Immunotherapy is treatment that uses certain parts of a person’s immune system to fight diseases such as cancer. The main types of immunotherapy now being used to treat cancer include: Immune checkpoint inhibitors, Monoclonal antibodies, Cancer vaccines and Nonspecific immune stimulation.
Different types of immunotherapy for lung cancer treatmentlee shin
Immunotherapy (http://lungcancersymptomsx.com/?s=immunotherapy) is one of the lung cancer treatment methodologies which has been used along with other treatment method or with as a single treatment. some of the types are mentioned in these slides
A talk presented by Prof. Mohamed Labib Salem at Minofia University محاضرة للأستاذ الدكتور محمد لبيب سالم جامعة طنطا يوم الثلاثاء السادس عشر من فبراير بجامعة المنوفية
This intro is geared towards interested novices who wish to find a resource that can serve as a starting point for further self-study. This is not meant to replace a doctor's advice. Please approach a medical professional for any health condition.
Immunotherapy is treatment that uses certain parts of a person’s immune system to fight diseases such as cancer. The main types of immunotherapy now being used to treat cancer include: Immune checkpoint inhibitors, Monoclonal antibodies, Cancer vaccines and Nonspecific immune stimulation.
Different types of immunotherapy for lung cancer treatmentlee shin
Immunotherapy (http://lungcancersymptomsx.com/?s=immunotherapy) is one of the lung cancer treatment methodologies which has been used along with other treatment method or with as a single treatment. some of the types are mentioned in these slides
A talk presented by Prof. Mohamed Labib Salem at Minofia University محاضرة للأستاذ الدكتور محمد لبيب سالم جامعة طنطا يوم الثلاثاء السادس عشر من فبراير بجامعة المنوفية
This intro is geared towards interested novices who wish to find a resource that can serve as a starting point for further self-study. This is not meant to replace a doctor's advice. Please approach a medical professional for any health condition.
Immunotherapy, a type of cancer treatment designed to eradicate disseminated cancer by harnessing the potential of the immune system. Immunotherapy agents do not directly attack the tumour but instead mobilize the immune system -this can be achieved through various approaches that utilize adaptive or innate immunity. The main types of immunotherapy can be broadly subdivided into non-antigen-specific and antigen-specific categories. Non-antigen-specific strategies include nonspecific immune stimulation and Immune checkpoint inhibitors, whereas antigen-specific strategies include adoptive cell transfer of autologous cancer-specific T cells and various therapeutic vaccination approaches.
In this presentation, I discuss a new standard of treatment in cancers which is immunotherapy. I also discuss the few cancers for which it has been approved.
Cancer Immunotherapies (Focus on Melanoma & Lung Cancers)Zeena Nackerdien
Effective immunotherapy i.e. enlisting the patient’s own immune system to fight disease may mark a milestone in the fight against certain cancers. Three lymphocytes – T cells, B cells and NK-cells – involved in specific immune responses against cancers and other diseases. T cells recognize specific antigens via a T-cell antigen-receptor. The two main types of T cells, CD4- and CD8 T-cells, are categorized according to their respective CD4 and CD8 surface markers. The latter group includes cytotoxic T cells, also known as killer T lymphocytes. These cells kill invading pathogens or other disease-causing agents. Scientists discovered that a type of protein receptor, cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4), prevented T cells from launching immune attacks [1]. In the early 1990s, another “brake” was discovered in dying T cells namely programmed death 1 or PD-1. The rationale underlying cancer immunotherapy is that exposing CTLA-4, PD-1 or using other appropriate immune-system-based therapies may enable the activation of the immune system to destroy cancer.
Genetically engineering a patient’s T cells to target tumor cells marked one of the promising turning points in cancer immunotherapy, particularly for certain blood cancers and solid tumors. Melanoma and lung cancer, two often-fatal diseases, are treatable in the early stages with surgery or other standards of care. However, some patients are diagnosed during the later stages of the disease or relapse with refractory/unresectable tumors. For these subgroups, the latest National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) tailored algorithms coupled with systemic treatment options, including immunotherapies, could potentially improve outcomes. Here, I summarize the latest approved immunotherapies mentioned in the NCCN guidelines, along with other examples of investigational agents such as monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, and natural killer cells. Additional examples of targeted therapies, novel “druggable” and other immunotargets are presented in the section, ”Future Directions.”
