CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE SECRETARIAL BEFORE STALIN. Contains: Bolsheviks taking control of the empire, Sverdlov and Lenin, Sverdlov/s death, bureaucracy, the privilege of being in the party, loyalty, party departments.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE SECRETARIAT BEFORE STALINGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE SECRETARIAT BEFORE STALIN. Summary: Bolsheviks controlling the empire, Sverdlov, Lenin, Stalin, the privilege of being in a party, loyalty to the party, capturing positions, the struggle, various party departments, paralysis of the party, power struggle, homework.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE SECRETARIAT UNDER STALIN. Contains: Stalin and first changes, Nomenklatura no 1,
Party Congress, assigning party members blindly, strengthening the organisation and accounting, responsibilities for the appointments, guberniia, the local party secretary, settling for conflicts, Georgian Affair, Democratic Centralists, Workers Opposition, struggle for power, conspiracies.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE KEY ROLE OF SECRETARIAT IN STALIN'S VICTORYGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE KEY ROLE OF SECRETARIAT IN STALIN'S VICTORY. Contains: the key role of the secretariat, struggle for power at all levels, Stalin's measures applauded, deception and passive resistance,
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATIONGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. Contains: the structure and organisation, party congress meetings, Politburo powers, General secretary powers, administrative hierarchy, party cells, united party, organisation of the party, elections in the party.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE SECRETARIAT AND LENIN SUCCESSIONGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE SECRETARIAT AND LENIN SUCCESSION. Contains: Lenin succession, first year as secretary general, division in the party, the retreat from democracy.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: WHY WAS STALIN VICTORIOUS OVER TROTSKY?George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: WHY WAS STALIN VICTORIOUS OVER TROTSKY? Contains: Lenin's demise and thoughts, Stalin's propaganda, Stalin's political power, Trotsky's political power, Trotsky as a viable replacement for Lenin, New Opposition, exiled, Lenin's role in Stalin rise to power, downfall for Trotsky, differences between Stalin and Trotsky, Trotsky weak in playing politics.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE SECRETARIAT BEFORE STALINGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE SECRETARIAT BEFORE STALIN. Summary: Bolsheviks controlling the empire, Sverdlov, Lenin, Stalin, the privilege of being in a party, loyalty to the party, capturing positions, the struggle, various party departments, paralysis of the party, power struggle, homework.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE SECRETARIAT UNDER STALIN. Contains: Stalin and first changes, Nomenklatura no 1,
Party Congress, assigning party members blindly, strengthening the organisation and accounting, responsibilities for the appointments, guberniia, the local party secretary, settling for conflicts, Georgian Affair, Democratic Centralists, Workers Opposition, struggle for power, conspiracies.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE KEY ROLE OF SECRETARIAT IN STALIN'S VICTORYGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE KEY ROLE OF SECRETARIAT IN STALIN'S VICTORY. Contains: the key role of the secretariat, struggle for power at all levels, Stalin's measures applauded, deception and passive resistance,
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATIONGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN AIMS IN GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION. Contains: the structure and organisation, party congress meetings, Politburo powers, General secretary powers, administrative hierarchy, party cells, united party, organisation of the party, elections in the party.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE SECRETARIAT AND LENIN SUCCESSIONGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE SECRETARIAT AND LENIN SUCCESSION. Contains: Lenin succession, first year as secretary general, division in the party, the retreat from democracy.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: WHY WAS STALIN VICTORIOUS OVER TROTSKY?George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: WHY WAS STALIN VICTORIOUS OVER TROTSKY? Contains: Lenin's demise and thoughts, Stalin's propaganda, Stalin's political power, Trotsky's political power, Trotsky as a viable replacement for Lenin, New Opposition, exiled, Lenin's role in Stalin rise to power, downfall for Trotsky, differences between Stalin and Trotsky, Trotsky weak in playing politics.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN SOCIAL AIMS - EDUCATION, WOMEN'S RIGHTS AND EDUC...George Dumitrache
Stalin pursued three main social aims: education, women's rights, and Russification. For education, he made it compulsory and free to increase literacy but also used it to indoctrinate students with communist ideals. For women's rights, some policies benefited women but the main aim was to increase the birth rate to provide more workers. For Russification, Stalin promoted the Russian language and culture to unite ethnic groups, facilitate the transition to communism, and ready the Soviet Union for war.
Stalin consolidated his control over the Soviet Union in the 1930s through extreme centralization of power and brutal purges of opposition. He crushed political diversity and alternative ideologies by having opponents of his policies expelled from the Communist Party and assassinated. As General Secretary of the Communist Party, Stalin built a personal following within the Party apparatus that helped him remove political rivals to gain dominance. However, some historians argue that local Party officials pursued their own interests and were not fully beholden to Stalin. By the 1930s, Stalin had achieved total control over decision making as the dictator of the Soviet Union.
Stalin implemented social policies in Russia between 1929-1941 that pursued both communist ideals and pragmatic realism. Education reforms advanced literacy but also spread Stalinist propaganda. Women's rights in the workforce supported industrialization but their conditions remained exploitative. Control of media and religion centralized power, though some policies like Russification aimed to equalize society. Overall, Stalin's policies frequently prioritized maintaining his authority over ideological communism.
In this lesson, we continued our study of Stalin's Soviet Union by analysing his political impact. We found out how he used a combination of propaganda and terror to control the population.
Stalin established the Gulag system of forced labor camps in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s. Millions of people were imprisoned in the Gulag camps, including petty criminals as well as political prisoners accused under Article 58 of anti-Soviet activities. Prisoners faced backbreaking labor under brutal conditions, with estimates of Gulag deaths ranging from 1.6 to over 10 million between 1929 to 1953. While the Soviet government administered the camps, their primary purpose was to terrorize the population through repression and show of force rather than for practical economic goals.
Stalin's rule had major social, economic, and political impacts on the Soviet Union. Socially, Stalin imposed strict state control over all aspects of life, leaving citizens living in constant fear under his repressive dictatorship. Economically, Stalin rapidly industrialized the country through ambitious Five Year Plans, but this was achieved through the forced collectivization of agriculture which resulted in famine and shortages. Politically, Stalin consolidated his totalitarian control through propaganda, purges like the Great Terror involving executions and labor camps, and eliminating all opposition.
