sequences and allows cancer cells to divide indefinitely. Cancer cells differ from normal cells in that their cell cycle is unregulated, they can continue growing even without space, and do not require anchorage to survive. There are over 200 types of cancer caused by factors like chemicals, diet, radiation, viruses, and hereditary predispositions. Common cancers include skin, lung, breast, colon, pancreas, and leukemia. Screening and early detection of cancer increases survival rates by allowing treatment to start earlier before spread
Report
Share
Report
Share
![Telomeres ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/cancer-110131072225-phpapp01/85/Cancer-1-320.jpg)
![[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
Recommended
Cancer
Cancer occurs when cells divide uncontrollably and form tumors. There are five main types of cancer classified by the tissue affected: carcinomas (skin, lung), melanomas (skin), sarcomas (muscle, connective tissue), leukemias (blood), and lymphomas (lymph nodes). Cancer is caused by carcinogens like tobacco smoke, sunlight, alcohol, and radiation. Common signs are changes in bowel or bladder habits, unusual bleeding or lumps. Treatments include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and cancer can be considered cured after 5 years without reoccurrence.
Cancer
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth that results in the formation of tumors. Symptoms vary depending on the cancer location but may include lumps, changes in moles or skin, or swollen lymph nodes. Cancers are classified into five main groups including carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, leukemias, and adenomas. Imaging tests are used to detect tumors and determine cancer stage for diagnosis. Risk factors include tobacco smoke, workplace chemicals, diet, lifestyle factors, and radiation exposure.
Small animal oncology
1) Cancer is a leading cause of death in pets over 10 years old, with 45% of dogs dying of cancer.
2) Neoplasms are defined as abnormal cell growth that proliferates without control. Cancer specifically refers to malignant tumors.
3) The most common cancers in dogs are mammary tumors, skin tumors, and osteosarcoma. Common cancers in cats include lymphomas and oral tumors.
Melanoma risk factors
Melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer that develops in melanocytes, the cells responsible for skin pigment. The document outlines several risk factors for melanoma, including excessive sun exposure, indoor tanning, having many moles or unusual moles, fair skin, a family history of melanoma, white ethnicity, and being diagnosed after age 50 on average. Managing these risks and knowing the warning signs can help prevent melanoma and catch it early.
Cancer types
This document defines and describes several types of cancer. It identifies the main types as carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. Carcinoma arises from epithelial cells. Sarcoma arises from mesenchymal cells and can resemble different types of tissue. Melanoma originates from melanocytes and can occur anywhere melanocytes are found. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow caused by mutations disturbing cell regulation. Lymphoma develops in lymph nodes and organs from abnormal B or T cells. Myeloma results from abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow interfering with normal cell production.
Cancer
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can spread to other parts of the body. There are over 100 types of cancer that are characterized by genetic mutations and influenced by environmental/lifestyle factors. The main causes include genetic predispositions, environmental exposures like chemicals/radiation, and behaviors like smoking and diet. While some cancers can be cured if caught early, others are harder to treat. The risk of developing cancer increases with age and is also associated with factors like family history, tobacco and alcohol use, viruses, and lack of physical activity.
Neoplasms In Animals & Their Management
Neoplasms are defined as autonomous new growths that proliferate continuously without control, resemble healthy cells from which they arise, have no orderly structure, serve no useful function, and continue growing even after the stimulus for growth stops. They can be classified as benign or malignant based on their behavior. Diagnosis involves biopsy, radiology, or exfoliative cytology. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or other approaches. Surgery can be used for definitive treatment if the tumor is localized, for palliative purposes to increase quality of life, or in combination with other therapies.
Awareness on Cancer Dr. A. Amsavel
Awareness on Cancer
what are the causes for cancer
Terminology
Classification of Cancers
Signs and Symptoms
Stages of Cancers (TSM)
Types of Cancer Treatments
Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy etc
Side effects on treatment
Palliative care
Recommended
Cancer
Cancer occurs when cells divide uncontrollably and form tumors. There are five main types of cancer classified by the tissue affected: carcinomas (skin, lung), melanomas (skin), sarcomas (muscle, connective tissue), leukemias (blood), and lymphomas (lymph nodes). Cancer is caused by carcinogens like tobacco smoke, sunlight, alcohol, and radiation. Common signs are changes in bowel or bladder habits, unusual bleeding or lumps. Treatments include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and cancer can be considered cured after 5 years without reoccurrence.
Cancer
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth that results in the formation of tumors. Symptoms vary depending on the cancer location but may include lumps, changes in moles or skin, or swollen lymph nodes. Cancers are classified into five main groups including carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, leukemias, and adenomas. Imaging tests are used to detect tumors and determine cancer stage for diagnosis. Risk factors include tobacco smoke, workplace chemicals, diet, lifestyle factors, and radiation exposure.
Small animal oncology
1) Cancer is a leading cause of death in pets over 10 years old, with 45% of dogs dying of cancer.
2) Neoplasms are defined as abnormal cell growth that proliferates without control. Cancer specifically refers to malignant tumors.
3) The most common cancers in dogs are mammary tumors, skin tumors, and osteosarcoma. Common cancers in cats include lymphomas and oral tumors.
Melanoma risk factors
Melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer that develops in melanocytes, the cells responsible for skin pigment. The document outlines several risk factors for melanoma, including excessive sun exposure, indoor tanning, having many moles or unusual moles, fair skin, a family history of melanoma, white ethnicity, and being diagnosed after age 50 on average. Managing these risks and knowing the warning signs can help prevent melanoma and catch it early.
Cancer types
This document defines and describes several types of cancer. It identifies the main types as carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. Carcinoma arises from epithelial cells. Sarcoma arises from mesenchymal cells and can resemble different types of tissue. Melanoma originates from melanocytes and can occur anywhere melanocytes are found. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow caused by mutations disturbing cell regulation. Lymphoma develops in lymph nodes and organs from abnormal B or T cells. Myeloma results from abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow interfering with normal cell production.
