Growing nostalgia for Stalin emerged in Russia on the 50th anniversary of his death. Opinion polls showed that over 50% of Russians approved of Stalin overall, with one-third welcoming a return to a Stalin-like leader. Several political figures praised Stalin for making Russia a great power. However, others strongly condemned Stalin for the massive killings and repression under his rule. There were sharp differences in assessing Stalin's legacy, with some Russians crediting him for victory in World War 2, while others emphasized his brutal authoritarianism.
Migrant Integration: The European Experience and Prospects for RussiaRussian Council
This working paper was prepared as part of the Russian International Affairs Council’s project International Migration Processes: Trends, Challenges and Prospects. Whereas Europe has dealt with mass influxes of immigrants since the 1950s, Russia only encountered this phenomenon relatively recently. Europe’s experience with migrant integration, which will be considered in this working paper, might be useful to Russia in resolving similar issues. The author identifies a range of specific programmes and measures to ease the process of including immigrants and their descendants into the host country’s social institutions, and he offers several recommendations regarding the prospects for integrating migrants in Russia.
Russia is not a democracy in transition and there are no signs showing that it would become so. Fukuyama's end of history thesis needs to be reevaluated.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE SECRETARIAL BEFORE STALINGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE SECRETARIAL BEFORE STALIN. Contains: Bolsheviks taking control of the empire, Sverdlov and Lenin, Sverdlov/s death, bureaucracy, the privilege of being in the party, loyalty, party departments.
Migrant Integration: The European Experience and Prospects for RussiaRussian Council
This working paper was prepared as part of the Russian International Affairs Council’s project International Migration Processes: Trends, Challenges and Prospects. Whereas Europe has dealt with mass influxes of immigrants since the 1950s, Russia only encountered this phenomenon relatively recently. Europe’s experience with migrant integration, which will be considered in this working paper, might be useful to Russia in resolving similar issues. The author identifies a range of specific programmes and measures to ease the process of including immigrants and their descendants into the host country’s social institutions, and he offers several recommendations regarding the prospects for integrating migrants in Russia.
Russia is not a democracy in transition and there are no signs showing that it would become so. Fukuyama's end of history thesis needs to be reevaluated.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE SECRETARIAL BEFORE STALINGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE SECRETARIAL BEFORE STALIN. Contains: Bolsheviks taking control of the empire, Sverdlov and Lenin, Sverdlov/s death, bureaucracy, the privilege of being in the party, loyalty, party departments.
Bittersweet China: New Discourses of Hardship and Social OrganisationTerence Ling
By Michael B. GRIFFITHS and Jesper ZEUTHEN
" This paper argues that new interpretations of 'eating bitterness' have firmly entered the landscape of China’s social organisation. Whereas the bitterness eaten by heroic types in China’s revolutionary past was directed towards serving others, now the aim of eating bitterness is self-awareness. Furthermore, bitterness-eating, which once pertained to rural-urban migrant workers as opposed to discourses of urban “quality” (㍐䍘, suzhi), has now also
been taken up by the urban middle classes. A new cultural distinction, therefore, adds dignity to migrant workers while potentially marginalising a wide range of unproductive people, both urban and rural. This distinction ultimately mitigates risk to the Chinese regime because the regime makes sure to reward those who eat bitterness. This paper is based on ethnographic data gathered in Anshan, from the rural areas surrounding Chengdu, and our analysis of a TV show about a peasant boy who becomes a Special Forces soldier."
Events of August '91 as an Expression of Political Disobedience in the Proces...AnnaJach1
Civil disobedience is the attitude which in the 20th century proved to be the only effective form of resistance to authoritarian regimes. So it was in the case of the events of August '91 when the Soviet society objected to the activities of the State Committee on the State of Emergency. It would not have been possible without the reform programme known as perestroika initiated by the last USSR leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Thanks to perestroika and the accompanying glasnost-transparency of sociopolitical life-the previously apathetic and alienated Soviet society felt responsible for their own life and for the fate of the State. By opposing the rebels through pas sive resistance, the citizens proved to the leaders of their own country, to the world, and above all, to themselves that they were aware of their rights and responsibilities. The process of sociopolitical socialization stimulated the development of civil society in the Soviet Union.