The document discusses the US policy towards Italy from 1948-1953 to combat the influence of communism and strengthen the governing Christian Democratic coalition. It describes the large economic and covert aid provided by the US as well as the appointment of Clare Boothe Luce as ambassador in 1953. Though her appointment was controversial, she became popular in Italy but it is unclear how much her efforts weakened communism given the Christian Democrats only achieved a narrow victory in the 1953 elections, gaining less votes than expected.
The document provides an overview of events in Russia from February to October 1917, when the Provisional Government ruled. It describes the aims of the Provisional Government, including democratic reforms. However, it notes the Provisional Government faced many problems, such as a lack of authority, the land issue, and continuing Russia's involvement in World War I, which increased unrest. The document also discusses the growing influence of the Bolsheviks during this time and their opposition to the Provisional Government.
The document discusses two major youth organizations in Soviet Russia - the Komsomol and Pioneers. The Komsomol was formed in 1918 and aimed to engage youth in activities to rebuild post-war Russia. Under Stalin, the Komsomol became an arm of the Soviet state used to indoctrinate youth with Communist ideology, create a labor force, and extend Stalin's control and surveillance through its members. The Komsomol was a key tool for Stalin to consolidate his power and implement policies of rapid industrialization.
The Communist Party of the Russian FederationOwen Bell
A presentation about the history of the post-Soviet Communist Party, its impact on Russian politics, its ideology, and the extent to which it really challenges Kremlin orthodoxy. Received a First Class grade at Exeter University.
The document provides a first-person account of how the author's views on Joseph Stalin evolved over time. As a child during the Brezhnev era, Stalin was presented as a historical figure but his role in building socialism was downplayed. However, the author began to reconsider Stalin's importance after comparing his leadership results to the failures of the post-Soviet Russian government. While some families held negative views of Stalin due to "repressions", the author's family who were affected maintained a positive attitude toward Stalin and socialism. The ambiguous treatment of Stalin under Brezhnev contributed to people questioning what had been left unsaid and fueling interest during perestroika, though initial criticism against Stalin proved unsubstantiated
This document summarizes political groups and events in Russia between 1905 and 1914. It highlights reformist groups like the Populists and Socialist-Revolutionaries, and revolutionary groups like the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. It also discusses the establishment of the Duma as an advisory body to the Tsar with limited power. However, the Tsar maintained autocratic rule and progressively limited the voting rights that determined Duma membership. As a result, the Duma had little influence and was dissolved several times when it challenged the Tsar or his policies.
The Origin of the non-governmental sector in Russia during the presidencies o...Maciej Behnke
Apart from the public (first) and business (second) sectors, the third sector is one
of the pillars constituting the modern democratic society. All the social interests
are concentrated within the third sector and they are being implemented by the
numerous non-governmental organizations cooperating with the state as well
as business world. The birth of the third sector in Russia can be associated with
the beginning of Mikhail Gorbachev reforms called the perestroika. The mental
changes that the Russian society underwent influenced by the policy of glasnost
led to the origin of public involvement into the social and political life, taking
upon the role of the often ineffective state. The degree to which the citizens were
involved in the activity of the NGOs was first of all associated with their quality
of life and it depended on the attitude of the decision-makers towards the idea
of social organizations. The time of Boris Yeltsin presidency was characterized
by two phenomena: a drop in the standard of living accompanied by the
intensification of criminalization within the public life and the positive attitude
towards the introduction of the third sector. After the new president assumed
the post, the approach of the new authority changed in a negative way and
the politics implemented led to gaining full control over public associations.
The so-called liberalization of the law in respect to the third sector was only
a display of Kremlin’s political will and did not signify serious treatment of the
principles of the democratic and civic society. The third sector, one of the pillars
supporting the civil society is at present in the state of consolidation, dealing
with numerous amendments of legal norms. After the period of mimicking
western solutions, the Russian NGOs became a power that must be taken into
account by the Russian decision-makers.
Growing nostalgia for Stalin emerged in Russia on the 50th anniversary of his death. Opinion polls showed that over 50% of Russians approved of Stalin overall, with one-third welcoming a return to a Stalin-like leader. Several political figures praised Stalin for making Russia a great power. However, others strongly condemned Stalin for the massive killings and repression under his rule. There were sharp differences in assessing Stalin's legacy, with some Russians crediting him for victory in World War 2, while others emphasized his brutal authoritarianism.
Joseph Stalin was a Soviet revolutionary and politician who led the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. He oversaw rapid industrialization and collectivization but also caused mass casualties through forced collectivization, famine, and establishing a totalitarian regime. Nadezhda Alliluyeva was Stalin's second wife and the daughter of a Bolshevik revolutionary. She committed suicide in 1932 after an argument with Stalin. Leon Trotsky was also a Bolshevik revolutionary who played a leading role in the Russian Revolution but later criticized Stalin's regime and was exiled. Maxim Gorky was a famous Russian writer who was initially skeptical of the revolution but later supported Stalin and the Soviet government.
The document summarizes key events in Russia leading up to and during the Russian Revolution of 1917. It describes the ideological divisions between Lenin's Bolsheviks and the more moderate Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries regarding war and revolution. It outlines Lenin's return to Russia in April 1917 and how he convinced the Bolshevik party to adopt more radical policies to seize power, while the Provisional Government struggled with ongoing war efforts and competing authority from the Soviets. The summary concludes with the failed Bolshevik uprising in July 1917 led by Lenin that was crushed by Kerensky's forces, forcing Lenin and other Bolsheviks into hiding temporarily.
This document discusses the tensions between the USSR and capitalist countries in the 1920s-1930s and how those tensions affected relations during World War 2 and between the allied "superpowers" by 1944. It explores factors like ideology, execution of the Tsar, USSR debts and nationalization, withdrawing from WWI, and the Nazi-Soviet pact that increased tensions. It also examines the "Grand Alliance" against Germany during WWII between the USSR, US, and Britain and how the different leaders (Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill) may have caused or reduced tensions between the allied superpowers.
