5. Introduction
Ylang-ylang tree known as Apurvachampa in Kannada and
perfume tree, Ylang-ylang, cananga, cadmia in English is
grown in gardens of India for its highly fragrant Cananga
oil and well known Ylang-ylang of commercial
importance.
It is also known as queen of perfumes.
In India it is not grown commercially.
Origin and distribution
It is origin of Malaysia and Indonesia . It is found
distributed from eastern Asia to Australia
6. Cultivating countries
Philippines, Northern Australia, Thailand, Vietnam, Madagascar,
Ceylon, Comoros, Mayotte and the French colonies in the Indian
ocean. (Manner and Elevitz, 2006).
Production, imports and exports of cananga
oil
Annual global production- 100 tonnes/year.
Comoros, 50-65 tonnes
Madagascar, 20-25 tonnes
Mayotte, 10-20 tonnes
Imports from all origins are dominated by France.
World import demand of ylang-ylang oil around 100 tonnes/yr.
7.
8. 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
FRANCE (EX-
COMOROS) 72.4 73.1 125.1 156.6 117.4 88.0 102.4 107.6
US (EX-
MADAGASCAR
62.2 96.2 225.1 213.7 141.1 144.1 177.0 148.8
Table 1: US and France: import prices for ylang ylang oil, 2005-2012, $/kg
Source: Comtrade Trade Map and US FAS
http://www.intracen.org
9. In trade, there are 4 grades
Ylang-ylang extra
Ylang-ylang first
Ylang-ylang second
Ylang-ylang third
Ylang-ylang extra super has been recently added (Benini et al.,
2012)
ylang-ylang oil blends particularly well with bergamot,
grapefruit, lavender and sandalwood oil.
10. Grade Aroma
Extra Strong floral, jasmine-like
First Floral and jasmine-like
Second Duller
Third Dull with sometimes burnt and harsh notes
(Bontin, 2006)
Table 2: Grades specifications of cananga
11. Table 3: Main components of the oils of Extra, First, Second and Third grades of ylang
ylang oil
(Mallavarapu et al.,2015)
12. Grade
Specific density
(at 27°C)
As % of total distilled oil
In Comoros
In
Madagascar
Extra & Extra “S” 0.950 – 0.970 24% 3%
First 0.934 – 0.945 10% 20%
Second 0.920 – 0.932 8% 17%
Third 0.900 – 0.916 58% 60%
Table 4: Ylang-ylang oil grades specifications and yield of Comoros and Madagascar
(Bontin,2006)
13. Geranyl Acetate (18.28%)
Benzyl Benzoate (14.42%)
Germacrene D (10.92%),
Trans-Caryophyllene (10.71%)
Linaloöl (6.83%)
Eugenol (6.65%)
Farnesol (3.36%)
Benzyl salicylic acid (0.60%)
Major constituents:
(Muchjajib and Muchjajib , 2011)
15. Usage and
applications :
• Flowers - perfumes, cosmetics, lotions etc..
• Scent used medicinally for its calming effects,
quality organic herbal tinctures, creams and oils.
• Oil in Aromatherapy- sedative, antiseptic,
aphrodisiac and for treating trauma, acute anxiety
and phobias.
• Talcum powder perfumes and for fixation of floral
odours.
