This lecture is devoted to the Jim Crow Era. It relates the different civil rights cases that marked the beginnings of the era, and sheds light on black disenfranchisement in the Southern states as well as segration in both public and private spheres
This lecture is devoted to the Jim Crow Era. It relates the different civil rights cases that marked the beginnings of the era, and sheds light on black disenfranchisement in the Southern states as well as segration in both public and private spheres
Brief presentation about the coming of the Civil War from 1856 - 1860. Including Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Dred Scott, Harpers Ferry, and the Election of 1860.
Brief presentation about the coming of the Civil War from 1856 - 1860. Including Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Dred Scott, Harpers Ferry, and the Election of 1860.
PowerPoint on the Reconstruction Era after the Civil War. Topics addressed are President Lincoln, President Johnson, the Radical Republicans, the KKK, Black Codes, Jim Crow and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2. Two Presidents of the United States in
Reconstruction
LINCOLN WAS ASSASSINATED IN FORD’S
THEATER APRIL 14, 1865.
ANDREW JOHNSON, VP, BECAME PRESIDENT
AFTER LINCOLN’S DEATH.
3. Lincoln’s 10% Plan
Former Confederate states could
be readmitted to the Union if
only 10% of its voting citizens
pledged allegiance to the U.S.
4. Johnson’s Plan
States would reconstruct
themselves.
Proclaimed that ex-confederates
could get amnesty for
◦ 1) oath of allegiance
◦ 2) acceptance of Emancipation
Proclamation
He also made
William
Sharkey the
Provisional
Governor.
5. Johnson wanted Sharkey to
Get the Mississippi Legislature
to
◦Nullify secession
◦ Abolish slavery
◦Have elections
What they actually did:
Nullified Secession
Did not go so far as to allow
freedmen equal rights of citizenship
Appointed and sent Sharkey to U.S.
Senate
Created Black Codes
Refused to ratify 13th Amendment
6. Freedman’s Bureau 1865-1872
Established for newly freed
slaves and poverty stricken
white refugees
Helped with necessities such as
food, shelter, and hospitals
Helped with job contracts and
legal claims like marriage, land,
and pensions
“Skilled freedmen worked at the army’s carpenter
shops in Beaufort, SC, and at other assignments,
earning from $8 to $12 per month. (NARA 165-C-387)”
Click on the picture for primary sources
related to the Freedmen’s Bureau.
7. Continued hard feelings and resentment
Many northerners felt that the South
never had a right to secede, nor lay
claim to any installations formerly
owned by the government. They
thought that Confederates were guilty
of treason, and they should suffer for
it. Some wanted there to be trials and
hangings for those who were leaders.
Jefferson Davis did go to prison for two
years, but he never had a trial.
Many southerners still believed that they had
had every right to secede. They had felt that
slavery was an integral part of their economy.
Now there would be an overwhelming
number of unemployed people in the South.
Most of these would be African Americans,
but there would also be many whites who
had lost everything. In addition, blacks
outnumbered whites in the population,
which stirred the fear that the top of the
social and political structure might start to
topple if safeguards were not put in place.
8. Black Codes
Mississippi Black Codes of 1865 set
the rules for continuing a social
hierarchy with whites at the top.
Click the picture at the left to see the
transcript of the actual document.. Try to
list all the restrictions that were put on
freedmen.
9. Reconstruction Acts
“Radical Republicans” had won
control of the House and Senate,
and they wanted changes to come
swiftly to the South.
The Acts were a Federal reaction to
states like Mississippi refusing to go
along with 13th Amendment and
other rights for freedmen.
Jurisdiction was taken away from
states and put into federal hands.
10. Impeachment!
President Andrew Johnson had fired Secretary of War Edward Stanton, gave many pardons to
ex-Confederates, and he tried to block Congress from giving special aid to freedmen, but he was
*impeached instead.
He was not removed from office.
* Many think that impeachment means
to remove an official from office. It does
not. In the case of a President, it means
that The House of Representatives has
brought charges against the President.
The Senate, which is the other legislative
body in Congress, then holds the court to
decide if the President is guilty, and if so,
what needs to be done.