Gennady Perviy: The reasons for the collapse of the soviet unionLivia Norström
The document summarizes several reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union in 3 stages:
1) Political, economic, and social problems weakened the regime from within and Cold War defeat weakened it externally. Nationalist movements emerged.
2) Attempts at economic reform failed to address political issues and nationalist conflicts increased.
3) As nationalist republics gained sovereignty, political changes could not save the USSR and it ultimately collapsed.
The NKVD was the law enforcement agency of the Soviet Union that executed the will of the Communist Party. It contained regular police forces but was best known for operating the Gulag system of forced labor camps and conducting mass executions and deportations under Stalin. The NKVD stemmed from the Cheka secret police established after the Bolshevik Revolution and gradually expanded to become an all-union security force by 1934, responsible for detention facilities and the regular police in addition to state security.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POLICIES TOWARDS MINORITIES, OPPOSITION AND JEWSGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POLICIES TOWARDS MINORITIES, OPPOSITION AND JEWS. Contains: the racial policy of Nazi Germany, the anti-Jews laws, the law for the protection of German blood and honour, the Reich citizenship law, persecution of German Jews, Romany minority.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN SOCIAL AIMS - EDUCATION, WOMEN'S RIGHTS AND EDUC...George Dumitrache
Stalin pursued three main social aims: education, women's rights, and Russification. For education, he made it compulsory and free to increase literacy but also used it to indoctrinate students with communist ideals. For women's rights, some policies benefited women but the main aim was to increase the birth rate to provide more workers. For Russification, Stalin promoted the Russian language and culture to unite ethnic groups, facilitate the transition to communism, and ready the Soviet Union for war.
Stalin consolidated his control over the Soviet Union in the 1930s through extreme centralization of power and brutal purges of opposition. He crushed political diversity and alternative ideologies by having opponents of his policies expelled from the Communist Party and assassinated. As General Secretary of the Communist Party, Stalin built a personal following within the Party apparatus that helped him remove political rivals to gain dominance. However, some historians argue that local Party officials pursued their own interests and were not fully beholden to Stalin. By the 1930s, Stalin had achieved total control over decision making as the dictator of the Soviet Union.
Stalin implemented social policies in Russia between 1929-1941 that pursued both communist ideals and pragmatic realism. Education reforms advanced literacy but also spread Stalinist propaganda. Women's rights in the workforce supported industrialization but their conditions remained exploitative. Control of media and religion centralized power, though some policies like Russification aimed to equalize society. Overall, Stalin's policies frequently prioritized maintaining his authority over ideological communism.
In this lesson, we continued our study of Stalin's Soviet Union by analysing his political impact. We found out how he used a combination of propaganda and terror to control the population.
Stalin established the Gulag system of forced labor camps in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s. Millions of people were imprisoned in the Gulag camps, including petty criminals as well as political prisoners accused under Article 58 of anti-Soviet activities. Prisoners faced backbreaking labor under brutal conditions, with estimates of Gulag deaths ranging from 1.6 to over 10 million between 1929 to 1953. While the Soviet government administered the camps, their primary purpose was to terrorize the population through repression and show of force rather than for practical economic goals.
Stalin's rule had major social, economic, and political impacts on the Soviet Union. Socially, Stalin imposed strict state control over all aspects of life, leaving citizens living in constant fear under his repressive dictatorship. Economically, Stalin rapidly industrialized the country through ambitious Five Year Plans, but this was achieved through the forced collectivization of agriculture which resulted in famine and shortages. Politically, Stalin consolidated his totalitarian control through propaganda, purges like the Great Terror involving executions and labor camps, and eliminating all opposition.
The document discusses the US policy towards Italy from 1948-1953 to combat the influence of communism and strengthen the governing Christian Democratic coalition. It describes the large economic and covert aid provided by the US as well as the appointment of Clare Boothe Luce as ambassador in 1953. Though her appointment was controversial, she became popular in Italy but it is unclear how much her efforts weakened communism given the Christian Democrats only achieved a narrow victory in the 1953 elections, gaining less votes than expected.
The document provides an overview of events in Russia from February to October 1917, when the Provisional Government ruled. It describes the aims of the Provisional Government, including democratic reforms. However, it notes the Provisional Government faced many problems, such as a lack of authority, the land issue, and continuing Russia's involvement in World War I, which increased unrest. The document also discusses the growing influence of the Bolsheviks during this time and their opposition to the Provisional Government.
The document discusses two major youth organizations in Soviet Russia - the Komsomol and Pioneers. The Komsomol was formed in 1918 and aimed to engage youth in activities to rebuild post-war Russia. Under Stalin, the Komsomol became an arm of the Soviet state used to indoctrinate youth with Communist ideology, create a labor force, and extend Stalin's control and surveillance through its members. The Komsomol was a key tool for Stalin to consolidate his power and implement policies of rapid industrialization.
The Communist Party of the Russian FederationOwen Bell
A presentation about the history of the post-Soviet Communist Party, its impact on Russian politics, its ideology, and the extent to which it really challenges Kremlin orthodoxy. Received a First Class grade at Exeter University.
The document provides a first-person account of how the author's views on Joseph Stalin evolved over time. As a child during the Brezhnev era, Stalin was presented as a historical figure but his role in building socialism was downplayed. However, the author began to reconsider Stalin's importance after comparing his leadership results to the failures of the post-Soviet Russian government. While some families held negative views of Stalin due to "repressions", the author's family who were affected maintained a positive attitude toward Stalin and socialism. The ambiguous treatment of Stalin under Brezhnev contributed to people questioning what had been left unsaid and fueling interest during perestroika, though initial criticism against Stalin proved unsubstantiated
This document summarizes political groups and events in Russia between 1905 and 1914. It highlights reformist groups like the Populists and Socialist-Revolutionaries, and revolutionary groups like the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. It also discusses the establishment of the Duma as an advisory body to the Tsar with limited power. However, the Tsar maintained autocratic rule and progressively limited the voting rights that determined Duma membership. As a result, the Duma had little influence and was dissolved several times when it challenged the Tsar or his policies.