16. Table 5:Usage levels of ylang-ylang oil
ITEM
USAGE LEVEL (%)
NORMAL MAXIMUM
Soaps 0.020 0.30
Detergents 0.002 0.03
Creams and lotions 0.010 0.10
Perfumes 0.300 1.00
(Burdock and Carabin 2008)
Based on the consumption data, it was estimated that the individual
consumption of ylang-ylang oil is 0.006 mg. per day
(Burdock and Carabin 2008)
17. Table 6: Uses of Ylang-ylang oil in different types of foods and its
usage levels
FEMA: Flavour and Extracts Manufacturer’s Association
FOOD TYPE
USAGE LEVEL (PPM)
NORMAL MAXIMUM
Alcoholic beverages (FEMA) 0.99 2.91
Non-alcoholic beverages (FEMA) 0.98 2.85
Baked goods (FEMA) 3.03 5.03
Chewing gum (FEMA) 12.04 58.81
Frozen dairy products (FEMA) 2.92 4.89
Gelatin, pudding (FEMA) 1.03 3.00
Hard candy (FEMA) 1.05 1.38
Soft candy (FEMA) 3.00 4.98
(Burdock and Carabin 2008)
18. Botany:
Medium sized, perennial, tropical tree,
10-15m height, branches are pendulous or
slightly erect with drooping, leafy twigs.
The tree bark is smooth and greyish white to
silvery.
Leaves:
Dark green, 20 cm in length, alternate,
simple, elliptic-oblong, slightly pubescent,
and with prominent midrib, as with most of
the members of this family, the leaves are
arranged mainly along a plane.
19. Flowers:
Drooping in nature, axillary
clusters(4-12).
First they appear green and are
without fragrance and covered
with white hairs then roughly
twenty days later change to
white then a very fragrant yellow
& brown when mature.
(Martein et
al.,1993).
Twisted young
flowers
Drooping mature
21. Seeds: There are 6-12 small,
pale brown, flattened ovoid seeds
in each fruit.
Fruits: greenish black in colour,
1.5 -2.5 cm in length, containing
6-12 stalked fruitlets, fleshy,
olive like and borne in axillary
clusters. (Stone,1970)
22. Artobotrys hexapetalus (L.f.) Bhandari
(Syn: Annona hexapetalus) Family: Annonaceae
It is commonly called as claimbing lang-
lang, ylang-ylang vine.
It is native to India and Tropical Asia
In kannada it is called as Manoranjani
flower
Other species
23. Cultural
practiceSoil: Sandy loam to clay loam.
Avoid saline and alkaline soils.
• pH 4.5-8.0
Climate : The tree grows well in the equatorial to
subtropical climates of Indian and Pacific oceans.
• Elevation: 800-1200m above mean sea level.
• RF: 700 – 5000mm
• Temperature: 5 – 350c
Propagation:
Cananga odorata is commonly propagated through seed.
Seeds are collected in the month of June/July. It can also
propagated by cuttings but success rate is less.
24. Seed propagation:
• Ripe fruits, which are turn from dark green to black are collected.
Separate the fresh seeds and sieve in running water, and air-dried
in shade.
• Seed is orthodox, meaning it remains viable when dried.
• Seeds are sown in light, well drained potting medium.
• The germination of fresh seed is said to be erratic. Seeds of 6-12
months old have higher germination rate.
• Hot water treatment i.e stratification gives better germination rate.
(Oyen and Dung 1999)
25. Transplanting:
30-50cm height seedlings i.e. 2month old, planted at spacing 5×6m
(333plants/ha). However care should be taken not to damage the long tap root.
Growth and Development:
Cananga is classified as a fast grower, more than 2m per year in its early years.
30-50cm & 2 month
old seedling
Spacing: 5×6m
26. Flowering starts 5th year onwards and continues upto 30
years.
Flowering is generally low during the periods December to
March and July to September and high during April to June
and October to December (Bontin, 2006).
The plant was reported to flower throughout the year in the
Pacific Islands. (Manner and Elevitz, 2006).
Flowering:
28. Harvest and Yield :
The yield of flowers varies depending on the location
where it is cultivated.
In Comoro Islands a yield of 900-1500 kg
flowers/hectare plantation producing approximately 18-30
kg essential oil was reported.
In Madagascar, the yield is approximately 1600
kg/hectare plantation producing approximately 40 kg of
essential oil (Manner and Elevitz, 2006).
The flower yield about 1.5-2% of volatile oil.
30. Steam distillation of the flowers.
The first yield produces the finest
oil, known as “Extra” and is used in
aromatherapy.
