The document summarizes the restoration of the Commonwealth government in the Philippines after World War 2 and the declaration of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos in 1972. It discusses the presidents of the Third Philippine Republic from Manuel Roxas to Diosdado Macapagal and their achievements. It also outlines the human rights abuses during Marcos' dictatorship, the factors that led to his downfall in 1986, and the return of democratic government under Corazon Aquino.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of politics and governance in the Philippines from pre-Spanish times to the present. It discusses the different forms of government under Spanish rule, the American regime, the Commonwealth, Japanese occupation, and independence. Key figures like Emilio Aguinaldo, Manuel Quezon, Ferdinand Marcos, Corazon Aquino, and Rodrigo Duterte who served as President are also mentioned along with brief descriptions of their administrations.
The document provides an overview of the constitutions that have governed the Philippines, including the 1987 Constitution that remains in effect today. It summarizes the key provisions and history of the 1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato, the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution, the 1943 Constitution of the Second Philippine Republic under Japanese occupation, the 1986 Freedom Constitution established after the People Power Revolution, and the current 1987 Constitution ratified in 1987. It also briefly profiles some of the Philippine presidents that governed under earlier constitutions like Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino, and Carlos Garcia.
The document provides biographies and achievements of the presidents of the Philippines from Emilio Aguinaldo of the First Republic in 1899 to Rodrigo Duterte of the current Fifth Republic. It discusses the contributions and accomplishments of each president, including establishing new constitutions, improving economic conditions, enacting reforms, and other achievements. Key events like periods of martial law and the People Power Revolution that ousted Ferdinand Marcos are also summarized.
Manuel Roxas served as the 5th President of the Philippines and the 1st President of the Third Republic from 1946 to 1948. He held several important political positions prior, including Speaker of the House. As president, his priorities included national reconstruction, relief efforts, and social reforms. However, some of his policies, such as agreements that benefited the US more than the Philippines, were controversial and faced opposition. Roxas' term as president was cut short when he suffered a fatal heart attack in 1948.
The Third Philippine Republic was inaugurated on July 4, 1946 marking Philippine independence from the United States. Manuel Roxas was the first president of the Third Republic and worked to solve socio-economic problems through new government organizations and legislation. Subsequent presidents Elpidio Quirino, Ramon Magsaysay, Carlos Garcia, and Diosdado Macapagal all passed new laws focused on social welfare programs, land reform, economic independence, and commemoration of Philippine independence.
The Commonwealth of the Philippines was the transitional government that ruled the Philippines from 1935 to 1946, replacing the Insular Government and establishing self-governance. Manuel L. Quezon was elected as the first Filipino president of the Commonwealth. During his term, he tackled issues like land reform, promoting development, and opposing corruption. The Commonwealth established critical institutions and laid the groundwork for an independent nation by enacting laws through the National Assembly and establishing a presidential system of government. It granted more privileges to Filipinos and aimed to achieve full independence from the United States.
General Emilio Aguinaldo was the first President of the Philippine Republic from 1898 to 1901. Manuel Quezon was the first President of the Philippine Commonwealth from 1935 to 1944. His term established Pilipino as the national language and tried to solve problems inherited from previous administrations. Corazon Aquino was the first President of the Fifth Republic of the Philippines and the first woman president. She established a revolutionary government and worked to restore the nation after the overthrow of Ferdinand Marcos.
Module 5: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE DEMOCRATIC POLITICSAngelita Montilla
The document summarizes the historical development of Philippine democratic politics from the pre-colonial period to present. It discusses 8 periods: 1) Pre-colonial period characterized by independent barangays under datus. 2) Spanish period brought centralized government under the governor-general. 3) Revolutionary period saw propaganda movement and establishment of Katipunan government. 4) American period involved transition to self-governance. 5) Japanese period included a puppet government. 6) Postwar period resumed the 1935 constitution. 7) Martial law period imposed dictatorship. 8) Post-EDSA period restored democracy and ratified the 1987 constitution.
The document provides an overview of the evolution of politics and governance in the Philippines from pre-Spanish times to the present. It discusses the different forms of government under Spanish rule, the American regime, the Commonwealth, Japanese occupation, and independence. Key figures like Emilio Aguinaldo, Manuel Quezon, Ferdinand Marcos, Corazon Aquino, and Rodrigo Duterte who served as President are also mentioned along with brief descriptions of their administrations.