The Origin of the non-governmental sector in Russia during the presidencies o...Maciej Behnke
Apart from the public (first) and business (second) sectors, the third sector is one
of the pillars constituting the modern democratic society. All the social interests
are concentrated within the third sector and they are being implemented by the
numerous non-governmental organizations cooperating with the state as well
as business world. The birth of the third sector in Russia can be associated with
the beginning of Mikhail Gorbachev reforms called the perestroika. The mental
changes that the Russian society underwent influenced by the policy of glasnost
led to the origin of public involvement into the social and political life, taking
upon the role of the often ineffective state. The degree to which the citizens were
involved in the activity of the NGOs was first of all associated with their quality
of life and it depended on the attitude of the decision-makers towards the idea
of social organizations. The time of Boris Yeltsin presidency was characterized
by two phenomena: a drop in the standard of living accompanied by the
intensification of criminalization within the public life and the positive attitude
towards the introduction of the third sector. After the new president assumed
the post, the approach of the new authority changed in a negative way and
the politics implemented led to gaining full control over public associations.
The so-called liberalization of the law in respect to the third sector was only
a display of Kremlin’s political will and did not signify serious treatment of the
principles of the democratic and civic society. The third sector, one of the pillars
supporting the civil society is at present in the state of consolidation, dealing
with numerous amendments of legal norms. After the period of mimicking
western solutions, the Russian NGOs became a power that must be taken into
account by the Russian decision-makers.
Growing nostalgia for Stalin emerged in Russia on the 50th anniversary of his death. Opinion polls showed that over 50% of Russians approved of Stalin overall, with one-third welcoming a return to a Stalin-like leader. Several political figures praised Stalin for making Russia a great power. However, others strongly condemned Stalin for the massive killings and repression under his rule. There were sharp differences in assessing Stalin's legacy, with some Russians crediting him for victory in World War 2, while others emphasized his brutal authoritarianism.
Joseph Stalin was a Soviet revolutionary and politician who led the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. He oversaw rapid industrialization and collectivization but also caused mass casualties through forced collectivization, famine, and establishing a totalitarian regime. Nadezhda Alliluyeva was Stalin's second wife and the daughter of a Bolshevik revolutionary. She committed suicide in 1932 after an argument with Stalin. Leon Trotsky was also a Bolshevik revolutionary who played a leading role in the Russian Revolution but later criticized Stalin's regime and was exiled. Maxim Gorky was a famous Russian writer who was initially skeptical of the revolution but later supported Stalin and the Soviet government.
The document summarizes key events in Russia leading up to and during the Russian Revolution of 1917. It describes the ideological divisions between Lenin's Bolsheviks and the more moderate Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries regarding war and revolution. It outlines Lenin's return to Russia in April 1917 and how he convinced the Bolshevik party to adopt more radical policies to seize power, while the Provisional Government struggled with ongoing war efforts and competing authority from the Soviets. The summary concludes with the failed Bolshevik uprising in July 1917 led by Lenin that was crushed by Kerensky's forces, forcing Lenin and other Bolsheviks into hiding temporarily.
This document discusses the tensions between the USSR and capitalist countries in the 1920s-1930s and how those tensions affected relations during World War 2 and between the allied "superpowers" by 1944. It explores factors like ideology, execution of the Tsar, USSR debts and nationalization, withdrawing from WWI, and the Nazi-Soviet pact that increased tensions. It also examines the "Grand Alliance" against Germany during WWII between the USSR, US, and Britain and how the different leaders (Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill) may have caused or reduced tensions between the allied superpowers.
Gennady Perviy: The reasons for the collapse of the soviet unionLivia Norström
The document summarizes several reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union in 3 stages:
1) Political, economic, and social problems weakened the regime from within and Cold War defeat weakened it externally. Nationalist movements emerged.
2) Attempts at economic reform failed to address political issues and nationalist conflicts increased.
3) As nationalist republics gained sovereignty, political changes could not save the USSR and it ultimately collapsed.
The NKVD was the law enforcement agency of the Soviet Union that executed the will of the Communist Party. It contained regular police forces but was best known for operating the Gulag system of forced labor camps and conducting mass executions and deportations under Stalin. The NKVD stemmed from the Cheka secret police established after the Bolshevik Revolution and gradually expanded to become an all-union security force by 1934, responsible for detention facilities and the regular police in addition to state security.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POLICIES TOWARDS MINORITIES, OPPOSITION AND JEWSGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: POLICIES TOWARDS MINORITIES, OPPOSITION AND JEWS. Contains: the racial policy of Nazi Germany, the anti-Jews laws, the law for the protection of German blood and honour, the Reich citizenship law, persecution of German Jews, Romany minority.
The document discusses the rise of Stalin's power in the Soviet Union following Lenin's death in 1924. It notes that Stalin consolidated power by suppressing Lenin's criticisms of him and expanding the role of General Secretary, which he was appointed to in 1922. He eliminated any opposition while holding the post of General Secretary until 1952, during which time he also served as Premier from 1941 onward. The document outlines how Stalin systematically increased his control over the Communist Party and Soviet government in the years after Lenin's death.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: RUSSIAN TERROR TRADITION BEFORE STALIN - TSARS AND LENINGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: RUSSIAN TERROR TRADITION BEFORE STALIN - TSARS AND LENIN. Contains: last 2 czars, Alexander the third, nationalism, autocracy, russification, bloody Sunday, Lenin, Red Terror.