Cancer
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can spread to other parts of the body. There are over 100 types of cancer that are characterized by genetic mutations and influenced by environmental/lifestyle factors. The main causes include genetic predispositions, environmental exposures like chemicals/radiation, and behaviors like smoking and diet. While some cancers can be cured if caught early, others are harder to treat. The risk of developing cancer increases with age and is also associated with factors like family history, tobacco and alcohol use, viruses, and lack of physical activity.
Neoplasms In Animals & Their Management
Neoplasms are defined as autonomous new growths that proliferate continuously without control, resemble healthy cells from which they arise, have no orderly structure, serve no useful function, and continue growing even after the stimulus for growth stops. They can be classified as benign or malignant based on their behavior. Diagnosis involves biopsy, radiology, or exfoliative cytology. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or other approaches. Surgery can be used for definitive treatment if the tumor is localized, for palliative purposes to increase quality of life, or in combination with other therapies.
Awareness on Cancer Dr. A. Amsavel
Awareness on Cancer
what are the causes for cancer
Terminology
Classification of Cancers
Signs and Symptoms
Stages of Cancers (TSM)
Types of Cancer Treatments
Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy etc
Side effects on treatment
Palliative care
Tumor like lesions of testis
This document discusses various tumor-like lesions of the testis. It first classifies primary testicular tumors, noting that 95% are germ cell tumors such as seminomas or non-seminomas including teratomas. It then discusses specific tumor-like lesions such as epidermoid cysts, testicular microlithiasis which appears as microcalcifications, and granulomatous orchitis which can be caused by various pathogens. Radiologic characteristics and clinical features are provided for many of the discussed lesions.
Melanoma
This document discusses melanoma, the most fatal form of skin cancer. It covers the incidence and risk factors of melanoma including genetics, sun exposure, and skin phenotype. The clinical features and subtypes of melanoma like superficial spreading, nodular, lentigo maligna, and acral lentiginous melanoma are described. Diagnosis involves methods like the ABCDE rule and biopsy for suspicious lesions. Staging uses the TNM system and prognostic factors include tumor thickness and mitotic rate. Management involves wide local excision of primary tumors and sentinel lymph node biopsy for involved nodes. Long term surveillance after treatment monitors for recurrence.
Melanoma
Melanoma is the 5th and 6th most common malignancy in men and women respectively. It accounts for a disproportionate number of skin cancer deaths. Risk factors include family history, fair skin, intermittent sun exposure, and dysplastic nevi. Melanomas arise from melanocytes and can present in different clinical subtypes depending on their location and growth pattern. Prognosis depends on tumor thickness, ulceration status, mitotic rate, and presence of metastases. Treatment involves surgical excision with margins and possible lymph node evaluation and adjuvant therapy for advanced cases. Lifelong surveillance is important due to the risk of recurrence even decades later.
Melanoma video slides
Malignant melanoma begins in melanocytes in the epidermis and is becoming more common, rising 3% per year. It accounts for about 2-4% of skin cancers. Risk factors include sun exposure and fair skin. Early stage melanoma is treated with wide local excision, while more advanced cases may also require sentinel node biopsy. Treatment of metastatic melanoma has advanced significantly with targeted therapies blocking oncogenic pathways like BRAF and immunotherapies disrupting checkpoints like CTLA-4. Long term survival depends on factors like depth of invasion and ulceration.
Seminoma
1. Seminoma is the most common malignant tumor of the testis, occurring most often in men between ages 25-55. Undescended testes are an important risk factor.
2. There are two main types of seminoma: classic seminoma, which accounts for 90% of cases, and spermatocytic seminoma, which comprises 5% of cases.
3. Classic seminoma appears as enlarged, solid testes containing white nodules separated from the testicular tissue. Under the microscope, classic seminoma cells are large with clear cytoplasm and central nuclei, and stain positive for glycogen.
Melanoma
Designed for medical/allied health professionals with an emphasis on radiological and nuclear medicine aspect of Malignant Melanoma.
Afraid to Ask? Scary vs. Friendly Skin Spots
Skin spots can be scary or friendly! If you have any skin spot that resembles one of these "scary" lesions, make an appointment with a DMG dermatologist and get your skin checked!
Tumour/cancer
Tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors are not cancerous, grow slowly, and rarely spread. Malignant tumors or cancers are life-threatening as they grow quickly, invade nearby tissue, and can spread through metastasis to other parts of the body. Cancers develop through multi-stage processes involving genetic mutations that disrupt normal cell growth and division over many years. Cancers are classified based on their tissue of origin, grade, stage, and other characteristics to determine prognosis and treatment. The major categories are carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and mixed or unknown types.
04 cancer
Cancer is a deadly disease where cells divide uncontrollably and can spread throughout the body. There are several types of cancer that originate from different cell types. Cancer is caused by mutations in DNA and can be influenced by factors like tobacco, radiation, viruses, and diet. Doctors use tests like biopsies, mammograms, and prostate exams to detect cancer early. The main treatment options are surgery to remove tumors, chemotherapy to poison cancer cells, and radiation therapy to damage cancer cell DNA.
Thyroid cancer
The document discusses thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. It notes that most thyroid nodules are benign but some may be cancerous. The four main types of thyroid cancer are papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic. Diagnosis involves physical exam, thyroid tests, and fine needle aspiration. Treatment options depend on cancer type but usually involve surgery to remove the thyroid gland and sometimes radiotherapy.