The document provides an overview of the constitutions that have governed the Philippines, including the 1987 Constitution that remains in effect today. It summarizes the key provisions and history of the 1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato, the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution, the 1943 Constitution of the Second Philippine Republic under Japanese occupation, the 1986 Freedom Constitution established after the People Power Revolution, and the current 1987 Constitution ratified in 1987. It also briefly profiles some of the Philippine presidents that governed under earlier constitutions like Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino, and Carlos Garcia.
The document provides biographies and achievements of the presidents of the Philippines from Emilio Aguinaldo of the First Republic in 1899 to Rodrigo Duterte of the current Fifth Republic. It discusses the contributions and accomplishments of each president, including establishing new constitutions, improving economic conditions, enacting reforms, and other achievements. Key events like periods of martial law and the People Power Revolution that ousted Ferdinand Marcos are also summarized.
Manuel Roxas served as the 5th President of the Philippines and the 1st President of the Third Republic from 1946 to 1948. He held several important political positions prior, including Speaker of the House. As president, his priorities included national reconstruction, relief efforts, and social reforms. However, some of his policies, such as agreements that benefited the US more than the Philippines, were controversial and faced opposition. Roxas' term as president was cut short when he suffered a fatal heart attack in 1948.
The Third Philippine Republic was inaugurated on July 4, 1946 marking Philippine independence from the United States. Manuel Roxas was the first president of the Third Republic and worked to solve socio-economic problems through new government organizations and legislation. Subsequent presidents Elpidio Quirino, Ramon Magsaysay, Carlos Garcia, and Diosdado Macapagal all passed new laws focused on social welfare programs, land reform, economic independence, and commemoration of Philippine independence.
The Commonwealth of the Philippines was the transitional government that ruled the Philippines from 1935 to 1946, replacing the Insular Government and establishing self-governance. Manuel L. Quezon was elected as the first Filipino president of the Commonwealth. During his term, he tackled issues like land reform, promoting development, and opposing corruption. The Commonwealth established critical institutions and laid the groundwork for an independent nation by enacting laws through the National Assembly and establishing a presidential system of government. It granted more privileges to Filipinos and aimed to achieve full independence from the United States.
General Emilio Aguinaldo was the first President of the Philippine Republic from 1898 to 1901. Manuel Quezon was the first President of the Philippine Commonwealth from 1935 to 1944. His term established Pilipino as the national language and tried to solve problems inherited from previous administrations. Corazon Aquino was the first President of the Fifth Republic of the Philippines and the first woman president. She established a revolutionary government and worked to restore the nation after the overthrow of Ferdinand Marcos.
Module 5: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE DEMOCRATIC POLITICSAngelita Montilla
The document summarizes the historical development of Philippine democratic politics from the pre-colonial period to present. It discusses 8 periods: 1) Pre-colonial period characterized by independent barangays under datus. 2) Spanish period brought centralized government under the governor-general. 3) Revolutionary period saw propaganda movement and establishment of Katipunan government. 4) American period involved transition to self-governance. 5) Japanese period included a puppet government. 6) Postwar period resumed the 1935 constitution. 7) Martial law period imposed dictatorship. 8) Post-EDSA period restored democracy and ratified the 1987 constitution.
The Commonwealth of the Philippines was established in 1935 as a transitional government before the country gained full independence from the United States. It replaced the Insular Government and was governed by a president and vice president elected in 1935, Manuel Quezon and Sergio Osmeña. During World War II when Japan occupied the Philippines from 1942-1945, the Commonwealth government went into exile in the US. The Commonwealth ended in 1946 when the Philippines regained independence and became a republic as outlined in the 1935 constitution.
Elpidio Quirino was a Filipino politician who served as the sixth President of the Philippines from 1948 to 1953, succeeding Manuel Roxas. Quirino had a long career in politics prior to becoming president, serving as a representative, senator, and cabinet member under Manuel Quezon. Manuel Roxas was the first president of the independent Third Republic of the Philippines and the fifth president overall from 1946 until his sudden death in 1948. Upon Roxas' death, Vice President Elpidio Quirino succeeded him to become the sixth president.
The document summarizes the American colonial period in the Philippines from 1898 to 1946. It discusses three key points:
1. The Americans implemented a military then civil government and promised to establish democracy and independence. They developed the economy and infrastructure.
2. The Filipinos resisted occupation through literature, peasant revolts, and a political campaign for independence. This led to the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935.
3. The Commonwealth existed as a semi-independent government until 1946, though World War 2 interrupted this when the Philippines fell under Japanese occupation from 1942-1944.
The document summarizes the political history and development of the Philippine government from 1868-1941. It describes the revolutionary period against Spanish colonial rule led by figures like Jose Rizal and the founding of the Katipunan movement for independence. It then outlines the American period after the US acquired the Philippines from Spain, including the establishment of a military government followed by a civilian administration and the gradual development of democratic institutions and self-governance over time. The document highlights the enduring influence of American colonial rule on the current political system and democratic ideals in the Philippines.