- The Nazis expressed populist yearnings of the middle class and advocated a strong, anti-Marxist mobilization representing the common good of the German people. They portrayed themselves as breaking down social barriers and celebrating the populist community, focusing pre-existing middle class resentments against the establishment and privilege. This populist rhetoric, promising to resolve resentments in a technologically advanced people's utopia, was key to their appeal.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HISTORIAN PERSPECTIVES ABOUT THE RED TERRORGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HISTORIAN PERSPECTIVES ABOUT THE RED TERROR. Contains: Courtois, Pipes, Marx, Stalin, Conquest, Figes, Ryan, historical significance.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: LEON TROTSKY. Contains: who was Trotsky, early life, meeting Lenin, disputes, uprisings, provisional government, disagreements and resignation, Trotsky leader, Trotsky dead.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: LENIN AND MARXISM. Module Stalin, it contains: Lenin and Marxism, Utopic Marxism, the appeal of Marxism, Marxism and Lenin's radicalism, Lenin's role in the Revolution, provisional government weakness, homework.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S ECONOMIC AIMS. Presentation contains: unemployment, deficit financing, autarky, the first and second year plan, reinflation, measures to reduce unemployment.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN ECONOMIC AIMS - COLLECTIVISATION AND INDUSTRIALI...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN ECONOMIC AIMS - COLLECTIVISATION AND INDUSTRIALISATION. Contains: collectivisation, industrialisation, against the kulaks, the kolkhoz, impact and results of collectivisation, targets for workers, Stakhanovism, the second plan, the third plan.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN IMPACT ON CULTURE. It contains: the cultural system, the social role of the writers, the censorship, policy, repressed atmosphere, effects on theatre and film, painting and sculpture, socialist music.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF POWER 1933-1934George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF POWER 1933-1934. It contains: overview, Reichstag fire, general elections, enabling act, Gestapo, abolishing trading unions, the concordat, banning political parties, people's courts, night of the long knives, fuhrer, the events, Nazi government, Hitler and the army, homework.
Hitler established the Führerprinzip, or leader principle, which made him the absolute dictator and sole source of authority in Nazi Germany. A cult of personality was built around Hitler, with his image displayed everywhere and the greeting "Heil Hitler" becoming obligatory. The Führer stood at the top of the Nazi hierarchy, with various Reichsleiter and Gauleiter directly below and responsible to him. The Führerprinzip required complete obedience to one's superiors and justified the actions of Nazi war criminals who claimed they were just following orders. It established an authoritarian power structure that centralized all control and decision-making in Hitler's hands alone.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S REPUTATION AND POPULARITYGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: HITLER'S REPUTATION AND POPULARITY. Contains: the Superman image, heroic leadership, people's Kaiser, the Fuhrer, building the myth, struggle, conflict, nazis.
Stalin rose to power through manipulating the Politburo after Lenin's death and Trotsky's unpopularity. Under Stalin's rule, the Soviet Union's economy and society were devastated. Stalin implemented rapid industrialization and collectivization that negatively impacted agriculture and caused a devastating famine. Politically, the Great Terror of 1934-1938 saw purges of Stalin's enemies through show trials and executions that weakened the party and military. Pervasive propaganda cultivated a cult of Stalin's leadership to consolidate his dictatorial control.
Stalin rose to power in the Soviet Union through a combination of factors. He carefully maneuvered himself up the party ranks with appointments from Lenin. As General Secretary, he consolidated power by appointing allies. After Lenin's death, Stalin further isolated opponents by allying with different factions and turning them against each other, removing Trotsky, the Left, and the Right from power. Through ruthless manipulation, Stalin was able to eliminate all political rivals and become the unchallenged leader of the Soviet Union by the early 1930s.
The document summarizes the rise of Stalinism in the Soviet Union following the Russian Revolution. It describes how the revolutionary Bolshevik party degenerated into a bureaucratic dictatorship under Stalin. Lenin recognized the growing bureaucratization early on and fought against it, but died before he could combat Stalin and the bureaucracy at a party congress in 1923. This paved the way for Stalin to consolidate his control over the Communist Party and Soviet state.
The document summarizes the breakup of the Soviet Union in 3 key points:
1. The USSR was a union of 15 republics formed in 1922 that dissolved in 1991 due to economic troubles, ethnic tensions between nationalities, and the liberalizing reforms of Gorbachev which weakened central control.
2. Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) relaxed censorship and aimed to transition to a market economy but had the unintended effect of empowering nationalist movements.
3. In 1991, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus signed an agreement dissolving the Soviet Union and forming the Commonwealth of Independent States, bringing the
Lenin believed in a revolutionary vanguard party led by professional revolutionaries to guide the workers to overthrow capitalism. He rejected more moderate socialist approaches and believed the ends justified violent means. Lenin's Bolshevik party took power in Russia during World War 1 using military force when opportunities arose and established the Soviet Union, nationalizing industry and implementing one-party rule.
Stalin played a minor role in creating the Soviet state but established it as a powerful nation through totalitarian control. He collectivized agriculture and implemented five-year plans to industrialize the economy and make it state-controlled. Stalin also created a cult of personality around himself and used the Great Terror to eliminate opposition. This allowed Stalin to completely control all aspects of Soviet politics, society, and the economy.
Trotsky played a key role in organizing and leading the Red Army to victory against the Whites in the Russian Civil War. As Commissar for War, he instituted conscription, used propaganda to boost morale, and traveled by armored train to directly oversee operations. He took controversial steps like employing former Tsarist officers and using blocking units to shoot deserters, which helped strengthen the Red Army. Meanwhile, Lenin helped the Bolsheviks through the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, instituting war communism policies, and using the Cheka secret police to eliminate opposition through terror. Overall, the Bolsheviks prevailed due to their superior organization, propaganda exploiting the country's problems, and the weaknesses and divisions of the Whites and their
Bmc hist unit 2_authoritarian_regimes_rev_in_russiaAdrian Peeris
An authoritarian regime is a form of government where the state controls many aspects of society and demands complete obedience, loyalty, and lack of dissent from citizens. In Russia from 1901-1917, growing resentment from an oppressed population and divisions within society led to the rise of authoritarian rule. Factors like "Bloody Sunday" in 1905, the Russo-Japanese War, World War 1, and the spread of revolutionary ideas created conditions for the authoritarian Bolshevik regime led by Lenin and Stalin to take power in 1917.
Italian politics in the early 20th century was unstable due to weak political parties and the practice of trasformismo coalitions. New socialist and Catholic parties emerged but the liberal governments struggled to manage them. World War 1 deepened divisions and economic problems weakened the government further. The rise of Mussolini and the fascists exploited this political confusion, and by 1922 democracy was not secure due to the failures of the liberal state and the extremism in the post-war period. The king's appointment of Mussolini as PM, ignoring fascist violence, was a miscalculation that enabled the end of democracy in Italy.