Molecular biology
This document provides information about cancer cell research. It defines cancer and tumors, discusses the causes and types of cancer, and describes cancer treatments. Specifically, it explains that cancer is uncontrolled cell growth that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors. It classifies cancers by the type of cell they arise from and outlines some key differences between cancer cells and normal cells, such as their uncontrolled growth and loss of communication with other cells. The document also summarizes the process of cancer metastasis where cancer spreads from one part of the body to another through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Finally, it lists several common treatment approaches for cancer including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Cancer - Types ,spread and properties
This document provides information about cancer including its types, symptoms, treatment, and spread. It discusses how cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that can be caused by various factors. The most common cancers are listed for men, women, and children. It also describes the main types of cancer - carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma - and how they can spread through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to form secondary tumors in other parts of the body. The key properties of cancer cells that enable uncontrolled growth and spread are also outlined.
MALIGNANT MELANOMA--- STAGING AND WORKUP
Cutaneous melanoma arises from the malignant transformation of melanocytes. It is the most common type of melanoma, accounting for over 90% of cases. Risk factors include fair skin, red or blond hair, presence of moles, family history, and UV exposure. Genetic mutations in genes like BRAF, NRAS, NF1, and CDKN2A drive melanoma development through deregulation of the MAPK pathway. Early detection through skin screening and awareness of changing moles can improve outcomes, as radial growth phase melanomas have low metastatic potential compared to vertical growth phase lesions. Prevention through minimizing UV exposure and the use of sun protection are important to reduce melanoma risk.
Malignant skin cancer(cml)
This document summarizes information about different types of skin cancer:
- Basal cell carcinoma arises from basal cells and does not metastasize but can invade bone and cartilage. It appears as small nodules that ulcerate and form raised edges, most commonly on the face. Treatment includes surgery, cryotherapy, and radiotherapy.
- Malignant melanoma arises from melanocytes and is increasing in incidence at 6% per year. It can arise from pre-existing moles. Types include superficial spreading, nodular, lentigo maligna melanoma. Staging uses Breslow thickness and Clarke levels. Treatment includes wide local excision and immunotherapy.
- Squamous cell carcinoma arises from keratinocytes and spreads
C A N C E R A N D I M M U N O T H E R A P Y
Cancer and immunotherapy were discussed. There are two main types of cancer - malignant tumors which can be named using suffixes like carcinoma or sarcoma, and benign tumors named with -oma. Immunotherapy works by activating or suppressing the immune system to target cancers. Activation immunotherapies for cancer treatment include BCG immunotherapy for bladder cancer, dendritic cell-based immunotherapy, and T cell adoptive immunotherapy.
Cancer powerpoint
Cancer is caused by cells multiplying uncontrollably due to damaged genes. Over time, exposure to carcinogens like chemicals or radiation can permanently alter genes in cells, causing them to multiply uncontrollably and form tumors. If left untreated, cancer cells can spread via the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body. There are many types of cancer that can affect different parts of the body, such as breast cancer, leukemia, anal cancer, and lung cancer.
Neoplasia
Neoplasia
Overview
Characteristics of neoplasms compared to normal tissues
Types of neoplasms
Benign vs malignant
Cellular differentiation
Genetic basis for neoplasia
What is a “neoplasm”?
Lay term of “tumor” conveys usual connotations – ie a new growth or mass
Definition revolves around these features:
Monoclonal proliferation of cells with specific mutations
Excessive and unregulated growth of these cells, often at the expense of surrounding normal tissue
Terms to know about when discussing neoplasia
Metastasis - spread of a malignant tumor from one site to another via blood or lymph
Benign – typically refers to those tumors incapable of metastasis and having a good clinical outcome (prognosis)
Malignant – those tumors capable of invasive growth and/or metastasis, often fatal if not treated effectively
Parenchyma – these are the tumor cells themselves, usually referring to epithelial cells in organs.
Stroma – connective tissue cells that support the parenchymal cells – not actually tumor cells, but are stimulated to grow by the tumor via growth factors, eg angiogenesis
Cellular differentiation
Tumors are often “graded” as to how closely they resemble the normal parent tissue that they are derived from.
Well-differentiated means the cells are very similar in appearance and architectural arrangement to normal tissue of that organ
Differentiation
“Poorly-differentiated” refers to tumors that show only minimal resemblance to the normal parent tissue they are derived from.
“Anaplastic” means the tumor shows no obvious similarity to it’s parent tissue, usually associated with aggressive behavior
So what??????
Differentiation often provides clues as to the clinical aggressiveness of the tumor
Tumors often lose differentiation features over time as they become more “malignant” and as they acquire more cumulative genetic mutations
Differentiation often predicts responsiveness to certain therapies, eg estrogen receptors and Tamoxifen in breast cancers
Benign
– circumscribed, often encapsulated, pushes normal tissue aside
Malignant
– infiltrative growth, no capsule, destructive of normal tissues
Classification of neoplasms
Epithelial tumors
Benign forms – adenoma , papilloma
Malignant forms – carcinoma, eg adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma
Mesenchymal tumors
Benign forms – fibroma, leiomyoma,
Malignant forms – sarcoma, eg fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma
Classification continued
Tumors of lymphocytes are always malignant – called lymphoma
Tumors of melanocytes
Benign – nevus
Malignant - melanoma
Precursors of neoplasia
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Chronic inflammation
dysplasia
Metaplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia
Neoplasia 1 basic
Neoplasia: Is the abnormal growth and proliferation of abnormal cells or abnormal amounts of cells due to a benign or malignant process. There can be benign tumors, or neoplasms, and malignant ones.
Neoplastic diseases
The document provides information on cancer and tumor biology. It defines cancer as uncontrolled cell proliferation that can be benign or malignant. Malignant tumors are able to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites. Some key differences between benign and malignant tumors include variations in cell shape and size, ploidy, mitotic rate, loss of specialization, and organization. The causes of cancer include chemical, physical, and infectious factors that introduce mutations in DNA. The development of cancer involves multiple genetic alterations that progress cancer from normal to invasive stages.