The document describes the history of the Philippines from pre-colonial times up until the Third Philippine Republic. It discusses governance under early Filipino barangay systems, the Spanish colonial period, the Philippine Revolution against Spain, the Japanese occupation during World War 2, and the establishment of the Third Republic after independence. Key events and leaders mentioned include Emilio Aguinaldo, Douglas MacArthur, and the presidents of the Third Republic.
Quezon arrived in Washington D.C. in December 1933 to negotiate independence for the Philippines. In January 1934, he proposed either independence within 2-3 years with limited free trade, or independence in 6 years with autonomy and special trade relations after. The Tydings-McDuffie Act was passed in 1934, establishing a 10 year transition period to full independence for the Philippines in 1946 and a new constitution was ratified in 1935. Quezon and Osmena were elected as the first president and vice president of the new Philippine Commonwealth. However, economic difficulties emerged as the country struggled with inadequate education systems and unfulfilled promises of land reform during this interim period of self-governance.
Philippine History Review Class March 5, 2013AlexTorreda
This is for the review class of the Grade 7-Social Studies-Philippine History for the fourth grading period. Prepared by Mr. Alex C. Torreda. Photo credits to their respective owners. NOT FOR SALE!
Evolution of the Philippine Constitution: 1953: The Commonwealth Constitution...MaeArraLecobuan
Readings in Philippine History
Chapter 4:
topics:
The Evolution of the Philippine Constitution:
1935: The Commonwealth Constitution
1973: Constitutional Authoritarianism
The document summarizes the evolution of Philippine politics and governance from pre-historic times to the present. It describes how the early Filipinos had a system of government led by Datu or Rajah. When Spain colonized the Philippines, a centralized government was established headed by a Governor-General appointed by the King of Spain. The Philippine revolution against Spain established the first Philippine Republic led by President Emilio Aguinaldo. The U.S. then took control and established civil government. This eventually transitioned to a Commonwealth and independence in 1946. The 1987 Constitution established the current system with executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.
The document summarizes the evolution of Philippine politics and governance from pre-historic times to the present. It describes how the early Filipinos had a system of government led by Datu or Rajah. When Spain colonized the Philippines, a centralized government was established headed by a Governor-General appointed by the King of Spain. The Philippine revolution against Spain established the first Philippine Republic led by President Emilio Aguinaldo. The U.S. then took control and established civil government. This eventually transitioned to a Commonwealth and independence in 1946. The 1987 Constitution established the current system of three independent branches of government.
The Philippine Commonwealth was established on November 15, 1935 after the passage of the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934. This act established a 10-year period of self-governance for the Philippines before full independence. Manuel Quezon was elected as the first President of the Commonwealth. Key accomplishments during this period included establishing new government departments and offices, granting women's suffrage, promoting social justice reforms, and improving the Philippine economy. The Commonwealth government worked towards preparing the country for full independence.
Sergio Osmeña y Suico served as the 4th President of the Philippines from 1944 to 1946, taking over the presidency upon the death of Manuel L. Quezon. As president, Osmeña thanked the US for liberating Manila and began reorganizing the Philippine government and restoring provinces. He also established the country's delegation to the newly formed United Nations. Osmeña created the Office of Foreign Relations to prepare the Philippines for independence and negotiated a trade agreement with the US Congress.
W12-Module 12 Social, Political, Economic and Cultural Issues in Philippine H...LuisSalenga1
The document summarizes the evolution of constitutions in Philippine history, beginning with the 1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato during the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. It then discusses the 1899 Malolos Constitution and the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution established under U.S. rule. The 1973 Constitution transformed the government into an authoritarian system under Ferdinand Marcos until the 1986 People Power Revolution established the current Freedom Constitution.
The document outlines the history and key components of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines. It discusses the previous constitutions from 1898 onwards and how they shaped the government and laws of the Philippines over time. It also lists the 18 parts that make up the 1987 Constitution, establishing the Philippines as a democratic republic and outlining the branches of government and protections for citizens.
The document traces the evolution of politics and governance in the Philippines from pre-historic times to the present. It discusses the early barangay system ruled by datus, the centralized government established under Spanish colonial rule headed by a governor-general, the revolutionary governments that formed in opposition to Spanish rule led by Aguinaldo, the American colonial period when civil and military governments were established, the creation of the Commonwealth government in 1935 in preparation for independence, the Japanese occupation during World War 2, and provides a list of the 16 presidents of the Philippines since independence.