The same flowers can be distilled a
second time for a grade ”1”, first 2
1/2 hours, a third for grade “2”, first
three to four hours, and lastly for a
grade ”3” which is mostly used for
removing varnishes.
This process can take up to fourteen
hours.
Distillation
Cananga flowers
31. Cananga oil :
It is known as every-body’s ylang-ylang. It is
produced by water/steam distillation of
flowers
Concrete:
It is obtained by “Petroleum ether” extraction of cananga
flowers
Absolute:
It is obtained by alcohol washing of concrete of cananga.
Yield: 75-82% of absolute, it has a typical balsamic floral
note.
32. Traditional methods of cananga oil distillation in Comoros and Madagascar
(Bontin, 2006)
36. Picking time Essential oil
yield/300 g
of flowers (μl)
Oil content
(%)
8:00 am 1262.50 0.42
12:00 pm 1213.75 0.40
4:00 pm 1036.25 0.35
CV (%) 8.88
Table 8: Essential oil yield of ylang-ylang flowers
from different picking time.
(Muchjajib and Muchjajib , 2011)
37. Distilling time Essential oil yield/300 g
of flowers(μl)
Oil content
(% )
9:00 am 1352.50 0.45
1:00 pm 1306.25 0.44
5:00 pm 1331.25 0.44
9:00 am of the following
day
2008.75 0.67
CV (%) 7.85
Table 9: Essential oil yield of ylang-ylang flowers from different
distilling time.
(Muchjajib and Muchjajib , 2011)
38. Table 10: Essential oil yield of ylang-ylang from different stages of
flower maturity.
Stages of flower maturity Essential oil
yield/300 g
of flowers(μl)
Oil content
(% v/w)
Green stage
(5-6 week after floral bud
initiation)
757.50 0.25
Yellowish Green stage
(7-8 week after floral bud
initiation)
1238.75 0.41
Yellow stage
(8-9 week after floral bud
initiation)
937.50 0.31
CV (%) 16.13
(Muchjajib and Muchjajib , 2011)
39. Table 11: Essential oil yield of ylang-ylang from different sizes
of flower at the mature stage.
Flowersize Essentialoilyield/300g
of flowers(μl)
Oilcontent
(%v/w)
Small, 1.18×5.08 cm 1.10
g/flower
965.00 0.32
Medium, 1.20×5.87 cm
1.56 g/flower
1467.50 0.49
Large, 1.37×7.14 cm 1.91
g/flower
2312.50 0.77
CV (%) 10.42
(Muchjajib and Muchjajib , 2011)
40. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from
Different Stages of Cananga odorata Flower
Development
(Xiao-Wei Qin., et al 2014)
41. Figure 1: The morphological characteristics of Cananga odorata
flower in seven different stages.
(I) bud stage; (II) display-petal stage; (III) initial-flowering stage; (IV) full-
flowering
(Xiao-Wei Qin., et al 2014)
42. Figure 2: Two-dimensional (2D) DFA plots of flower from different stages by
electronic nose.
(I) bud stage; (II) display-petal stage; (III) initial-flowering stage;
(IV) full-flowering stage; (V) end-flowering stage; (VI) wilted-flower stage;
Initial-flowering stage
Full-flowering stage
End-flowering stage
Bud stage
Display-petal stage
Discriminant factor 1
Discriminantfactor2
(Xiao-Wei Qin., et al 2014)
43. Figure 3: The composition of volatile compounds in different stages of C. odorata flower development by
HS-SPME-GC-MS. (I) bud stage; (II) display-petal stage;
(III) initial-flowering stage; (IV) full-flowering stage; (V) end-flowering stage;
(VI) wilted-flower stage; and (VII) dried flower stage.