Reference
1. Couzin-Frankel, J., Breakthrough of the year 2013. Cancer immunotherapy. Science, 2013. 342(6165): p. 1432-3.
Immunotherapy, a type of cancer treatment designed to eradicate disseminated cancer by harnessing the potential of the immune system. Immunotherapy agents do not directly attack the tumour but instead mobilize the immune system -this can be achieved through various approaches that utilize adaptive or innate immunity. The main types of immunotherapy can be broadly subdivided into non-antigen-specific and antigen-specific categories. Non-antigen-specific strategies include nonspecific immune stimulation and Immune checkpoint inhibitors, whereas antigen-specific strategies include adoptive cell transfer of autologous cancer-specific T cells and various therapeutic vaccination approaches.
In this presentation, I discuss a new standard of treatment in cancers which is immunotherapy. I also discuss the few cancers for which it has been approved.
Cancer Immunotherapies (Focus on Melanoma & Lung Cancers)Zeena Nackerdien
Effective immunotherapy i.e. enlisting the patient’s own immune system to fight disease may mark a milestone in the fight against certain cancers. Three lymphocytes – T cells, B cells and NK-cells – involved in specific immune responses against cancers and other diseases. T cells recognize specific antigens via a T-cell antigen-receptor. The two main types of T cells, CD4- and CD8 T-cells, are categorized according to their respective CD4 and CD8 surface markers. The latter group includes cytotoxic T cells, also known as killer T lymphocytes. These cells kill invading pathogens or other disease-causing agents. Scientists discovered that a type of protein receptor, cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4), prevented T cells from launching immune attacks [1]. In the early 1990s, another “brake” was discovered in dying T cells namely programmed death 1 or PD-1. The rationale underlying cancer immunotherapy is that exposing CTLA-4, PD-1 or using other appropriate immune-system-based therapies may enable the activation of the immune system to destroy cancer.
Genetically engineering a patient’s T cells to target tumor cells marked one of the promising turning points in cancer immunotherapy, particularly for certain blood cancers and solid tumors. Melanoma and lung cancer, two often-fatal diseases, are treatable in the early stages with surgery or other standards of care. However, some patients are diagnosed during the later stages of the disease or relapse with refractory/unresectable tumors. For these subgroups, the latest National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) tailored algorithms coupled with systemic treatment options, including immunotherapies, could potentially improve outcomes. Here, I summarize the latest approved immunotherapies mentioned in the NCCN guidelines, along with other examples of investigational agents such as monoclonal antibodies, cancer vaccines, and natural killer cells. Additional examples of targeted therapies, novel “druggable” and other immunotargets are presented in the section, ”Future Directions.”
Reference
1. Couzin-Frankel, J., Breakthrough of the year 2013. Cancer immunotherapy. Science, 2013. 342(6165): p. 1432-3.
Crosstalk Between Cancer Inflammation and Immunity: Host Defense Webinar Seri...QIAGEN
This slidedeck will review the mechanisms of anticancer immune responses, which include immune checkpoints and the cross-talk between cancer cells and the cellular mediators of inflammation and immunity. The impact of gut microbiota in eliciting the immune responses against cancer and modulating the effects of drugs will also be discussed. In addition, we will discuss the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer progression and immune responses. Research tools and therapeutic strategies are also presented.
Slides of my graded Advanced Immunology presentation. Outlines melanoma vaccine strategies in an easy-to-read way.
Vaccinology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
This is a brief overview of the evolving field of prophylactic and therapeutic cancer vaccines.
Cancer vaccines are active immunotherapies. As seen in the accompanying figure, the distinction from passive immunotherapies is based on different mechanisms of action. Passive immunotherapies and adoptive T-cell transfer, for example, are made/modified outside of the body.
Once inside the body they can compensate for missing or deficient functions. Active immunotherapies, on the other hand, stimulate effector functions in vivo. What this means, is that the patient’s immune system can respond to the challenge and be stimulated to mediate effector cells that defend the body in an immune response. Examples of active immunotherapies include peptide, dendritic cell, and allogeneic whole-cell vaccines.
Immunotherapy is based in reactivating the patient immune system specifically against the neoplasia, tumors have immunosuppression mechanisms that allow them to control and evade the immune response.
There are different immunotherapy approaches like tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies, adoptive T cell transfer, anticancer vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, most of these in important clinical trials in which the effects and toxicities are still evaluated. They are also beginning tested on a combination of immunotherapies and other non-immunological therapies in order to increase the survival of patients. Immunotherapy is still a young area and it needs to reach its peak, but it will surely be a great tool to treat and cure cancer.