The document traces the evolution of Philippine politics and government from early Filipino societies led by datus, through Spanish colonial rule under a governor general, the revolutionary periods establishing independence, the American colonial period, the establishment of the Commonwealth government, the Japanese occupation, and concludes with listing the 16 presidents of the Philippines since independence. It provides a high-level overview of the major political and governmental developments in Philippine history from pre-colonial to modern times.
This document provides biographical information and contributions of 15 presidents of the Philippines from Emilio Aguinaldo, the first president of the Philippine Republic, to the current president Benigno Aquino III. It discusses the terms of each president, key events and policies during their presidency, and their achievements. The presidents span the First Philippine Republic established after independence from Spain, the Commonwealth period under US rule, the Third Republic after independence, the Fourth Republic under martial law, and the current Fifth Republic.
Organic Laws Implemented in The Philippines and HeroesCarloPMarasigan
The document discusses key events and figures in Philippine history between 1898-1941 related to the country's independence movement and governance under American rule. It describes the organic laws passed by the US Congress that established civilian governments in the Philippines, including the 1902 Philippine Organic Act, the 1916 Jones Law, and the 1934 Tydings–McDuffie Act, which paved the way for independence. It also profiles influential Filipino revolutionaries who fought for freedom from Spanish colonial rule, such as Andres Bonifacio, Jose Rizal, Apolinario Mabini, and Gregorio del Pilar.
The historical development of Philippine politics and governance can be traced from the pre-Hispanic period through Spanish colonial rule, the American colonial period, Japanese occupation, and independence. Early Filipinos had a decentralized government led by local datus. Under Spanish rule, a centralized government was established led by a governor-general appointed by Spain. The American period saw the transition to civil rule and an elected assembly, leading to greater self-governance. The Commonwealth era established an independent government in transition to full independence after World War 2. There have since been 16 elected Philippine presidents.
The Commonwealth of the Philippines was established in 1935 as a transitional government before the country gained full independence from the United States. It replaced the Insular Government and was governed by a president and vice president elected in 1935, Manuel Quezon and Sergio Osmeña. During World War II when Japan occupied the Philippines from 1942-1945, the Commonwealth government went into exile in the US. The Commonwealth ended in 1946 when the Philippines regained independence and became a republic as outlined in the 1935 constitution.
Elpidio Quirino was a Filipino politician who served as the sixth President of the Philippines from 1948 to 1953, succeeding Manuel Roxas. Quirino had a long career in politics prior to becoming president, serving as a representative, senator, and cabinet member under Manuel Quezon. Manuel Roxas was the first president of the independent Third Republic of the Philippines and the fifth president overall from 1946 until his sudden death in 1948. Upon Roxas' death, Vice President Elpidio Quirino succeeded him to become the sixth president.
The document summarizes the American colonial period in the Philippines from 1898 to 1946. It discusses three key points:
1. The Americans implemented a military then civil government and promised to establish democracy and independence. They developed the economy and infrastructure.
2. The Filipinos resisted occupation through literature, peasant revolts, and a political campaign for independence. This led to the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935.
3. The Commonwealth existed as a semi-independent government until 1946, though World War 2 interrupted this when the Philippines fell under Japanese occupation from 1942-1944.
The document summarizes the political history and development of the Philippine government from 1868-1941. It describes the revolutionary period against Spanish colonial rule led by figures like Jose Rizal and the founding of the Katipunan movement for independence. It then outlines the American period after the US acquired the Philippines from Spain, including the establishment of a military government followed by a civilian administration and the gradual development of democratic institutions and self-governance over time. The document highlights the enduring influence of American colonial rule on the current political system and democratic ideals in the Philippines.
The document describes the history of the Philippines from pre-colonial times up until the Third Philippine Republic. It discusses governance under early Filipino barangay systems, the Spanish colonial period, the Philippine Revolution against Spain, the Japanese occupation during World War 2, and the establishment of the Third Republic after independence. Key events and leaders mentioned include Emilio Aguinaldo, Douglas MacArthur, and the presidents of the Third Republic.
Quezon arrived in Washington D.C. in December 1933 to negotiate independence for the Philippines. In January 1934, he proposed either independence within 2-3 years with limited free trade, or independence in 6 years with autonomy and special trade relations after. The Tydings-McDuffie Act was passed in 1934, establishing a 10 year transition period to full independence for the Philippines in 1946 and a new constitution was ratified in 1935. Quezon and Osmena were elected as the first president and vice president of the new Philippine Commonwealth. However, economic difficulties emerged as the country struggled with inadequate education systems and unfulfilled promises of land reform during this interim period of self-governance.