Seven Challenges of the Russian Protest MovementOleg Kozlovsky
My presentation for a roundtable discussion at GWU in March 2013. For more details, see my paper of the same name in Russian Analytical Digest: http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/DetailansichtPubDB_EN?rec_id=2462
The world hybrid war: Ukrainian forefront. Volodymyr HorbulinDonbassFullAccess
In this multi-authored monograph the scholars of the National Institute for Strategic Studies of Ukraine present an unprecedented study of the phenomenon of the world hybrid war, which manifested itself in the Russian aggression against Ukraine. The nature of the hybrid war was analyzed in the context of the global security crisis and was studied as a new type of global confrontation. This monograph is a complex analysis of the causes and preconditions of the Russian aggression against Ukraine with respect to the strategic purposes and special aspects of conduct in various dimensions including military, political, economic, social, humanitarian, and informational. This monograph also presents research of the local success of our country in resisting the hostile plans of the Russian Federation in certain areas. The conclusion reached by this study is that Ukraine is capable of fighting against an aggressor for her sovereignty. The reformation of international security institutions and attainment of balance of power in the new hybrid reality are also addressed in the monograph. This book is meant for politicians, political analysts, senior government officials and scientists in the field of security studies. The research results would also be interesting for academia, representatives of civil society, as well as patriotic and responsible citizens.
In the spring of 2017 there was a sharp growth of protest activity of the population in Russsia, which became the larest outbreak of civic activity after the "swamp" rallies in 2011-2012. This study is an analysis of the features of a new wave of Russian protest and potential in terms of impact on the political system in the country.
Bittersweet China: New Discourses of Hardship and Social OrganisationTerence Ling
By Michael B. GRIFFITHS and Jesper ZEUTHEN
" This paper argues that new interpretations of 'eating bitterness' have firmly entered the landscape of China’s social organisation. Whereas the bitterness eaten by heroic types in China’s revolutionary past was directed towards serving others, now the aim of eating bitterness is self-awareness. Furthermore, bitterness-eating, which once pertained to rural-urban migrant workers as opposed to discourses of urban “quality” (㍐䍘, suzhi), has now also
been taken up by the urban middle classes. A new cultural distinction, therefore, adds dignity to migrant workers while potentially marginalising a wide range of unproductive people, both urban and rural. This distinction ultimately mitigates risk to the Chinese regime because the regime makes sure to reward those who eat bitterness. This paper is based on ethnographic data gathered in Anshan, from the rural areas surrounding Chengdu, and our analysis of a TV show about a peasant boy who becomes a Special Forces soldier."
Events of August '91 as an Expression of Political Disobedience in the Proces...AnnaJach1
Civil disobedience is the attitude which in the 20th century proved to be the only effective form of resistance to authoritarian regimes. So it was in the case of the events of August '91 when the Soviet society objected to the activities of the State Committee on the State of Emergency. It would not have been possible without the reform programme known as perestroika initiated by the last USSR leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Thanks to perestroika and the accompanying glasnost-transparency of sociopolitical life-the previously apathetic and alienated Soviet society felt responsible for their own life and for the fate of the State. By opposing the rebels through pas sive resistance, the citizens proved to the leaders of their own country, to the world, and above all, to themselves that they were aware of their rights and responsibilities. The process of sociopolitical socialization stimulated the development of civil society in the Soviet Union.