Cancer
Within five years, cancer is projected to surpass heart disease as the leading cause of death according to the American Hospital Association. Cancer occurs when cells grow abnormally and spread uncontrollably, destroying healthy tissue. Carcinogens such as chemicals, heavy metals, radiation, and some viruses can cause cancer by damaging cells' DNA during cell division. Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the US, with melanoma being the deadliest form but basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas being more treatable. Lung cancer has a close link to smoking and accounts for many cancer deaths annually. Treatment for cancer depends on the type and stage and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.
Cancer cell
The document provides information about cancer presented by a group of five students. It defines cancer and tumor, discusses the classification, properties, causes and symptoms of cancer. It also covers cell death mechanisms, different types of cancer that can affect various organs, and common cancer treatments.
Cancer cell growth
The document provides information about cancer presented by a group of five students. It defines cancer and tumor, discusses the classification, properties, causes and symptoms of cancer. It also covers cell death mechanisms, different types of cancer that can affect various organs, and common cancer treatments.
More Related Content
What's hot
Tumor like lesions of testis
This document discusses various tumor-like lesions of the testis. It first classifies primary testicular tumors, noting that 95% are germ cell tumors such as seminomas or non-seminomas including teratomas. It then discusses specific tumor-like lesions such as epidermoid cysts, testicular microlithiasis which appears as microcalcifications, and granulomatous orchitis which can be caused by various pathogens. Radiologic characteristics and clinical features are provided for many of the discussed lesions.
Melanoma
This document discusses melanoma, the most fatal form of skin cancer. It covers the incidence and risk factors of melanoma including genetics, sun exposure, and skin phenotype. The clinical features and subtypes of melanoma like superficial spreading, nodular, lentigo maligna, and acral lentiginous melanoma are described. Diagnosis involves methods like the ABCDE rule and biopsy for suspicious lesions. Staging uses the TNM system and prognostic factors include tumor thickness and mitotic rate. Management involves wide local excision of primary tumors and sentinel lymph node biopsy for involved nodes. Long term surveillance after treatment monitors for recurrence.
Melanoma
Melanoma is the 5th and 6th most common malignancy in men and women respectively. It accounts for a disproportionate number of skin cancer deaths. Risk factors include family history, fair skin, intermittent sun exposure, and dysplastic nevi. Melanomas arise from melanocytes and can present in different clinical subtypes depending on their location and growth pattern. Prognosis depends on tumor thickness, ulceration status, mitotic rate, and presence of metastases. Treatment involves surgical excision with margins and possible lymph node evaluation and adjuvant therapy for advanced cases. Lifelong surveillance is important due to the risk of recurrence even decades later.
Melanoma video slides
Malignant melanoma begins in melanocytes in the epidermis and is becoming more common, rising 3% per year. It accounts for about 2-4% of skin cancers. Risk factors include sun exposure and fair skin. Early stage melanoma is treated with wide local excision, while more advanced cases may also require sentinel node biopsy. Treatment of metastatic melanoma has advanced significantly with targeted therapies blocking oncogenic pathways like BRAF and immunotherapies disrupting checkpoints like CTLA-4. Long term survival depends on factors like depth of invasion and ulceration.
Seminoma
1. Seminoma is the most common malignant tumor of the testis, occurring most often in men between ages 25-55. Undescended testes are an important risk factor.
2. There are two main types of seminoma: classic seminoma, which accounts for 90% of cases, and spermatocytic seminoma, which comprises 5% of cases.
3. Classic seminoma appears as enlarged, solid testes containing white nodules separated from the testicular tissue. Under the microscope, classic seminoma cells are large with clear cytoplasm and central nuclei, and stain positive for glycogen.
Melanoma
Designed for medical/allied health professionals with an emphasis on radiological and nuclear medicine aspect of Malignant Melanoma.
Afraid to Ask? Scary vs. Friendly Skin Spots
Skin spots can be scary or friendly! If you have any skin spot that resembles one of these "scary" lesions, make an appointment with a DMG dermatologist and get your skin checked!
Tumour/cancer
Tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors are not cancerous, grow slowly, and rarely spread. Malignant tumors or cancers are life-threatening as they grow quickly, invade nearby tissue, and can spread through metastasis to other parts of the body. Cancers develop through multi-stage processes involving genetic mutations that disrupt normal cell growth and division over many years. Cancers are classified based on their tissue of origin, grade, stage, and other characteristics to determine prognosis and treatment. The major categories are carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and mixed or unknown types.
04 cancer
Cancer is a deadly disease where cells divide uncontrollably and can spread throughout the body. There are several types of cancer that originate from different cell types. Cancer is caused by mutations in DNA and can be influenced by factors like tobacco, radiation, viruses, and diet. Doctors use tests like biopsies, mammograms, and prostate exams to detect cancer early. The main treatment options are surgery to remove tumors, chemotherapy to poison cancer cells, and radiation therapy to damage cancer cell DNA.
Thyroid cancer
The document discusses thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. It notes that most thyroid nodules are benign but some may be cancerous. The four main types of thyroid cancer are papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic. Diagnosis involves physical exam, thyroid tests, and fine needle aspiration. Treatment options depend on cancer type but usually involve surgery to remove the thyroid gland and sometimes radiotherapy.
