Cambodia’s Victim Zero: Global and National Response to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza by Sophal Ear
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This document summarizes Cambodia's response to the global threat of avian influenza and pandemic preparedness. It provides a timeline of key events and discusses three main policy narratives around culling practices, public health priorities, and protecting livelihoods. Interviews and surveys with government, private, and NGO actors in Cambodia revealed differences in perceptions of how effectively the government and donors responded, with donors seen as intervening more effectively. The conclusion emphasizes that policies need to better protect livelihoods and compensation practices while building technical capacity within the agriculture ministry.
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Cambodia’s Victim Zero: Global and National Response to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza by Sophal Ear
- 1. Cambodia’s Victim Zero: Global and National Responses to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Sophal Ear, PhD
- 2. Table of Contents I. Introduction II. Timeline— Moments III. Policy Narratives IV. Understanding the Political Economy of the Policy Process V. Conclusion
- 3. I. Intro: Cambodia’s response to global public health crisis
- 4. Intro: Global response’s affect on Cambodia
- 5. Awash in donor money, Cambodia played its role on a global policy stage
- 6. Goal: reduce pandemic potential that could strike donor countries themselves
- 7. A Few Words on Methodology • Qualitative research methodology • 40+ one-on-one semi-structured interviews across gov’t, private sector, & NGOs • Web survey launched on 27 May 2008 – 44 visits – 17 responses
- 8. II. Timeline—Context • Political Structure and Modern History • Aid Dependence and Tourism • The Livestock Sector and Poultry in Particular Human Pandemic Flu Timeline Asian flu H2N2 Russian H1N1 H9N2 H5N1 Spanish (H1N1) HK flu H3N2 HPAI H5N1 H7N2 H7N3 H10N7
- 11. Timeline—Moments • Start: SARS (2002), A Wake-up Call; Enter HPAI (2004) • Middle: HPAI Control Activities; From Animal to Human Health
- 12. Emerging or Reemerging Disease Threat Since 1990
- 13. Enter Super Moan & Pandemic Preparedness
- 16. III. Policy Narratives • Narrative 1: Cull without Compensation • Narrative 2: It’s Health Now! • Narrative 3: What about Poverty and Livelihoods?
- 18. It’s Health Now!
- 20. Actors, Networks, and Interests 6 5 4 3 2 1 Adapted from data originating from Avian Influenza and Pandemic Preparedness Funding Matrix Cambodia 2008-2009, see Table 1.5 in Annex 1.
- 21. Network diagram on the relationship between donors and the government
- 22. ―With respect to Avian Influenza, the Royal Government of Cambodia has intervened effectively and appropriately, given resource allocations.‖ Strongly Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree N/A Agree Disagree (a) Among humans: 6% 50% 25% 6% 0% 13% 1 8 4 1 0 2 (b) Among animals: 7% 47% 40% 0% 0% 7% 1 7 6 0 0 1 (c) Protecting livelihoods: 8% 25% 25% 17% 0% 25% 1 3 3 2 0 3 (d) Pandemic preparation: 13% 47% 13% 13% 0% 13% 2 7 2 2 0 2 (e) Other 17% 0% 0% 0% 0% 83% 1 0 0 0 0 5
- 23. ―With respect to Avian Influenza, Donors (including all non-Royal Government of Cambodia entities whether local or international) have intervened effectively and appropriately, given resource allocations.‖ Strongly Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree N/A Agree Disagree (a) Among humans: 18% 59% 12% 0% 0% 12% 3 10 2 0 0 2 (b) Among animals: 7% 60% 33% 0% 0% 0% 1 9 5 0 0 0 (c) Protecting livelihoods: 0% 38% 31% 15% 0% 15% 0 5 4 2 0 2 (d) Pandemic preparation: 7% 36% 29% 7% 0% 21% 1 5 4 1 0 3 (e) Other 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 0 0 0
- 24. IV. Understanding the Political Economy of the Policy Process • Donors and NGOs • Beyond Aid: Other Sources of Revenue and the Importance of Tourism – Bureaucratic Politics and Patronage • Media Spin
- 25. Cambodia’s AI & Pandemic Preparedness Pie (2008-2009) Animal health $2,077,861 , (9%) Human health $8,944,457 , (40%) $5,031,076 , (23%) Information, education, communication (IEC) Pandemic preparedness $6,198,512 , (28%) Source: Avian Influenza and Pandemic Preparedness Funding Matrix Cambodia 2008-2009, see Table 1.5 in Annex 1.
- 26. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YeL3pM8L8DA 16 minute video Available in two parts on YouTube under the title: Cambodia: THE BIRD FLU quot;PANDEMICquot; HOAX!
- 27. V. Conclusion: Key challenges, obstacles and opportunities • Don’t Forget Livelihoods! – Government and Donors motivated by other concerns • Revisiting Compensation – Tremendous confusion about its use and effectiveness elsewhere
- 28. Conclusion (cont’d) • Increase credibility of MAFF as partner by building its technical capacity & financial management • Ultimate responsibility for success or failure of policies must rest with those in charge—authorities themselves