The document summarizes the political events in the Philippines in the early 20th century surrounding the country's independence movement from the United States. It discusses the Wood-Forbes commission that concluded the Philippines was not ready for independence in 1921. It also describes the conflicts between Governor General Leonard Wood and Filipino political leaders over policies like the Jones Act and Wood's veto powers, which Filipinos saw as curtailing their rights. The document outlines the various independence missions to the US that failed to gain independence and the passing of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting and Tydings-McDuffie Acts that established the path to full independence.

3.  Fact-finding commission sent to the Philippines by
newly elected U.S president Warren Harding in
March 1921, which concluded that Filipinos were
not ready for independence from the United
States.
 In 1931, Woodrow Wilson had appointed the liberal
Francis B. Harrison was convinced that the best
method of preparing Filipinos for independence
was to give them as wide a latitude as possible in
managing their internal affairs. Passage of the
Jones Act in 1916, which announced the U,.S
intention of granting Philippine independence,
encouraged Harrison in his policy of replacing
Americans in the Philippines civil service with
Filipinos.

4.  Republicans in the United States argued that
Harrison’s policy of Filipinization was premature
and that the takeover of jobs by Filipinos resulted
only in a marked deterioration of services. To
support disposition, Harding sent out General
Leonard Wood and William Cameron Forbes. The
two reported in October 1921. That the islands
were not preferred for independence and that
many educated Filipinos wish to remain under the
American tutelage.
 News of the Wood- Forbes report was received
with anger in the Philippines. Wood, who served
as a governor general for the next 6 years, though
an honest and efficient administrator, remained
highly unpopular with Filipinos.

5.  He is a Chief of Staff of the United States Army.
Military Governor of the Cuba and Governor
General of the Philippines.
 He fought in Cuba during the Spanish-American
war.
Leonard Wood

6.  President Harding wanted General Wood to be the next
governor-general of the Philippines. Wood was reluctant
to accept the position at first but was later persuaded
to take on the task of governing the country.
 Leonard Wood antagonized Manuel L. Quezon and
Sergio Osmeña, the two most powerful political leaders.
 1921- Collectives
 Nationalista Party - Political leadership should
be exercised collectively, that no one person should
dictate policies but instead all should participate in
their formulation.
 Unipersonalistas - leadership should be
exercised by one person, not by group.
 1922 - election on the issue between Osmeña and
Quezon was clarified.
 Quezon’s group (colectivistas) won more seats than
Osmeña’s group.
 1925
• Democrata Party, Third Party was successfully challenge
both colectivistas and unipersonalistas

7.  Jones Law- Strong opposition from the Filipino political
leaders.
 Wood deviated from Harrison’s policy of giving Filipino
greater participation in the government.
 1923
 Manuel L . Quezon became the most prominent political
leader of the Filipinos who had a quarrel with the governor
Wood
 American detective in Manila Police Department (by the
name RAY CONLEY)- the cause of quarrel
The Cabinet Crisis

8.  Ramon Fernandez
Manila Mayor
suspended Conley for allegedly accepting
bribes and committing acts of immorality.
 Jose P. Laurel- Secretary of the Interior
approved the suspension. He wants Conley to be
investigated administratively as well as Wood wants
Conley be brought to trail.
• Conley was found not guilty so Wood ordered Laurel to
reinstate Conley in his position and pay him back wages
covering the period of his suspension.
• Conley retired and got his retirement pay .
• Quezon took advantage to Conley case so they attack Wood
and branded him as anti- Filipino. They accused Wood of
interfering even the smallest detail of governance in order
curtail the rights of Filipinos.
Filipino members of the cabinet and that members of Council
of state resigned.

9.  Board of Control Case
 One of the causes of the conflicts between
Wood and the Filipino Leaders.
 Composed of the governor-general, the
Senate President, and the Speaker of the
House.
 It manage the affairs of government
corporations.
 It is abolished by Wood
 Veto Power
 Another source of conflict between Wood and
the Filipino political leaders.
 Quezon and Osmeña accused Wood of
exercising his Veto power without any
restriction.
 Wood was accused as anti- Filipino and against
the interest of the Filipino people.
 1927
• The conflict with Wood ended only with his death.