(Head space-solid phase micro extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) (Xiao-Wei Qin., et al 2014)
44. Figure 5: Principal components analysis biplot showing relationship between the different stages of C.
odorata flower development and the volatile compounds(of combined variance): PC1 vs. PC2 plots
(I) bud stage, (II) display-petal stage, (III) initial-flowering stage, (IV) full-flowering stage,
(V) end-flowering stage, (VI) wilted-flower stage, and (VII) dried flower stage.
Black dots represent distribution of 92 volatile compounds in C. odorata flower.
PC 1 include
α-caryophyllene,
D-germacrene,
α-farnesene,
δ-cadinene,
α-citral,
β-caryophyllene
PC 2 include
benzyl benzoate,
methylbenzoate,
α-methoxybenzeneacetic acid,
neryl acetate,
geraniol acetate,
β-pinene,
β-cubebene,
(Z,E)-α-farnesene,
(Xiao-Wei Qin., et al 2014)
45. Morphological stages of
cananga flower
Volatile
compounds
Different chemical classes Major compound
Bud stage 28 Hydrocarbons(80.01%)
Β-caryophyllene(35%)
α-caryophyllene(13.98%)
Display-petal stage 26 Alcohols(4.12%)
Β-caryophyllene(32%)
D-germacrene(13.73%)
Initial-flowering stage 28 Acids(6.63%)
Β-caryophyllene(26.87%)
α-farnesene(11.86%)
Full-flowering stage 51
Hydrocarbons (66.17%)
Esters(17.62%)
Β-caryophyllene(17.03%)
B-cubenane(11.79%)
End-flowering stage 40 Esters(26.38%)
Β-caryophyllene(15.05%)
Geraniol acetate(13.78%)
Wilted flower stage 27 Aldehydes(19.30%)
Β-caryophyllene(21.15%)
D-germacrene(19.50%)
Dried flower stage 32 Hydrocarbons(84.88%)
Β-caryophyllene(27.90%)
Table 12:The composition of volatile compounds in different stages of C.
odorata flower
Xiao-Wei Qin., et al 2014
46. Distillation Assisted by Microwave for
Extracting Essential Oil from Java
Cananga Flowers
(Mahafud et al., 2015)
47. 1. Three-neck flask
2. Microwave oven
3. Power Setting
4. Time setting
5. Temperature
indicator
6. Condenser
7. Separation funnel
8. Conicalflask
Figure 4: Experimental Apparatus of Hydro distillation assisted by Microwave
3
(Mahafud et al., 2015)
48. Table 13:The amount of oil obtained from hydro distillation assisted by
microwave
Flower
conditions
Mass(grams) Weight of oil obtained(%)
264W 400W
Fresh
100 1.0 1.1
150 1.3 1.5
200 1.6 1.8
withered
100 0.9 1.0
150 1.2 1.4
200 1.5 1.7
(Mahafud et al., 2015)
49. 160 min
%yield in function time
(P=264W)
%yield in function time
(P=400W)
Figure 5& 6: Effect of distillation time on oil yield for hydro
distillation assisted by microwave (MHD)
(Mahafud et al., 2015)
50. Figure 7: Comparison of oil yield in time function for Hydro-
distillation vs Microwave Hydro-distillation (100g fresh flower,
power 400W )
(Mahafud et al., 2015)
51. Propertieses (SNI/EOA) 264 W 400 W
Specific gravity
25oC
0,904 - 0,920 0.9065 - 0.911 0.9122 - 0.9157
Refractive Index
20oC
1,495 - 1,505 1.4997 - 1.5001 1.5001 - 1.5004
Table 14:Physical and chemical properties of oil obtained in the
present work
(Mahafud et al., 2015)
52. conclusion
• Ylang-ylang oil has been approved by US FDA and FEMA for use
as a flavouring agent in processed food products.
• So, cultivation of ylang ylang gives more economic value.
• Not only found usage in food, it also reported that usage in
pharmacy.
• In India commercial cultivation of ylang ylang not yet reported. So
go for this type of crop to get maximum income.