Philippine History Review Class March 5, 2013AlexTorreda
This is for the review class of the Grade 7-Social Studies-Philippine History for the fourth grading period. Prepared by Mr. Alex C. Torreda. Photo credits to their respective owners. NOT FOR SALE!
Evolution of the Philippine Constitution: 1953: The Commonwealth Constitution...MaeArraLecobuan
Readings in Philippine History
Chapter 4:
topics:
The Evolution of the Philippine Constitution:
1935: The Commonwealth Constitution
1973: Constitutional Authoritarianism
The document summarizes the evolution of Philippine politics and governance from pre-historic times to the present. It describes how the early Filipinos had a system of government led by Datu or Rajah. When Spain colonized the Philippines, a centralized government was established headed by a Governor-General appointed by the King of Spain. The Philippine revolution against Spain established the first Philippine Republic led by President Emilio Aguinaldo. The U.S. then took control and established civil government. This eventually transitioned to a Commonwealth and independence in 1946. The 1987 Constitution established the current system with executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.
The document summarizes the evolution of Philippine politics and governance from pre-historic times to the present. It describes how the early Filipinos had a system of government led by Datu or Rajah. When Spain colonized the Philippines, a centralized government was established headed by a Governor-General appointed by the King of Spain. The Philippine revolution against Spain established the first Philippine Republic led by President Emilio Aguinaldo. The U.S. then took control and established civil government. This eventually transitioned to a Commonwealth and independence in 1946. The 1987 Constitution established the current system of three independent branches of government.
The Philippine Commonwealth was established on November 15, 1935 after the passage of the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934. This act established a 10-year period of self-governance for the Philippines before full independence. Manuel Quezon was elected as the first President of the Commonwealth. Key accomplishments during this period included establishing new government departments and offices, granting women's suffrage, promoting social justice reforms, and improving the Philippine economy. The Commonwealth government worked towards preparing the country for full independence.
Sergio Osmeña y Suico served as the 4th President of the Philippines from 1944 to 1946, taking over the presidency upon the death of Manuel L. Quezon. As president, Osmeña thanked the US for liberating Manila and began reorganizing the Philippine government and restoring provinces. He also established the country's delegation to the newly formed United Nations. Osmeña created the Office of Foreign Relations to prepare the Philippines for independence and negotiated a trade agreement with the US Congress.
W12-Module 12 Social, Political, Economic and Cultural Issues in Philippine H...LuisSalenga1
The document summarizes the evolution of constitutions in Philippine history, beginning with the 1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato during the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. It then discusses the 1899 Malolos Constitution and the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution established under U.S. rule. The 1973 Constitution transformed the government into an authoritarian system under Ferdinand Marcos until the 1986 People Power Revolution established the current Freedom Constitution.
The document outlines the history and key components of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines. It discusses the previous constitutions from 1898 onwards and how they shaped the government and laws of the Philippines over time. It also lists the 18 parts that make up the 1987 Constitution, establishing the Philippines as a democratic republic and outlining the branches of government and protections for citizens.
The document traces the evolution of politics and governance in the Philippines from pre-historic times to the present. It discusses the early barangay system ruled by datus, the centralized government established under Spanish colonial rule headed by a governor-general, the revolutionary governments that formed in opposition to Spanish rule led by Aguinaldo, the American colonial period when civil and military governments were established, the creation of the Commonwealth government in 1935 in preparation for independence, the Japanese occupation during World War 2, and provides a list of the 16 presidents of the Philippines since independence.
The document traces the evolution of Philippine politics and government from early Filipino societies led by datus, through Spanish colonial rule under a governor general, the revolutionary periods establishing independence, the American colonial period, the establishment of the Commonwealth government, the Japanese occupation, and concludes with listing the 16 presidents of the Philippines since independence. It provides a high-level overview of the major political and governmental developments in Philippine history from pre-colonial to modern times.
This document provides biographical information and contributions of 15 presidents of the Philippines from Emilio Aguinaldo, the first president of the Philippine Republic, to the current president Benigno Aquino III. It discusses the terms of each president, key events and policies during their presidency, and their achievements. The presidents span the First Philippine Republic established after independence from Spain, the Commonwealth period under US rule, the Third Republic after independence, the Fourth Republic under martial law, and the current Fifth Republic.