Molecular biology
This document provides information about cancer cell research. It defines cancer and tumors, discusses the causes and types of cancer, and describes cancer treatments. Specifically, it explains that cancer is uncontrolled cell growth that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors. It classifies cancers by the type of cell they arise from and outlines some key differences between cancer cells and normal cells, such as their uncontrolled growth and loss of communication with other cells. The document also summarizes the process of cancer metastasis where cancer spreads from one part of the body to another through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Finally, it lists several common treatment approaches for cancer including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Cancer - Types ,spread and properties
This document provides information about cancer including its types, symptoms, treatment, and spread. It discusses how cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that can be caused by various factors. The most common cancers are listed for men, women, and children. It also describes the main types of cancer - carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma - and how they can spread through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to form secondary tumors in other parts of the body. The key properties of cancer cells that enable uncontrolled growth and spread are also outlined.
MALIGNANT MELANOMA--- STAGING AND WORKUP
Cutaneous melanoma arises from the malignant transformation of melanocytes. It is the most common type of melanoma, accounting for over 90% of cases. Risk factors include fair skin, red or blond hair, presence of moles, family history, and UV exposure. Genetic mutations in genes like BRAF, NRAS, NF1, and CDKN2A drive melanoma development through deregulation of the MAPK pathway. Early detection through skin screening and awareness of changing moles can improve outcomes, as radial growth phase melanomas have low metastatic potential compared to vertical growth phase lesions. Prevention through minimizing UV exposure and the use of sun protection are important to reduce melanoma risk.
Malignant skin cancer(cml)
This document summarizes information about different types of skin cancer:
- Basal cell carcinoma arises from basal cells and does not metastasize but can invade bone and cartilage. It appears as small nodules that ulcerate and form raised edges, most commonly on the face. Treatment includes surgery, cryotherapy, and radiotherapy.
- Malignant melanoma arises from melanocytes and is increasing in incidence at 6% per year. It can arise from pre-existing moles. Types include superficial spreading, nodular, lentigo maligna melanoma. Staging uses Breslow thickness and Clarke levels. Treatment includes wide local excision and immunotherapy.
- Squamous cell carcinoma arises from keratinocytes and spreads
C A N C E R A N D I M M U N O T H E R A P Y
Cancer and immunotherapy were discussed. There are two main types of cancer - malignant tumors which can be named using suffixes like carcinoma or sarcoma, and benign tumors named with -oma. Immunotherapy works by activating or suppressing the immune system to target cancers. Activation immunotherapies for cancer treatment include BCG immunotherapy for bladder cancer, dendritic cell-based immunotherapy, and T cell adoptive immunotherapy.
Cancer powerpoint
Cancer is caused by cells multiplying uncontrollably due to damaged genes. Over time, exposure to carcinogens like chemicals or radiation can permanently alter genes in cells, causing them to multiply uncontrollably and form tumors. If left untreated, cancer cells can spread via the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body. There are many types of cancer that can affect different parts of the body, such as breast cancer, leukemia, anal cancer, and lung cancer.
Neoplasia
Neoplasia
Overview
Characteristics of neoplasms compared to normal tissues
Types of neoplasms
Benign vs malignant
Cellular differentiation
Genetic basis for neoplasia
What is a “neoplasm”?
Lay term of “tumor” conveys usual connotations – ie a new growth or mass
Definition revolves around these features:
Monoclonal proliferation of cells with specific mutations
Excessive and unregulated growth of these cells, often at the expense of surrounding normal tissue
Terms to know about when discussing neoplasia
Metastasis - spread of a malignant tumor from one site to another via blood or lymph
Benign – typically refers to those tumors incapable of metastasis and having a good clinical outcome (prognosis)
Malignant – those tumors capable of invasive growth and/or metastasis, often fatal if not treated effectively
Parenchyma – these are the tumor cells themselves, usually referring to epithelial cells in organs.
Stroma – connective tissue cells that support the parenchymal cells – not actually tumor cells, but are stimulated to grow by the tumor via growth factors, eg angiogenesis
Cellular differentiation
Tumors are often “graded” as to how closely they resemble the normal parent tissue that they are derived from.
Well-differentiated means the cells are very similar in appearance and architectural arrangement to normal tissue of that organ
Differentiation
“Poorly-differentiated” refers to tumors that show only minimal resemblance to the normal parent tissue they are derived from.
“Anaplastic” means the tumor shows no obvious similarity to it’s parent tissue, usually associated with aggressive behavior
So what??????
Differentiation often provides clues as to the clinical aggressiveness of the tumor
Tumors often lose differentiation features over time as they become more “malignant” and as they acquire more cumulative genetic mutations
Differentiation often predicts responsiveness to certain therapies, eg estrogen receptors and Tamoxifen in breast cancers
Benign
– circumscribed, often encapsulated, pushes normal tissue aside
Malignant
– infiltrative growth, no capsule, destructive of normal tissues
Classification of neoplasms
Epithelial tumors
Benign forms – adenoma , papilloma
Malignant forms – carcinoma, eg adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma
Mesenchymal tumors
Benign forms – fibroma, leiomyoma,
Malignant forms – sarcoma, eg fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma
Classification continued
Tumors of lymphocytes are always malignant – called lymphoma
Tumors of melanocytes
Benign – nevus
Malignant - melanoma
Precursors of neoplasia
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Chronic inflammation
dysplasia
Metaplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia
Neoplasia 1 basic
Neoplasia: Is the abnormal growth and proliferation of abnormal cells or abnormal amounts of cells due to a benign or malignant process. There can be benign tumors, or neoplasms, and malignant ones.
Neoplastic diseases
The document provides information on cancer and tumor biology. It defines cancer as uncontrolled cell proliferation that can be benign or malignant. Malignant tumors are able to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant sites. Some key differences between benign and malignant tumors include variations in cell shape and size, ploidy, mitotic rate, loss of specialization, and organization. The causes of cancer include chemical, physical, and infectious factors that introduce mutations in DNA. The development of cancer involves multiple genetic alterations that progress cancer from normal to invasive stages.