Seven Challenges of the Russian Protest MovementOleg Kozlovsky
My presentation for a roundtable discussion at GWU in March 2013. For more details, see my paper of the same name in Russian Analytical Digest: http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/DetailansichtPubDB_EN?rec_id=2462
The world hybrid war: Ukrainian forefront. Volodymyr HorbulinDonbassFullAccess
In this multi-authored monograph the scholars of the National Institute for Strategic Studies of Ukraine present an unprecedented study of the phenomenon of the world hybrid war, which manifested itself in the Russian aggression against Ukraine. The nature of the hybrid war was analyzed in the context of the global security crisis and was studied as a new type of global confrontation. This monograph is a complex analysis of the causes and preconditions of the Russian aggression against Ukraine with respect to the strategic purposes and special aspects of conduct in various dimensions including military, political, economic, social, humanitarian, and informational. This monograph also presents research of the local success of our country in resisting the hostile plans of the Russian Federation in certain areas. The conclusion reached by this study is that Ukraine is capable of fighting against an aggressor for her sovereignty. The reformation of international security institutions and attainment of balance of power in the new hybrid reality are also addressed in the monograph. This book is meant for politicians, political analysts, senior government officials and scientists in the field of security studies. The research results would also be interesting for academia, representatives of civil society, as well as patriotic and responsible citizens.
In the spring of 2017 there was a sharp growth of protest activity of the population in Russsia, which became the larest outbreak of civic activity after the "swamp" rallies in 2011-2012. This study is an analysis of the features of a new wave of Russian protest and potential in terms of impact on the political system in the country.
It is true that studying the Kremlin's internal struggles is more an art than a science. Stratfor uses systematic approaches in much of its work, though the art of Kremlinology involves watching hundreds of seemingly unconnected events and pieces move while attempting to draw common threads into a narrative. It is an imperfect art but an important one nonetheless, and it is back in demand now that the Kremlin is facing multiple crises.
Essay Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin Essays
Joseph Stalin Ambition
Joseph Stalin Essay
Joseph Stalin Research Paper
Essay on The life of Joseph Stalin
Essay about Joseph Stalin
Essay on Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin Essay example
Joseph Stalin (18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953), born Ioseb Besarionis Dze Jugashvili, was dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (the U.S.S.R or the Soviet Union) from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. His subsequent reign of terror cemented him as one of the most ruthless and murderous dictators in history. His system of government was known as Stalinism.
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
1. Economic and Political Weekly April 19, 2003
1554
RUSSIA
Looking Back on Stalin
In the 1980s there had been a surge of anti-Stalinist sentiment in
the then Soviet Union and several publications had come out based
on hitherto undisclosed material, documents and memoirs. By
contrast, the 50th anniversary of Josef Stalin’s death on March 5
this year brought to the surface evidence of growing nostalgia
among sections of Russians for Stalin.
remember all the horror and terror perpe-
trated by Stalin.
In contrast to the above reactions, many
sections of Russian society were apprecia-
tive of Stalin. Gennadi Raikov, head of the
People’s Deputy Faction in the Duma,
asserted that “despite all his defects, Stalin
made Russia great”. A somewhat similar
viewwasexpressedbyNikolaiKharitonov,
head of Duma’s Agro-Industrial Group,
who said that Stalin was a statesman who
created a great state and for whom the
motherland was more important than him-
self. The reference evidently was to the
‘great collectivisation’ programme that
Stalin undertook in 1929 for creating
thousands of huge collective farms in the
country. Stalin abolished private owner-
ship of land for building communism in
the countryside by forcibly sending mil-
lionsoflandlords(kulaks)andevenmiddle
peasants who dared to resist his policy to
Siberia and the Far East. The institutions
ofcollectiveandstatefarmingintheSoviet
Union had generated much debate in
politicalandeconomichistoryintheUSSR
and the rest of the world.