10. Independence Mission

11.  1919- first parliamentary mission was sent to
U.S during the administration of Woodrow
Wilson. Lead by Manuel Quezon
 April 1922- second parliamentary mission was
present on Washington lead by Osmena and
Quezon. Like the first mission, the second
mission achieved nothing.
 In the succeeding years, particularly in 1922-
1928 and 1930, the Philippine independence
missions were a failure.
 In 1930, an Independence Congress met in
Manila and passed a resolution favoring the
early grant of Indepence to the Philippines.

12. It is called the Os-Rox Mission. It wasinstructed by the
Legislature to work for the early grant of the
Philippine independence.They are the three American
groups that were favorable to Philippine
Independence. They were the American Farm Group,
American Labor leaders. And the isolationist.
 The Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act was the first US law
passed for the decolonization of the Philippines. It
was the result of the Os-Rox Mission led by Sergio
Osmeña and Manuel Roxas .
 Become an cat that states that the end of a ten- year
period, to be named as the Commonwealth Period.
Philippine independence will be granted.

13.  When Quezon was informed about the passage of the Hare-
Hawes- Cutting Law, he thought that it was not a good law.
He was therefore obliged to work against the approval by the
Legislature.
 He worked hard for the law to be rejected by the Philippine
Legislature. Quezon reorganized the Legislature so as to
weed out the supporters of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law, who
also happened to be the suppoters of Osmeña and Roxas.
 Late in 1933, Quezon realized that the chances of having a
better law passed were nil. Faced with embarrassment,
Quezon worked with Milliard Tydings and Representative
John McDuffie to have the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law
reenacted with practically little change.
 Tydings- McDuffie Act- signed by President Roosevelt on
March 24, 1934 with one revision: “the retention of naval
reservations and fueling stations” instead of “the retention
of military and other reservations.

14.  The Tydings-McDuffie Act provided for the framing of a
constitution for the Commonwealth government.
 July 10, 1934- election the constitutional convection.
 July 30, 1934- the Constitutional Convection was inagurated
with Claro M. Recto, as a scholar, lawyer, poet, and
parliamentarian, as president.

15.  February 8, 1935 , the convection approved the Constitution.
 President Franklin D. Roosevelt, after reading the
Constitution and seeing that there were no objectionable
provisions included, approved it on March 23, 1935.
 May 14, 1935 , the Filipino people approved the constitution
in the plebiscite.
 June 16, 1935 , an election was held. Quezon and Osmeña ran
in the some ticket and won as the president, respectively.
 Nov. 15, 1935 , the Commonwealth was inaugurated in front
of the Legislative Buil-ding in Manila.

16.  The issue concerning wommen suffrage in
the Philippines was settled in a special
plebiscite held on April 30, 1937. Ninety
percent of voters were in favor of the
measure. In compliance with the 1935
Constitution, the National Assembly
passed a law which extended right of
suffrage to women.
 1902- Clemencia Lopez appealed for the
Philippine independence while studying in
the U.S

17.  Pensionadas - U.S scholars
 By 1920’s and 1930’s a number of women had become
teachers, doctors, nurses, social workers, and other
professionals.
 La Gota de Leche – Led by Concepcion Felix
 La Asociaciόn Feminista Filipina - formed with
Concepcion Felix
Paz Mendoza Guazon
Rosa Sevilla Alvero,
Sofia de Veyra,
Natividad de Almeda,
Pilar Hidalgo.

18.  In 1906, La Concolaciόn Feminista Ilonga by
Pura Villanueva Kalaw was established to
fight for womens right to vote and to run
for public office.
 Schools they founded and managed:
 1900- Instituto de Mujeres
 1907- Centro Escolar de Senorita
 1919- Philippine Women’s College
 September 15, 1937 – Women Suffrage law
was finally signed by President Quezon
after 15 decades of steadfast struggle
with substantial gains.

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