What's hot (19)
Similar to Cancer
Cancer
Within five years, cancer is projected to surpass heart disease as the leading cause of death according to the American Hospital Association. Cancer occurs when cells grow abnormally and spread uncontrollably, destroying healthy tissue. Carcinogens such as chemicals, heavy metals, radiation, and some viruses can cause cancer by damaging cells' DNA during cell division. Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the US, with melanoma being the deadliest form but basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas being more treatable. Lung cancer has a close link to smoking and accounts for many cancer deaths annually. Treatment for cancer depends on the type and stage and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.
Cancer cell
The document provides information about cancer presented by a group of five students. It defines cancer and tumor, discusses the classification, properties, causes and symptoms of cancer. It also covers cell death mechanisms, different types of cancer that can affect various organs, and common cancer treatments.
Cancer cell growth
The document provides information about cancer presented by a group of five students. It defines cancer and tumor, discusses the classification, properties, causes and symptoms of cancer. It also covers cell death mechanisms, different types of cancer that can affect various organs, and common cancer treatments.
Cancer disease (2)
1. Cancer is defined as uncontrolled cell growth that can form tumors and spread throughout the body.
2. Cancer occurs when cells accumulate mutations in their DNA that cause them to ignore signals regulating the cell cycle and cell growth.
3. If mutations are not repaired, cells will continue dividing uncontrollably and fail to communicate with surrounding cells, which can allow tumors to form and cancer to spread.
What is Cancer Presentation
What is cancer presentation by the University of Colorado Cancer Center. Information from the National Cancer Institute.
Biology investigatory project
Cancer is a disease caused by abnormal cell growth and can start anywhere in the body. Cancer cells differ from normal cells in that they grow uncontrollably, invade other tissues, and are often immortal. Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide, with over 10 million new cases and 9.5 million cancer deaths annually. The number of new cancer cases is projected to increase significantly in the coming decades. Some key causes of cancer include tobacco use, poor diet and lack of exercise, certain infections, and genetic factors. Prevention strategies focus on avoiding risk factors and promoting healthy behaviors.
Cancer
Cancer is one of the most common diseases worldwide and arises due to mutations in genes. There are over 100 types of cancer that can affect different parts of the body. Cancerous cells divide uncontrollably and crowd out normal cells. Factors that can cause mutations include carcinogens like tobacco, certain viruses, radiation, and genetic predisposition. Early diagnosis improves survival rates and treatments are improving, seeking to remove less healthy tissue and combine therapies.
Cancer - Complete Concept.pptx
Cancer Cells is quite different from normal cells. When Normal cell Mechanisms of Division, Differentiation failed and undifferentiation cellular division takes place. Thus the formation of tumor cells which are called as Myeloid Tumor cells. Further growth in Myeloid Tumor due to various carcinogenic agents leads to formation of Malignant Tumor cells, here these cells are called as Cancer cells.
Cancer, types of cancer and homeopathy treatment
Cancer is an abnormal growth of cells that can spread to other parts of the body. There are over 100 types of cancer that can develop in different parts of the body like the breast, skin, lungs, colon, prostate, and lymphatic system. Symptoms vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Some common causes of cancer are tobacco use, diet, obesity, infections, radiation, and environmental pollutants. While some cancers are hereditary, most are caused by environmental factors. Homeopathy looks to treat the whole person and provides customized, natural remedies to help relax, cope with stress, and support the body's healing in cancer.
Cancer.pptx
This document summarizes key facts about cancer:
- Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. The most common cancers are breast, lung, colon, rectum and prostate.
- Cancer occurs due to genetic and environmental factors like tobacco use, diet, physical activity levels, and some infections. Many cancers can be cured if detected early and treated.
- Cancers are classified as benign or malignant tumors. Benign tumors are not cancerous while malignant tumors are and can spread to other parts of the body through metastasis.
Cancer Biology
Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth and can spread throughout the body. The three main properties of cancer cells are that they grow aggressively, can invade nearby tissues, and may spread (metastasize) to distant areas. Nearly all cancers are caused by genetic abnormalities within cells that affect genes regulating cell growth and death. Some genetic changes are inherited, but many are acquired from environmental exposures like tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals or infectious agents. Cancer development involves multiple genetic mutations that cause cells to proliferate uncontrollably and evade the immune system.
Cancer biology
This document provides an overview of cancer biology, covering topics such as the definition of cancer, types of cancers like carcinomas and sarcomas, common cancers by incidence rate, key characteristics of specific cancers like lung cancer and colon cancer, cancer genetics including oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, hallmarks of cancer, and the process of metastasis. It includes descriptions, risk factors, images and literature references.
What causes skin cancer
Skin cancer is a disease where skin cells lose the ability to divide and grow normally. There are three main types of skin cancer - basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun is a major cause of skin cancer, along with genetics, radiation treatment, tanning beds, and sun lamps. People at higher risk include those with fair skin who spend a lot of time outdoors, have a history of sunburns, family history of skin cancer, many moles, or are over age 40. Skin cancer symptoms vary depending on type, but may include firm bumps or lesions on sun-exposed areas that may be flat, scaly, or change in color or size.
Cancer.pptx
The global cancer burden rose to 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths in 2018 according to statistics. One in 5 men and one in 6 women will develop cancer in their lifetime. The increasing burden is due to factors like population growth, aging, and changes to lifestyles and risk factors linked to social and economic development. Cancer is caused by changes to genes that control cell growth and can arise from errors during cell division or DNA damage from environmental exposures. Common signs of cancer include unexplained weight loss, fatigue, pain, skin changes, coughing, and thickening of parts of the body. Cancer treatments include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy depending on the cancer type and stage
Breast cancer
This document provides an overview of chemotherapy for breast cancer. It begins with breast cancer statistics, then defines cancer and describes how breast cancer develops. It explains that breast cancer occurs when mutations take place in breast cells and ducts. Risk factors for breast cancer include genetics, lifestyle, and environmental exposures. The document outlines the different types and clinical stages of breast cancer and describes common diagnostic and treatment methods like mammography, chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and drugs. The goal of treatments is to destroy cancer cells while sparing normal cells.