The chief of the Communist Party of
Russia, Gennady Zyuganov, confessed
before a gathering of party workers on
R G GIDADHUBLI
M
arch 5, 2003 marked the 50th
anniversary of the death of Josef
Stalin who ruled the Soviet
Union with an iron hand for about three
decades.TheRussianmedia,boththepress
and TV, reported the event quite widely,
conveying the sharply contrasting views
and reactions of the Russian public as also
of the various political parties. TV chan-
nels, including NTV and ORT, broadcast
documentaries on Stalin. The daily news-
paperTribunacarriedtheviewsofVladimir
Zhirinovsky, head of the Liberal Demo-
cratic Party of Russia (LDPR) and deputy
speaker of the Duma. Zhirinovsky con-
demnedStalinforkillingmillionsofpeople
in the Soviet Union including many
Bolshevik leaders and asserted that Stalin
should never have become the head of
the government. Several other papers also
carried the views of Russian leaders.
Oleg Morozov, head of the Russian Re-
gions Group in the DUMA, opined that
Stalin’s villainous acts outweighed his
positive contributions. A somewhat muted
response was that of Aleksandar Kalikh,
a human rights activist, who said that
contemporary Russia does not want to
2. Economic and Political Weekly April 19, 2003 1555
March 2 that a decade back his party had
failed to live up to Stalin’s legacy and to
“preserve Soviet power”. He added that
Russia did not exist without socialism and
Sovietpower.Apparentlythereisnodearth
of cranks among the rank and file of the
party in Russia today. At the gathering of
party workers, one of the lower rank
leaders proposedaseriousattemptto clone
Stalin, no doubt hoping that thereby the
Soviet Union would be reborn too.
Stalin was not a Russian by nationality
but a Georgian and Stalin was not his
family name, but a nick-name given by his
comrades looking to his ‘steel like’ quali-
ties. He was the son of Jugashvili, a cob-
bler by profession, and was born in Gori,
asmalltowninGeorgiawhichbecameone
of the 15 republics of the former USSR.
On March 5 in his home town and at the
Stalin embankment in Tbilisi, capital of
the now independent state, a few hundred
Georgian communists under their party
leader, retired General Pateleimaon
Giorgadze, recalled the historic role of the
one-time hero. Blaming Mikhail Gorba-
chev particularly for the demise of the
Soviet Union together with Georgia’s
present president, Eduard Shevarnadze,
Giorgadzse predicted that “Stalin’s cause
will be revived and the communists will
inevitably come to power in Georgia”.
Afewopinionpollswerealsoconducted
in Russia on the eve of Stalin’s 50th death
anniversary. According to one such poll,
one-thirdofRussianswelcomethereturn of
a leader like Stalin. The All Russia Centre
fortheStudyofPublicOpinion(VTsIOM)
carried out a poll in 100 cities and towns
over 40 regions of the country. According
to Yurii Levada, director of the centre, 53
per cent of respondents approved of Stalin
overall, 33 per cent disapproved of him
and 14 per cent did not state their position.
ThePublicOpinionFoundationconducted
a national survey on February 22 covering
1,500 adults throughout the country.
According to the survey, 36 per cent of the
respondentssaid“theSovietdictatorStalin
did more benefit to Russia than harm”, 29
per cent said the opposite and 34 per cent
did not commit themselves.
It is evident that there are sharp differ-
ences on the assessment of Stalin. What
is surprising is the growing number of
political figures as well as ordinary people
who positively assess Stalin’s contribu-
tion. Catherine Fitzpatrick, a noted com-
mentator on international affairs from
Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, has
wondered why Stalinism has not inspired
the same kind of horror as Nazism. Alek-
sandarYakovlev,aformercommunistparty
politburo member and Russian historian,
has proposed the explanation that “there
hasbeennode-Bolshevisationcomparable
withthede-NazificationinGermany”. Stalin’s
terror is not even being talked about. In
the1980stherewasasurgeofanti-Stalinist
sentiment in the then Soviet Union and
several publications came out based on
hitherto undisclosed material, documents
and memoirs. Aleksandar Solzenytsin’s
works, including Gulag Archipelago, had
revealed the horrors of the concentration
camps. But after a decade of the break-up
of the Soviet Union many writers now
prefer to be silent on the subject.