Organic Laws Implemented in The Philippines and HeroesCarloPMarasigan
The document discusses key events and figures in Philippine history between 1898-1941 related to the country's independence movement and governance under American rule. It describes the organic laws passed by the US Congress that established civilian governments in the Philippines, including the 1902 Philippine Organic Act, the 1916 Jones Law, and the 1934 Tydings–McDuffie Act, which paved the way for independence. It also profiles influential Filipino revolutionaries who fought for freedom from Spanish colonial rule, such as Andres Bonifacio, Jose Rizal, Apolinario Mabini, and Gregorio del Pilar.
The historical development of Philippine politics and governance can be traced from the pre-Hispanic period through Spanish colonial rule, the American colonial period, Japanese occupation, and independence. Early Filipinos had a decentralized government led by local datus. Under Spanish rule, a centralized government was established led by a governor-general appointed by Spain. The American period saw the transition to civil rule and an elected assembly, leading to greater self-governance. The Commonwealth era established an independent government in transition to full independence after World War 2. There have since been 16 elected Philippine presidents.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
1. BEGINNING OF THE PHILIPPINE
THIRD REPUBLIC
Prepared by:
Althea Faith B. Villarba
Ma. Erich J. Labrague
Sidney J. Delos Angeles
2. THE RESTORATION OF THE
COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT
• The Commonwealth was the culmination of efforts to secure a definitive timetable for the withdrawal of American sovereignty over the Philippines. Early on, at the start of the American
occupation, the United States had established local governments with local elected town and provincial officials. Afterward came a gradual expansion of national legislative
representation, beginning with the Philippine Assembly (or Lower House) in 1907. It was not until the Jones Law of 1916 that the pledge of eventual independence—once Filipinos were
ready for self-governance—was made. The Jones Law led to the creation of an all-Filipino legislature composed of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives. However, the
position of Chief Executive—the Governor-General—and what was considered the most important cabinet portfolio—Public Instruction (precursor to the Department of Education)—
were reserved for American officials appointed by the President of the United States. Half of the Philippine Supreme Court was reserved for Americans as well. Independence Missions
from 1919 onwards were periodically sent to the U.S. Congress and the White House to lobby for and negotiate independence. In 1931, the OsRox Mission (which stands for “Osmeña
and Roxas”) successfully lobbied for the enactment of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, which was passed over President Herbert Hoover’s veto in 1932. This was, however, rejected by the
Philippine Legislature. In 1934, a new mission (the QuAquAl Mission, made up of Quezon, Benigno Aquino Sr., and Rafael Alunan) negotiated the Tydings-McDuffie or the Philippine
Independence Act, which set a ten-year transition period to be known as the Commonwealth of the Philippines, followed by the recognition of the independence of the Philippines by
the United States. The Tydings-McDuffie Act established the parameters for the preparatory period. Some powers of supervision were reserved to the United States, as well as foreign
diplomacy and currency. In all other respects, the Philippines became self-governing.
• On February 27, 1945, General Douglas McArthur, solemnly declared that in behalf of the Government of the United States, “The full powers and responsibilities under
Constitution restored to the Commonwealth of the Philippines whose seat is here reestablished as provided by law”. This declaration is the culmination of the restoration
of the Philippine Commonwealth which begun on October 23,1944 in Tacloban, Leyte with Sergio Osmeña as President, shortly after McArthur’s return to the Philippines.
McArthur escaped to Australia from Corregidor on March 11,1942 to avoid capture by Japanese Forces. At the ceremonies in Malacañang, President Osmeña declared that
the executive and judicial branches of the government would be reestablished immediately. By executive order, he not only restored all of the executive departments as
they existed before the war, with some necessary modifications, but also called on “ all duty elected members of our Congress who have remained steadfast in their
allegiance to our Government during the period of the enemy occupation, to be in readiness to meet in Manila as soon as conditions permit of the reestablishment of the
Legislative Branch.
3. THE PRESIDENTS OF THE THIRD
REPUBLIC AND THEIR
ACHIEVEMENTS
1. MANUEL A. ROXAS ( July 4,1946-Apr. 15.1948)- He
was the first President of the 3rd Republic. He was born on
January 1,1892 and originally came from Roxas City, Capiz.
ACHIEVEMENTS
Bell trade Act
War-damage Act
Under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and
Philippine Trade Law were accepted by the Congress
Master of Economics
Appears on the 100 Peso bill
4. THE PRESIDENTS OF THE THIRD
REPUBLIC AND THEIR
ACHIEVEMENTS
2. ELPIDIO R. QUIRINO (Apr. 17,1948-Dec. 30,1953)-
He was the second President of the 3rd Republic. Born
on November 16,1890 and was originally from Vigan,
Ilocos Sur..
ACHEIVEMENTS
HUKBALAHAP( Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon)movement is
active during his administration.