What is cancer national cancer institute
Cancer is caused by changes to DNA that cause cells to grow uncontrollably and spread. There are over 100 types of cancer named after the organs or tissues where they form, such as lung cancer or brain cancer. Cancer cells differ from normal cells in that they ignore signals telling them to stop growing or die, invade other tissues, encourage blood vessel growth, and find ways to avoid the immune system. The main types of genes affected in cancer are proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. When cancer spreads from its original site to other parts of the body through metastasis, it is called metastatic cancer. Not all abnormal cell growth is cancer - conditions like hyperplasia and dysplasia may
biology project cancer.docx
This document is a student project on the biology of cancer. It begins with acknowledgements and certificates confirming the project. The main content discusses how cancer is caused by mutations in genes regulating cell division. Many environmental and genetic factors can cause these mutations. Cancer occurs when cells divide uncontrollably and form tumors, which can be benign or malignant. The document also covers cancer classification, treatment strategies like surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and their potential side effects.
Types of Cancer its intro and difference between normal and cancerous cell.pptx
This document discusses cancer, including its characteristics, types, causes, and spread. Cancer is defined as abnormal cell growth that can invade other tissues. The main types of cancer are carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemia, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. Carcinomas make up most cancers and affect epithelial tissues. Sarcomas develop in bone and soft tissues. Leukemia originates in bone marrow and causes abnormal blood cells. Lymphomas involve lymphocytes. Multiple myeloma affects plasma cells. Cancers can spread via the lymphatic system or bloodstream to other parts of the body. Common causes of cancer include carcinogens like tobacco, viruses, radiation, and genetic mutations.
04 cancer
Cancer is a deadly disease where cells in the body attack and destroy healthy tissue, leading to sickness and death. A tumour forms from cells that multiply uncontrollably due to DNA mutations caused by carcinogens like tobacco smoke and radiation. Common cancer treatments are surgery to remove tumours, chemotherapy using chemicals to kill cancer cells, and radiation therapy employing radiation to damage cancer cell DNA. Preventing cancer involves eating a healthy diet, limiting red meat and sugar, and maintaining an active lifestyle.
LECTURE 11 CANCER DRUGS, IMMUNOCHEMISTRY and CHEMOCHEMISTRY.docx
LECTURE 11 CANCER: DRUGS, IMMUNOCHEMISTRY and CHEMOCHEMISTRY
A dividing breast cancer cell.
Cancer is the name given to a collection of related diseases. In all types of cancer, some of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues.
Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place.
When cancer develops, this orderly process breaks down. As cells become more and more abnormal, old or damaged cells survive when they should die, and new cells form when they are not needed. These extra cells can divide without stopping and may form growths called tumors.
Many cancers form solid tumors, which are masses of tissue. Cancers of the blood, such as leukemia, generally do not form solid tumors.
Cancerous tumors are malignant, which means they can spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. In addition, as these tumors grow, some cancer cells can break off and travel to distant places in the body through the blood or the lymph system and form new tumors far from the original tumor.
Unlike malignant tumors, benign tumors do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. Benign tumors can sometimes be quite large, however. When removed, they usually don’t grow back, whereas malignant tumors sometimes do. Unlike most benign tumors elsewhere in the body, benign brain tumors can be life threatening.
What are the differences between cancer cells and normal cells?
Cancer cells differ from normal cells in many ways that allow them to grow out of control and become invasive. One important difference is that cancer cells are less specialized than normal cells. That is, whereas normal cells mature into very distinct cell types with specific functions, cancer cells do not. This is one reason that, unlike normal cells, cancer cells continue to divide without stopping.
In addition, cancer cells are able to ignore signals that normally tell cells to stop dividing or that begin a process known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis, which the body uses to get rid of unneeded cells.
Cancer cells may be able to influence the normal cells, molecules, and blood vessels that surround and feed a tumor, an area known as the microenvironment. For instance, cancer cells can induce nearby normal cells to form blood vessels that supply tumors with oxygen and nutrients, which they need to grow. These blood vessels also remove waste products from tumors.
Cancer cells are also often able to evade the immune system, a network of organs, tissues, and specialized cells that protects the body from infections and other conditions. Although the immune system normally removes damaged or abnormal cells from the body, some cancer cells are able to “hide” from the immune system.
Tumors can also use the immune system to stay alive and grow. For example, with.
Similar to Cancer (20)
Types of Cancer its intro and difference between normal and cancerous cell.pptx
Types of Cancer its intro and difference between normal and cancerous cell.pptx
LECTURE 11 CANCER DRUGS, IMMUNOCHEMISTRY and CHEMOCHEMISTRY.docx
LECTURE 11 CANCER DRUGS, IMMUNOCHEMISTRY and CHEMOCHEMISTRY.docx
More from Michele Nardella
Evolution review
Charles Darwin studied medicine and religion before publishing his theory of natural selection, which proposed that heritable traits allowing some individuals to survive and reproduce longer than others drive evolution. Factors like mutations, non-random mating, small population size, or immigration/emigration can cause a population to evolve by taking it out of genetic equilibrium. Isolation, including geographic, behavioral, temporal, ecological or reproductive isolation, increases the chances of divergent evolution by cutting off gene flow between populations.
Evolution
The document summarizes key concepts related to evolution including:
1. Evolution occurs as genetic changes in a population over time lead to changes in traits and gene frequencies. Equilibrium is when a population's gene pool is stable.
2. Natural selection drives evolution when heritable traits that increase survival and reproduction become more common in a population. Variation, reproductive competition, and heritability are required.