This presentation is part of MIU CE Pharmacy Program and is designed primarily for pharmacists with the following learning objectives:
1- Explain the mechanisms of action behind immune response to cancer and the application of immunotherapy in cancer treatment
2- Distinguish new and emerging immunotherapy classes and individual agents efficacy, safety to therapy in cancer treatment
3-Strategies to counsel and assist patients to overcome barriers to therapy, including Treatment side effects to improve adherence to therapy
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Cance immunotherapy in veterinary medicine
1. Cancer immunotherapy in veterinary
medicine: Current options
and new developments
Indian Veterinary Research Institute
Division of Veterinary Medicine
Monika
M-5626
3. • Immunotherapy is a new class of cancer
treatment that works to harness the innate
powers of the immune system to fight cancer.
• Also called as biologic or biotherapy
• Fourth arm to treat cancer
5. Active
immunotherapy
Seeks to elicit an anti tumor
response from the patient’s
own immune system,
typically through
vaccination
Passive
immunotherapy
Involves the transfer of
biological reagents such as
mabs or antigen specific
adaptive immune cells into
the cancer patient
9. ( Anderson et al.,2015)
(Regan et al.,2016)
The tumor microenvironment evolves to create a highly
immunosuppressive barrier that limits the effectiveness of an
immune response
Suppression of T-cell by by expressing PD-1L
10.
11. Monoclonal Antibodies
mAbs are designed to modulate targets
expressed on the surface of cancer cells or
in the tumor microenvironment
mAbs that
directly bind to
malignant cells
mAbs that act
to block
growth-
promoting
pathways in the
tumor stroma mAbs, termed
immune
checkpoint
inhibitors
13. Rituximab (Rituxan)
• Anti-CD20
• First mabs
• Approved from FDA
• Treatment of both hematologic and solid
malignancies
• Successful treated B cell lymphoma in dogs
• 1mg/ml, i/v infusion in 0.9% NaCl, 2 doses two
weeks apart
(Vacchelli et al.,2014)
14.
15. AT-005
mAb targeting CD52 on T cells
conditional approval from the USDA
for the treatment of T cell lymphoma
currently being tested in canine clinical
trials
(Aratana et al.,2015)
16. • Anti-EGFR
• Used in epithelial
cancers
cetuximab
• Anti- HER2
• Used in canine
mammary carcinoma
Transtuzumab
mAbs used in the treatment of solid
malignancies
(Bethge et al.,2004)
17.
18. • available as Erbitux
•5mg/ml infusion, 5mg/min
•Not more than 120 minutes
•400mg/m2 once in a week followed by
250mg/m2
19. Monoclonal Antibodies That Block Growth-
Promoting Pathways in the Tumor Stroma
Bevacizumab
mAb against vascular endothelial growth
factor (VEGF)
improves the infiltration of effector T cells
into the tumor
therapeutically efficacious in inhibiting the growth of
canine sarcomas
(Huang et al.,2014)
22. • yet to be tested in canine clinical trials
• expression of canine PD-L1 has been detected on a number
of canine tumor types, including mastocytoma, melanoma,
renal cell carcinoma
(Maekawa et al.,2014)
23. Immunoconjugates and Other Modified
Antibodies
Currently two ADCs,
brentuximab
vedotin (against
the CD30
antigen expressed in
some lymphocytes) and
trastuzumab
emtansine
(Peters et al.,2015)
24. In Situ Immunization with Adenovirus-
Fas Ligand
promote inflammation and necrosis at the primary tumor site
This therapy has been used to treat a variety of melanomas and canine
osteosarcoma
The potential for systemic or chronic toxicity is reduced by the self-
limiting nature of AdFasL therapy
This approach induces supraphysiologic FasL expression in both tumor
cells and cells in the local microenvironment to enhance therapeutic
efficacy
Modiano et al.,2004
26. Administration of Attenuated Bacteria
non-specific stimulants of the innate immune system
Genetically modified facultative anaerobic bacteria such as
Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria
monocytogenes,Corynebacterium and BCG are used
induce tumor cytotoxicity, to disrupt the tumor
microenvironment, and to stimulate an anti-tumor immune
response
One final benefit of this therapy is the ability to control these
agents with antibiotics in the case of therapy-related adverse
events
(Wood et al.,2014)
27. Oncolytic virotherapy
• Oncolytic viruses (OV), which preferentially infect and
lyse cancer cells
• Adenoviruses, morbiliviruses, reoviruses, and poxviruses
• Oncolytic viruses were originally designed to induce
“acute tumor debulking” following direct lysis of the
tumor cells
• China approved the use of a recombinant adenovirus
(Oncorine)
(Lichty et al.,2014)
28.