Nicholas II's weak leadership and failure to enact meaningful reforms led to growing unrest in Russia. Economic issues like increased taxes hurt peasants while workers faced poor conditions. Socially, ethnic groups faced oppression and workers had no rights. The Bloody Sunday massacre in 1905 further radicalized opposition. Nicholas issued the October Manifesto granting civil liberties and limited parliament, but it did little to resolve issues and revolution continued to simmer until the outbreak of World War I.
Bmc hist unit 2_authoritarian_regimes_stalin&policies_slideshareAdrian Peeris
Here are the key differences between the sources as evidence of the results of collectivization:
- Source A presents a positive view of collectivization, stating that peasants eventually saw the benefits of collectivization such as receiving tractors and farm machines from new factories built by the government. It claims food production decreased initially but does not provide details on the human costs.
- Source B presents a very negative view, describing the horrific human costs of collectivization such as 10 million peasants being shot or sent to labor camps. It states collectivization was forced upon peasants and the rich farmers (kulaks) were targeted. It directly contradicts Source A by stating collectivization resulted in horrendous famines that killed millions.
- Source A is brief and avoids discussing the
Lecture slides rise of stalin and impact (2016) updated-1703_geditsGerald Pang
Stalin imposed economic, political, and social policies to consolidate his power and modernize the Soviet Union. His economic policies focused on rapid industrialization through Five-Year Plans which set high targets for industrial and agricultural growth. This included expanding factories, transportation, and collectivization of agriculture. Politically, Stalin eliminated all opposition through the Great Terror and established a cult of personality. Socially, the state tightly controlled all aspects of society and people lived in constant fear. Overall, Stalin's policies transformed the Soviet Union into an industrial and military power, but at the cost of individual freedoms and millions of lives.
This document provides an overview of communism and post-communism in Russia and China. It discusses the key features of communist rule, including communist party rule and centrally planned economies. It examines how post-communist regimes have faced challenges restructuring these institutional features. Case studies of Russia and China are presented. For Russia, it describes the transition from communist to electoral authoritarian rule and the country's mixed economy. For China, it outlines how the communist regime has adapted by allowing more economic freedom and private enterprise while maintaining one-party rule.
L5 how stable was the tsarist regime in 1914BOAHistory
The document analyzes the stability of the Tsarist regime in Russia by 1914 through examining major events like the Russo-Japanese War, 1905 Revolution, and reforms under Nicholas II and Petyr Stolypin. It discusses how the Russo-Japanese War was a major defeat that weakened the regime and sparked the 1905 Revolution. The 1905 Revolution saw widespread unrest that was only quelled after Nicholas II granted the October Manifesto for limited reforms. Stolypin further pursued reforms as Prime Minister but the regime still faced issues and was largely unreformed by the eve of World War I.
The document summarizes the Russian Civil War and its aftermath. It describes how Lenin's Red Army defeated the opposing White forces by 1920-1921, establishing communist rule. It then explains Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy in 1921 to rebuild the devastated economy through limited private enterprise. However, upon Lenin's death in 1924, a power struggle ensued between Trotsky and Stalin, which Stalin ultimately won, becoming dictator and embarking on a program of rapid industrialization through five-year plans but also purges to consolidate his control.
This is a complex issue with reasonable arguments on both sides. Ultimately, there is no clear right or wrong answer as reasonable people can disagree on how to balance competing priorities.
1) Yuan Shikai played a major role in the failure of the early Chinese republic by consolidating power and ruling as a dictator, ignoring the new constitution.
2) Other key reasons for failure included China's lack of democratic political tradition, the selfish interests of local elites, and disunity among progressive forces.
3) The failure led to warlordism dominating China after 1916 and a neglect of reforms, increasing foreign control and inviting further aggression.
After World War Two a Cold War developed between the capitalist Western countries and the Communist countries of the Eastern Bloc. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin wanted a buffer zone of friendly Communist countries to protect the USSR from further attack in the future. However, British Prime Minister Clement Attlee and US President Harry Truman made it clear at Yalta and Potsdam that this was unacceptable to the Western governments. They wanted freely defined states. Communist parties had gained control through what the Hungarian leader, Rakosi, called salami tactics. By 1950, the Eastern Bloc consisted of many Eastern European countries which were under the influence of the USSR. These included Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Ukraine. After Stalin's death in 1953, there was a power struggle in the USSR. By the mid-1950s the dominant Soviet political figure Nikita Khrushchev was solidifying his grasp on power.
Factors that determined the outcome of the civil WarElizabeth Lugones
The Bolsheviks had several geographical, economic, and leadership advantages that helped them win the Russian Civil War. They controlled major cities and railroads, allowing easy transport of supplies. In contrast, the Whites were scattered with poor communication. War communism's food requisitions further weakened the opposition. Trotsky professionalized the Red Army while the Whites lacked unity under competing leaders with different goals. Foreign aid to the Whites was limited and made the Reds seem more patriotic. Together these factors allowed the Bolsheviks to emerge victorious.
Similar to CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE SECRETARIAL BEFORE STALIN (20)
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCESGeorge Dumitrache
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTXGeorge Dumitrache
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933George Dumitrache
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 03. NAZI'S LITTLE SUCCESSGeorge Dumitrache
The document discusses the early success of the Nazi party in Germany. It notes that while the party made progress in organization and membership in its early years after 1919, it had little impact in elections initially. The Nazis received only 6.5% of the vote in their first national election in 1924. Later elections in 1928 saw their support decline further to just 2.6% as the German economy and political situation stabilized under Stresemann. While the Nazis appealed to specific groups frustrated with the Weimar Republic, they remained a small party with less than 30,000 members by 1925.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 02. NAZI PARTY IDEOLOGY IN 1920George Dumitrache
The document provides background information on the origins and early development of the Nazi party in Germany during the 1920s. It describes how the party began as the German Workers' Party led by Anton Drexler before Hitler joined in 1919 and became the leader in 1921. It also outlines some of the key aspects of the Nazi party platform outlined in the 25-point program, including nationalism, anti-Semitism, and a desire for more territory. Finally, it discusses Hitler's failed Munich Putsch coup attempt in 1923 and how he wrote Mein Kampf while in prison.