Created Social Security Commission
Created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption
5. THE PRESIDENTS OF THE THIRD
REPUBLIC AND THEIR
ACHIEVEMENTS
3. RAMON D. MAGSAYSAY (Dec. 30, 1961-Mar. 17,1957)- He
was the third President of the 3rd Republic. He was born on August
31,1907 and was originally from Vigan, Ilocos Sur. He died during
his term on March 17, 1957 because of plane accident.
ACHIEVEMENTS
His Presidency referred to as the “Golden Years” of the Philippines
HUKBALAHAP movement quelled during his presidency
Philippines was ranked 2nd in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries
during his presidency.
The first President who sworn into office wearing Barong Tagalog during
Inauguration.
6. THE PRESIDENTS OF THE THIRD
REPUBLIC AND THEIR
ACHIEVEMENTS
4. CARLOS P. GARCIA (Mar. 18,1957-Dec. 30,1961)-He was
the fourth President of the 3rd Republic. He was born on
November 4,1896 and was originally from Talibon,Bohol.
ACHIEVEMENTS
Known for “Filipino First Policy”, which favored Filipino
businesses over foreign investors.
Established the Austerity Program on Filipino trade and
commerce
Cultural arts was revived during his term
7. THE PRESIDENTS OF THE THIRD
REPUBLIC AND THEIR
ACHIEVEMENTS
5. DIOSDADO P. MACAPAGAL (Dec. 30,1961-Dec.
30,1965)- He was the fifth and last President of the 3rd
Republic. He was born on September 28,1910 and was
originally from Lubao, Pampanga.
ACHIEVEMENTS
Signed the Minimum wage law
Created the Philippine Veterans Bank
Established the first Land Reform Law,allowing for the
purchase of private farmland to be distributed in
inexpensive small lots to the landless.
8. MARCOS ERA AND THE DECLARATION
OF MARTIAL LAW
• At 7:15 p.m. on September 23, 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos announced on television that he had placed the entirety of the Philippines under
martial law. This marked the beginning of a fourteen-year period of one-man rule that would effectively last until Marcos was exiled from the country on
February 25, 1986.Even though the formal document proclaiming martial law—Proclamation No. 1081, which was dated September 21, 1972—was
formally lifted on January 17, 1981, Marcos retained essentially all of his powers as dictator until he was ousted. The Sunday edition of the Philippines
Daily Express on September 24, 1972, was the only newspaper published after the announcement of martial law on September 23, the evening prior.
While the period of Philippine history in which Marcos was in power actually began seven years earlier, when he was first inaugurated president of the
Philippines in late 1965,this article deals specifically with the period where he exercised dictatorial powers under martial law[1] and the period in which
he continued to wield those powers despite technically lifting the proclamation of martial law in 1981. When he declared martial law in 1972, Marcos
claimed that he had done so in response to the "communist threat" posed by the newly founded Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), and the
sectarian "rebellion" of the Muslim Independence Movement (MIM). Opposition figures of the time, such as Lorenzo Tañada, Jose W. Diokno, and Jovito
Salonga, accused Marcos of exaggerating these threats, using them as a convenient excuse to consolidate power and extend his tenure beyond the two
presidential terms allowed by the 1935 constitution. After Marcos was ousted, government investigators discovered that the declaration of martial law
had also allowed the Marcoses to hide secret stashes of unexplained wealth that various courts[5] later determined to be "of criminal origin".[11] This
nine-year period in Philippine history is remembered for the administration's record of human rights abuses,[12][13] particularly targeting political
opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.[14] Based on the
documentation of Amnesty International, Task Force Detainees of the Philippines, and similar human rights monitoring entities,[15] historians believe that
the Marcos dictatorship was marked by 3,257 known extrajudicial killings, 35,000 documented tortures, 77 "disappeared", and 70,000 incarcerations.
9. PRES. FERDINAND MARCOS,SR.
The 10th President of the Philippines
A lawyer and a dictator
He ruled the Philippines from Dec. 30,1965
to February 25, 1986.
Born on September 11,1917 and was
originally from Sarrat, Ilocos Norte
10. FIVE THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT MARTIAL LAW IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• 1 Extensive human rights violations
• The nine-year military rule ordered by then President Ferdinand Marcos in 1972 unleashed a wave of crimes under international law and grave human rights violations, including tens of thousands
of people arbitrarily arrested and detained, and thousands of others tortured, forcibly disappeared, and killed. During the martial law era (1972-1981), and during the remainder of President
Marcos’ term, Amnesty International documented extensive human rights violations which clearly showed a pattern of widespread arrests and detention, enforced disappearances, killings and
torture of people that were critical of the government or perceived as political opponents. In an interview with the organization in 1975, President Marcos told Amnesty International that over
50,000 people had been arrested and detained under martial law from 1972-1975; those arrested included church workers, human rights defenders, legal aid lawyers, labour leaders and journalists.