Significantly,theRussianStateArchive,
the Archive of the Federal Protection
Service and the Archive of the Federal
SecurityService(FSB) jointlyputtogether
an exhibition on notable events of the
Stalin era. It is very unlikely that such an
exhibition could have been organised
without the approval of Kremlin. The
exhibition presented recently declassified
documents and medical analysis reports,
including documents relating to the so-
called Doctors’ Plot. This was the name
given to the conspiracy by Stalin and his
inner group to successfully eliminate sev-
eral Bolshevik revolutionaries including
Mikhail Frunze and Kirov by forcing them
to undergo medical treatment, including
surgery, by doctors appointed by Stalin
whichledtotheirdeath.Stalin’sownillness
and death also created much controversy,
with some Russian analysts contending
that Stalin was poisoned. Artem Sergyev,
Stalin’s adopted son, has claimed in an
interview on ORT that Stalin’s inner circle
including Georgi Malenkov and Nikita
Khruschev “left Stalin to die without
summoning medical help”. Khruschev,
who after coming to power played a key
role in ‘destalinisation’, is charged with
having imprisoned Stalin’s son Vasilii on
charges of “betraying the motherland”.
The growing appreciation of Stalin in
Russia as reflected in the opinion polls
couldbeexplainedindifferentways.Many
Russians give credit to Stalin for the vic-
tory of the Soviet Union in second world
war.Asecondexplanationrunsinterms of
the common Russian’s desire for a strong
leader to rule the country with an iron
hand. Sergei Kovalev, a Soviet era politi-
cal prisoner and now a Duma member of
the Party of Union of Rights Forces, has
said that Stalin’s popularity was on the rise
because “the current Kremlin leadership
continues to propagate the idea that the
countryneedstoberuledbyastronghand”.
Related to this is the view that Stalin made
the Soviet Union a Great Power. Another
explanation is that the nostalgia for Stalin
is a reaction to the prevailing conditions
in the country. After the Soviet break-up,
living conditions of a large section of the
population have worsened which is re-
flectedintheriseintheincidenceofdiseases
and in the death rate. It is estimated that
morethanone-thirdofthepopulationlives
below the poverty line. Post-Soviet Russia
has been experiencing the social ills of
beggary, rising crime and general decline
of law and order. Corruption has grown
in the country affecting the life of the
common man. Basic necessities such as
meat, which is a staple diet of Russians,
have become almost unaffordable. Un-
employmenthasaffectedatleast15-20per
cent of the able-bodied population. At the
same time a new class of super rich ‘New
Russians’ has emerged in a short span of
half a dozen years. The wide disparity in
incomes and living standards is very much
disliked by the people at large. So it is
understandable that over one-third of the
population feels that they were better off
in the Soviet era. Some of these complex
emotions, particularly of the older genera-
tion, were given expression to by a widow
of a second world war veteran. When her
husband died a few years back, she placed
his war medals near the coffin with a
portrait of Stalin. Catherine Fitzpatrick
writes that this Russian widow now hardly
recalls the terrible years when the youth
of the country were forced to join the army
andgotowar.Butshecertainlyremembers
“anerawhenatleasttherewaswork,cheap
food and cheap rent and far less crime –
andatimewhenpeoplelookedoutforeach
other”. Maksim Sokolov, a commentator
on ORT, explains that the increasing
support for Stalin is a protest against the
current leadership whom people hold
responsible for the hardships they face.
Half a century after his death, Stalin is
rememberedandcontinuestoevokestrong
andmixedreactions.Thedifferencesabout
his role may be partly due to differences
in the composition of the population, with
the older generation protesting against the
denial of the minimum comforts in life
after the Soviet break-up. The growing
nostalgia for Stalin is also an expression
ofthefeeling,rootedinhistory,thatRussia
needsastrongandpowerfulleadertorevive
Russia’s role as a Great Power of the
world. EPW