1) Post-war instability and economic crisis weakened established political systems in countries like Germany and Italy. 2) A sense of nationalism was used by fascist leaders to promote unity and scapegoat others for the nation's problems. 3) Charismatic leaders like Hitler and Mussolini were able to gain followers by promoting fascism as an alternative to communism and liberal democracy.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 10. THE FALL OF WEIMAR 1930-1933George Dumitrache
The document provides background information on the rise of the Nazi party in Germany between 1930-1933. It discusses how Germany's economic dependence on American loans led to the collapse of German industry following the 1929 Wall Street crash. This caused widespread unemployment, with over 6 million people jobless by 1932. As economic conditions deteriorated, support grew for the Nazis as they promised strong leadership and blamed Jews and communists for Germany's problems. The Nazis increased their Reichstag seats in elections in 1933 after Hitler became Chancellor, and he then used emergency powers to crush opposition and establish a one-party Nazi state in Germany.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 09. TABLES AND CARTOONSGeorge Dumitrache
The document discusses the Weimar Republic in Germany through tables and cartoons as part of a Cambridge IGCSE depth study on Germany. It provides information on the political and economic challenges faced by the Weimar Republic between 1919-1933 through statistical tables and illustrations. The depth study uses multiple visual elements to summarize key events and issues like inflation, unemployment, and the rise of extremism during this period of German history.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESSGeorge Dumitrache
The “Lean Years” (also called the "wilderness" years) of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany refer to the period between 1924 and 1928 when the Nazi party did not have high levels of support and still suffered from humiliation over the Munich Putsch. Why where these years “lean”?
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929George Dumitrache
Gustav Stresemann was appointed Chancellor of Germany in 1923 during the Weimar Republic period. As Chancellor and later as Foreign Minister, he implemented policies that helped stabilize Germany's economy and improve its international standing. This included establishing a new currency to end hyperinflation, crushing communist uprisings, and pursuing diplomatic agreements like the Locarno Pact to normalize Germany's relations with other European powers. However, the economic and political stability of the Weimar Republic remained fragile.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923George Dumitrache
The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic. Approximately two thousand Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle, in the city centre, but were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers. Hitler escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside. After two days, he was arrested and charged with treason. The putsch brought Hitler to the attention of the German nation for the first time and generated front-page headlines in newspapers around the world. His arrest was followed by a 24-day trial, which was widely publicised and gave him a platform to express his nationalist sentiments to the nation. Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess. On 20 December 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was released. Once released, Hitler redirected his focus towards obtaining power through legal means rather than by revolution or force, and accordingly changed his tactics, further developing Nazi propaganda.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 05. HYPERINFLATIONGeorge Dumitrache
Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium, and misery for the general populace.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 03. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPACT ON...George Dumitrache
Thanks to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's ability to produce revenue-generating coal and iron ore decreased. As war debts and reparations drained its coffers, the German government was unable to pay its debts. Some of the former World War I Allies didn't buy Germany's claim that it couldn't afford to pay.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918George Dumitrache
The German Revolution or November Revolution was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among the factors leading to the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of war, the economic and psychological impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions between the general population and the aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANYGeorge Dumitrache
The document summarizes the impact of World War 1 on Germany. It discusses how Germany initially found success on the Eastern Front and made advances on the Western Front in 1918 but was eventually overwhelmed as the US joined the war effort. Germany experienced political instability, economic devastation from blockades, widespread hunger and disease, and psychological trauma from defeat. The German people bitterly blamed leaders for the defeat, sowing seeds for the rise of the Nazis in the unstable Weimar Republic that followed the war.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
This cartoon was likely published after the Stresa Pact was signed in early 1935, when Britain and France failed to raise the issue of Abyssinia with Mussolini and were perceived as turning a blind eye to his plans in hopes of keeping Italy as an ally against Germany. The cartoon directly criticizes the British and French policy of appeasing Mussolini, so the purpose was to criticize, not just inform. By criticizing the policy, the hope would be to influence and change the policy by swaying public opinion.
Manchurian Crisis. On September 18, 1931, an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria.
05. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Great Depression and LON.pptxGeorge Dumitrache
GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Great Depression of 1930-33 meant people turned to extremist dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini, who were keen to invade other countries. This made it hard for the League to maintain peace. The League had some very ambitious plans and ideals – to stop war and make the world a better place.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE SECRETARIAL BEFORE STALIN
1. HISTORY CAMBRIDGE A2 (PAPER 4)
PRESENTATION 4 - HOMEWORK
STALIN MODULE
2. STALIN AND THE PARTY
THE CENTRAL
COMMITTEE
SECRETARIAT
BEFORE STALIN
2. POWERPOINT BASED ON
Harris, Stalin - a new history
Lynch, Stalin’s Russia 1924-53
Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed
Deutscher, Stalin
T. H. Rigby, Communist Party Membership in the U.S.S.R., 1917–1967
Robert Service, The Bolshevik Party in Revolution: A Study in Organisational
Change, 1917–1923
N. N. Krestinskii, L. P. Serebriakov, E. A. Preobrazhenskii, and V. M. Molotov
3. BOLSHEVIKS TAKING CONTROL OF THE EMPIRE
Following the October coup in Petrograd, the Bolsheviks faced the colossal task of
taking control of, and governing the vast territories of the Russian Empire. They
had to shut down, or take over, existing bureaucratic structures from the central
ministries down to the local land councils.
They had to do battle with other groups competing for power, including
Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, and national minorities seeking to create
independent states.
By the spring of 1918, they also had to mobilise for civil war. They had long
understood that they were undermanned. On the eve of the February Revolution,
there were approximately twenty-four thousand members in the Bolshevik
underground. By the end of the Civil War, over seven hundred thousand new
members had joined the now ruling Party.
4. SVERDLOV AND LENIN
• Registering, assigning, and directing the inflow of new recruits were
colossal tasks in themselves.
• Iakov Sverdlov, a close associate of Lenin, was the first ‘secretary’ of the
Central Committee in charge of personnel questions. With a staff of only
six, Sverdlov could only monitor the spontaneous growth of Party
membership and issue general directives assigning cadres en masse.