Amnesty International also documented a pattern of torture in interviews with prisoners from that time. In 1981, the organization released further research on enforced disappearances and
extrajudicial executions that took place from 1976 onwards.
• 2. Clear pattern
• Many other civil society organizations have also documented similar crimes under international law and human rights violations during martial law, including the Task Force Detainees of the
Philippines, the International Commission of Jurists, the Lawyers Committee for International Human Rights, and the Foundation for Worldwide People Power. The United Nations Working Group
on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances also presented a damning report to the then Human Rights Commission after a visit to the country in 1990. Reports made by these groups corroborate
the findings of Amnesty International that there was a clear pattern of extrajudicial executions, arbitrary arrest and detention, torture and other ill-treatment, enforced disappearances and other
human rights violations committed by the government during this period.
• 3. Lack of accountability
• Given the immensity and pervasiveness of violations, keeping records of violations, including precise figures, remains a difficult and unfinished task to this day. One of the reasons why it is difficult
to ascertain the exact number of human rights violations is the lack of accountability and genuine processes of truth-telling to seek more detailed information and contribute to the fight against
impunity. Nevertheless, there have been credible efforts to make information about what happened during martial law more accessible to the public, including online such as through the Martial
Law Museum, the Martial Law Chronicles Project, and the Bantayog ng mga Bayani.
• 4. Historical revisionism
• A lack of justice and accountability can lead to further human rights violations and erasure of the horrors of the past fuels attempts to revise history. Amnesty International believes that all those
suspected of criminal responsibility for crimes under international law or other human rights violations should be brought to justice in fair trials, regardless of when and where the crimes were
committed. There should be no amnesties, pardons or similar measures of impunity for such crimes if such measures prevent the emergence of the truth, a final judicial determination of guilt or
innocence and full reparation for victims and their families. International law states that no time limits should apply to crimes under international law, irrespective of the date of their commission.
• 5. Justice remains elusive
• Reparations remain elusive for many victims and their families who are unable to prove the violations that they or their relatives experienced during martial law, in the absence of documentation
and other requirements. The Human Rights Victims’ Claims Board – created by the government to “receive, evaluate, process, and investigate” reparation claims made by victims of human rights
abuses during martial law, and which ceased its work in 2018 – received as many as 75,000 claimants, but only over 11,000 of these were recognized following the board’s assessment. Funds used
to compensate the victims came from Marcos’ Swiss deposits, after Courts found that such funds were obtained by President Marcos through corruption. Amnesty International continues to call for
truth, justice and reparations to be afforded for all victims of martial law, including continued efforts from the government to go after all those responsible of the atrocities committed during
11. THE DOWNFALL OF MARCOS AND RETURN OF THE
DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
• The assassination of Benigno Aquino as he returned to Manila in August 1983 was generally thought to have been the work of
the military; it became the focal point of a renewed and more heavily supported opposition to Marcos’s rule. By late 1985
Marcos, under mounting pressure both inside and outside the Philippines, called a snap presidential election for February 1986.
Corazon C. Aquino, Benigno’s widow, became the candidate of a coalition of opposition parties. Marcos was declared the official
winner, but strong public outcry over the election results precipitated a revolt that by the end of the month had driven Marcos
from power. Aquino then assumed the presidency.
• Aquino’s great personal popularity and widespread international support were instrumental in establishing the new government.
Shortly after taking office, she abolished the constitution of 1973 and began ruling by decree. A new constitution was drafted
and was ratified in February 1987 in a general referendum; legislative elections in May 1987 and the convening of a new
bicameral congress in July marked the return of the form of government that had been present before the imposition of martial
law in 1972.
• Euphoria over the ouster of Marcos proved to be short-lived, however. The new government had inherited an enormous
external debt, a severely depleted economy, and a growing threat from Moro and communist insurgents. The Aquino
administration also had to weather considerable internal dissension, repeated coup attempts, and such natural disasters as a
major earthquake and the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo. The resumption of active partisan politics, moreover, was the
beginning of the end of the coalition that had brought Aquino to power. Pro-Aquino candidates had won a sweeping victory in
the 1987 legislative elections, but there was less support for her among those elected to provincial and local offices in early
1988. By the early 1990s the criticisms against her administration—i.e., charges of weak leadership, corruption, and human
rights abuses—had begun to stick.