29. Adoptive T cell transfer
• In adoptive cell therapy (ACT), autologous T cells
are expanded and activated or modified ex vivo
before being re-infused into the patient, thus
circumventing tumor-induced immunosuppression
• Currently, three forms of ACT are being developed for
clinical use
a) Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy
b) T cell receptor (TCR) engineered T cells,
c) Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells
(June et al.,2015)
30.
31. Anti- cancer vaccines
• Therapeutic cancer vaccines utilize a variety of
approaches to induce immune activation
including the injection of:
- whole cell or tumor cell lysates
- peptide antigens, plasmid DNA,
- activated immune cells primed with tumor
antigens
• Depends upon TAAs
(Bergman et al.,2007)
32. The first therapeutic
cancer vaccine to be
approved for any
species was the
xenogeneic DNA
vaccine Oncept which
was approved by the
USDA for use in
canine oral
melanoma in 2007
Another genetic
vaccine that has been
pursued in canine
clinical trials encodes a
catalytically inactive
form of dog
telomerase reverse
transcriptase (dTERT)
(Peruzzi et al.,2010)Bergman et al.,2006
33. S/c route
Administer five injections (each approximately
0.2 ml) around the tumour excision site: one
injection at each corner and one injection at the
centre of a 5 cm x 5 cm square centred on the
middle of the surgical scar.
Treatment course: 4 administrations at 1-week
intervals (day 0, day 7, day 14, day 21) followed
by 2 administrations at 2-week intervals
Start the treatment course the day before
radiation therapy, preferably within one month
after surgical excision.
34. • The current challenge in cancer
vaccination lies in understanding and
overcoming immune system dysfunction,
either through improved vaccination
strategies or by combining vaccination with
other treatment modalities
(Mulders et al.,2015)
35. (Zitvogel et al.,2015)
• Inhalational administration of human IL-2 has also been shown to
generate significant antitumor activity in dogs with lung metastases.
(Khanna et al.,1996)
Innate Immune Activation by Recombinant
Cytokines
The innate immune system can also be activated by administration of
cytokines, including IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, IFN-α and TNF-α
INF-α has been used for immunotherapy of cancer in dogs and in cats for
squamous cell carcinoma
36. CLDC (cationic liposome-DNA complex) on i/v administration also stimulate NK cells
and contol growth of canine osteosarcoma. This compound is currently evaluated for
use in veterinary immunotherapeutic in Europe
(Dow et al.,2006)
IL-12 electrogene therapy resulted in significant delay in TVT cases by increasing
tumor infiltrating lyuphocytes.
(Pavlin et al.,2011)
37. Liposomal clodronate (LC) has been evaluated as a cancer
immunotherapeutic in dogs
Liposomal
encapsula
ted drug
Taken up
by these
macropha
ges
Cytoplasmi
c drug
release
Rapid
induction of
apoptosis
(Hafeman et al.,2010)
38. (Regan et al.,2015)
(Guth et al.,2013)
An alternative strategy for eliminating tumor macrophages is
to selectively block the migration and recruitment of
inflammatory monocytes to tumor tissues
•CCL2 major chemokine produced by tumor
•certain classes of drugs (e.g., angiotensin-receptor
blocking agents such as losartan) can also block CCL2
dependent migration of canine monocytes in vivo and in
vitro.
39. • The NLR agonist MTP (administered as a
liposomal formulation known as L-MTP-PE) is
demonstrated anti-metastatic activity in
canine osteosarcoma
• L-MTP-PE (Mifamurtide) is only available for
use in Europe
(Kurzman et al.,1995)
40. Depletion of Tregs
•Increases in various tumors like lymphoma and
carcinomas
(Biller et al.,2010)
•Tyrosine kinase inhibitor has been found to deplete
Tregs
-Toceranib
-Sunitinib
(Duffy et al.,2010)
43. conclusion
Mabs therapy represent one of the most promising avenues for the
development of veterinary immunotherapy
Veterinary trials also represent opportunities to develop improved
therapeutic modalities, optimize dosing schedules, identify biomarkers to
predict and identify responses
Veterinary clinical trials have the ability to not only improve the lives of
our patients, but to uniquely inform human clinical trials
these therapies do not need to be personalized for each individual
patient i.e “off the shelf”.