• Though Lenin prized Sverdlov for his organisational skills, it would appear
that his Secretariat kept few written records of its activities. Pressures to
improve record-keeping came from state and Party organisations in the
centre and regions that were frustrated by the inability of the Secretariat
to meet their specific cadre needs.
5. SVERDLOV’S DEATH
• After Sverdlov’s death in March 1919, the responsibility for Party
appointments was formally invested in the Secretariat and Sverdlov’s
successors undertook to expand the staff in order to meet the ever-
growing need for cadres throughout the Soviet Union.
• By 1921, the Secretariat employed over 600 officials, but it still could not
meet the needs of organisations.
6. BUREAUCRACY
• The Civil War had placed considerable extra burdens on the personnel
apparatus. The Secretariat worked closely with the Political Administration of
the Red Army leadership (Politicheskoe Upravlenie Revvoensoveta, or PUR) to
mobilise Party members to various fronts.
• While the Soviet state was under threat, the needs of civilian government had
not been a top priority, but when victory seemed assured the Secretariat
could demobilise and assign tens of thousands of Party cadres. Again, any
more than the most rudimentary record keeping was impossible.
• Organisations from the top to the bottom of the new bureaucratic apparatus
registered their demands for personnel with specific skills for work in specific
organisations: factory administrations, banks, agricultural co-operatives.
7. THE PRIVILEGE OF BEING IN THE PARTY
• With rare exceptions, all the Secretariat could do was collect and collate
these demands and attempt to meet them in purely quantitative terms.
• The low level of any accounting for personal qualities and administrative
skills exacerbated existing weaknesses of Party and state structures in
two fundamental ways. First, the general quality of officialdom was
extremely low in terms of basic literacy, administrative skills, and even
loyalty to the Party. In the process of the exponential growth of the
Party, the standards for membership had fallen correspondingly.
• Particularly in the immediate aftermath of the October seizure of power,
many had joined the Bolshevik Party in order to take advantage of the
privileged access to food, housing, and jobs accorded to members.
8. LOYALTY TO THE PARTY
• At the very height of the Civil War, the Party leadership had felt compelled
to initiate a purge of corrupt and ‘morally dissolute’ members.
• The long struggle against the White Armies, combined with political
training in the army, did reinforce loyalty to the Party, and literacy
campaigns raised educational levels, but corruption and incompetence
remained serious problems in administration.
9. THE DRIVE TO CAPTURE THE RESPONSIBLE POSITIONS
• Though competent and principled Party members were in short supply,
that did not mean that there was any shortage of ambitious ones, and the
conflict of ambitions presented another, and perhaps more troubling,
problem for the Bolsheviks.
• Not everyone could be a provincial Party committee secretary, a
department head in a commissariat, even a district Party committee
secretary or village soviet chairman. Throughout the growing Party and
state bureaucracy, officials wanted to give orders, not to take them.
• As the bureaucracy absorbed new cadres, struggles for power erupted at
all levels in the drive to capture the ‘responsible positions’ within and
among organisations.
10. The struggle
• Local officials were locked in struggle with cadres sent in from Moscow.
New recruits to the Party refused to accept the seniority of members with
underground experience.
• Soviet executive committee chairmen refused to follow the directives of
the Party committee secretaries, local economic councils (sovnarkhozy)
fought with local trade unions.
• No senior official could be sure that one of his colleagues was not
conspiring to take his place. The struggles (skloki) paralysed the entire
organisations throughout the country.
11. Various party departments
• The task of dealing with these problems fell to the Secretariat.
• In the fall of 1920, several new departments were created to deal with them. The
establishment of the ‘Record-Assignment’ department was intended to make possible a
shift from mass assignments to planned assignments on the basis of the specific needs
of organisations.
• The ‘Agitation-Propaganda’ department was supposed to raise their ideological
awareness. The ‘Organisation-Instruction’ department was directed to bring a measure
of consistency to the structure of the apparatus and to fight corruption and raise the
efficiency of administration. It was given an ‘Information’ sub-department to process
the great mass of information received from local organisations, and particularly, to
summarise their monthly reports on their activities , and a ‘Conflicts’ sub-department to
bring an end to power struggles that pervaded the apparatus.
12. New responsibilities and more complains
• None of these departments was able to cope with its new responsibilities .
Even after demobilisation, mass assignments continued to be the order of
the day, making any sort of accounting of cadres impossible.
• In the process of demobilisation, the Record-Assignment department was
assigning 5,000 cadres a month, but even after that process had been
largely completed, the numbers remained high.
• In 1923, the department assigned 14,000 cadres, including 4,000 leading
workers. Despite the sheer numbers of those assigned, organisations
continued to complain about shortages of skilled officials.
13. The paralysis of the party and power struggle
• The work of the Secretariat was regularly criticised at Central Committee
plena and Party congresses and conferences. The creation of new
departments and the expansion of its staff had done little to improve
matters and something had to be done.
• In his speech on ‘intra-Party matters’ to the Eleventh Party Congress in
April 1922, Grigorii Zinoviev emphasised the ‘paralysis’ of Party work
caused by the power struggles. He claimed that they had ‘become the
scourge and calamity [bich I bedstvie] of the whole Party’.
• Immediately after the Congress had concluded its work, the Central
Committee approved Lenin’s draft resolution that assigned Stalin to head
the Secretariat and created the position of ‘General Secretary’.
14. Stalin appointed by lenin
• In assigning a Politburo member to the post, Lenin hoped to lend the
Secretariat new authority, though he knew that was not enough.
• His resolution warned Stalin and the department heads not to get lost in
the vastness of the Secretariat’s responsibilities, but to stick to questions
of a ‘genuinely principal importance’.
15. Homework - choose at least one
• Was this a fateful decision, one that fundamentally changed the course of
Soviet history, as so many scholars have contended?
• Was Stalin able to use his position as General Secretary to build a personal
following in the apparatus, to stifle Party democracy and defeat his
political rivals?
• Did the members of the Politburo unwittingly place a powerful weapon in
Stalin’s hands with this decision, or were they burdening him with a
bureaucratic millstone?