3. Isolation, including geographic, ecological, behavioral and reproductive barriers, can lead to genetic changes and speciation as populations diverge independently.
4. Evidence for evolution includes homologous structures, the fossil record, molecular and genetic similarities, geographic distribution patterns, and examples of artificial and natural selection
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. DNA is first transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) using RNA polymerase. mRNA is then translated into a polypeptide chain at ribosomes using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. Gene expression can be regulated at the transcriptional level by proteins that bind to the DNA and repress or induce transcription. In eukaryotes, gene expression can also be regulated post-transcriptionally or translationally through mechanisms like alternative splicing or protein modifications.
DNA
DNA is made up of nucleotides that form a double helix structure. In the 1940s, Avery discovered that DNA, not proteins, is responsible for heredity. Chargaff determined that DNA bases pair up with equal ratios. Franklin's X-ray images helped Watson and Crick deduce the double helix structure in 1953. The structure consists of a sugar-phosphate backbone with nitrogen bases projecting into the helix. DNA replicates semi-conservatively, with each original strand serving as a template to create a new complementary strand. Genes are segments of DNA that code for polypeptides.
Chromosomes
This document discusses several genetic disorders: Down syndrome, which causes physical and intellectual disabilities and occurs in 1 in 800 births; Turner syndrome, which affects short stature and fertility in females with only one X chromosome in 1 in 2000 births; and Klinefelter syndrome, which affects physical and cognitive development in males with an extra X chromosome in 1 in 500-1000 births. Each syndrome results from nondisjunction that leads to an abnormal number of sex chromosomes or autosomes.
Cellular Energetics
The document provides information about energy and how ATP is used to store and transport energy in cells. It discusses how ATP is formed through cellular respiration, with glycolysis generating ATP without oxygen and the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain producing more ATP with oxygen. Photosynthesis is also summarized, explaining how plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Microscope Introduction
This document provides an introduction and overview of the microscope. It discusses the parts of the microscope including the eyepiece, body tube, revolving nosepiece, arm, objective lenses, stage, and base. It also covers how to properly care for and use the microscope, such as always carrying it with two hands and only using lens paper for cleaning. The document explains how magnification is determined by the objective lens and ocular lens and provides steps for focusing the microscope and examining slides safely and properly.
Cell structure
The document summarizes key discoveries and concepts in cell biology:
1) Cells were first observed in the 1600s by scientists like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Schleiden, and Schwann. Their work led to the Cell Theory which states that cells are the fundamental unit of life.
2) All cells share several basic components, including a cell membrane, cytoplasm, genes, and ribosomes. Organisms are either unicellular or multicellular.
3) Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells due to membrane-bound organelles and a larger surface area to volume ratio that allows for more efficient nutrient exchange.
Macroinvertebrates (EEE)
The Department of Environmental Protection monitors stream quality in Pennsylvania to protect the state's air, land, and water from pollution. Macroinvertebrates are useful for assessing water quality as some are tolerant of pollution while others are not, so their presence indicates the stream's pollution levels. Their role in nutrient cycles also makes them important to the whole ecosystem.
Organic molecules
Carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides like glucose and fructose. Disaccharides like lactose are made of two monosaccharides and can cause intolerance issues if not broken down. Polysaccharides serve structural and storage functions in animals and plants. Proteins are made of amino acids with essential ones needing to be obtained through diet. Lipids are non-water soluble and provide energy storage while nucleic acids like DNA and RNA involve nucleotides that store and transmit genetic information.
More from Michele Nardella (10)
Recently uploaded
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Learn about body grief and ways to cope with it. We will also explore methods to heal from this challenging experience.
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Top-Vitamin-Supplement-Brands-in-India List
Swisschem Dermacare provides the Top 10 Vitamin Supplement Brands in India. To know more about us give us call at our official number
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Efficacy of Avartana Sneha in Ayurveda
Avartana Sneha is a unique method of Preparation of Sneha Kalpana in Ayurveda, mainly it is indicated for the Vataja rogas.
A Classical Text Review on Basavarajeeyam
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Recently uploaded (20)
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
Cancer
- 12. Screening for Cancer Screening for cancer has increased survival rates because the sooner treatment starts, the better chance you have …. Hopefully you catch cancer before it spreads (metastasizes) Examples: Self screens for skin, breast cancer PAP smears for cervical cancer PSA test for prostate cancer Colonoscopy for colon cancer
Editor's Notes
- Barbara McClintock, then at the University of Missouri at Columbia, and Hermann J. Muller, then at the University of Edinburgh. Working separately and with different organisms, both investigators realized that chromosomes bore a special component at their ends that provided stability. Muller coined the term "telomere," from the Greek for "end" ( telos ) and "part" ( meros ). McClintock noted that without these end caps, chromosomes stick to one another, undergo structural changes and misbehave in other ways. These activities threaten the survival and faithful replication of chromosomes and, consequently, of the cells housing them.
- In 1972 James D. Watson, working at both Harvard and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, noted that DNA polymerases, the enzymes that replicate DNA, could not copy linear chromosomes all the way to the tip. Hence, the replication machinery had to leave a small region at the end (a piece of the telomere) uncopied. In theory, if cells had no way to compensate for this quirk, chromosomes would shorten with each round of cell division. Eventually, the erosion would eliminate the telomeres and critical genes in some generation of the cells. These cells would thus perish, spelling the end of that cellular lineage. Clearly, all single-cell species subject to such shortening manage to counteract it, or they would have vanished long ago. So do germ-line cells (such as the precursors of sperm and eggs), which perpetuate the species in multicellular organisms. But how do such cells protect their telomeres?
- 1990’s – cancer and telomerase connection made
- These cause mutations that affect the cell cycle