Which other U.S.
President was
also impeached?
What are reasons
for impeachment?
11. Federal (Congressional) Reconstruction
in Mississippi 1867-1875
Mississippi was in the 4th
military district.
Military governor could remove
public officials that he thought
were not loyal to the U.S.
Many white Mississippians were
even more resentful of Federal
intervention.
12. 3 Degrees of Loyalty to Union in MS
Scalawags were people
that secessionists saw as
turncoats. They supported
the Republican agenda of
full citizenship for blacks.
Most famous: James
Alcorn (Alcorn A &M and
Alcorn County named for
him), Reuben Millsaps
(Millsaps College), Jehu
Orr, and Robert Flournoy.
Carpetbaggers were
Northerners that
secessionists saw as
troublemakers and con
artists trying to grab
money and power from
their misfortune. Some
were conscientious
public officials, like
Ridgely Powers, Wiley
Wells, Henry Pease, and
Adelbert Ames.
Blacks offered up a large number of public
officials who had become educated,
despite laws to the contrary, and they had
difficulty working with secessionists who
did not think they should have to be
cooperative with them. Oddly enough,
Mississippi had more black elected
officials than other states during
Reconstruction. John R. Lynch (Lynch
Street in Jackson), Hiram Revels (1st black
Senator), Blanche Bruce, and Ambrose
Henderson are a few of these.
13. Readmission February 23, 1870
Changes made:
•A new state Constitution of 1868
•1869 election with 36 Black men elected to MS Legislature
•Amendments 13, 14, and 15 to U.S. Constitution ratified
•President Grant signed resolution admitting MS
•Statewide system of public schools
14. Amendments regarding African American
Civil Rights after the War
13th- Abolished Slavery
14th- Allowed former slaves to be citizens
15th- Allowed African American males to vote
(Neither black nor white women could vote at this time. That came
with the 19th Amendment in 1920, fifty years later.)
15. Public Schools- at this point segregated
Who would teach the black children?
◦ Many southern white teachers did
not want to.
◦ Many blacks were not prepared to.
◦ Northern whites were usually the
teachers.
◦ Southerners distrusted the
northern teachers, thinking they
were teaching more about politics
than the 3 R’s.
16. The KKK in Reconstruction
Begun as a social organization,
then became a secretive white
supremacist group that violently
intimidated people who promoted
equality among races. Targets also
included individuals, schools, and
churches. Their activity was lulled
from 1872-1875, when federal
laws made their actions illegal.
Click the picture to find out more about the
history of the Ku Klux Klan.
17. Governor Adelbert Ames
Republican
Former decorated Union General
Wanted to ease racial tension
During tenure, blacks presided over MS
House and Senate
Party lines seemingly became racial lines-
Republicans considered the black party, and
Democrats the white party
When Democrats took power in 1875, he
resigned rather than be removed from office
after impeachment.
For
more
about
Ames,
click on
the
picture.
18. “Revolution of 1875”
Riots broke out over elections.
Ames sent out the militia to keep
peace. Most militia members were
black, which caused even more
tension.
Rather than have more ugly
violence, agreement was made to
withdraw militia if Democrats
would halt such activities.
Result: The Mississippi Plan
Mississippi Plan
To guarantee Democratic Party
victory in 1875 elections
◦ Intimidation
◦ Ballot box stuffing
◦ Destroying Republican ballots
◦ Take advantage of illiterate
blacks
◦ Change the counts
19. MS Plan Led to…
•Impeachment of Republican
officials
•A redistricting plan to maintain a
white majority in the U. S.
Congress (shoestring district was
the narrow district with a black
majority)
•John R. Lynch served as a
Congressman for this district.
Click on the picture to find out more
about J.R. Lynch.
20. “Redemption” of Mississippi
“Redeemers” and “White Liners” of
the Democratic Party accused
Republicans of all sorts of corruption.
The Democrats had taken control and
made Mississippi a one party state for
almost 100 years.
21. After Civil War, African Americans had a taste of uneasy
equality for only about 10 years before the Democratic
Party regained a foothold.