This document summarizes Cambodia's progress in reducing poverty between 2004 and 2012 based on official estimates. It finds that poverty rates declined significantly from 53.2% in 2004 to 20.5% in 2011 due to rising rice prices and production, pro-poor economic growth, and investments in rural infrastructure by the government. However, challenges remain as the poor remain concentrated in rural areas and are vulnerable to economic shocks. The document recommends policies to further enhance agriculture, diversify the economy, improve access to education, health, and social services, and strengthen accountability to reduce poverty and vulnerability.
Myanmar: Impacts of COVID-19 on Economy, Agri-Food Systems, Jobs & Incomes
Feed the Future Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA) Policy Note
Updated: June 4, 2020
Prepared by Angga Pradesha1, Resham Thapa-Parajuli2 & Xinshen Diao1
1. International Food Policy Research Institute
2. Tribhuvan University, Nepal
Last updated: 3 May 2021
Pakistan Software Houses Association (P@SHA) has released a survey report titled “Effects of COVID19 Crisis on the IT / ITES Sector of Pakistan” on the 3rd of April, 2020. The report aims to analyze the impact of CoronaVirus Pandemic on the IT and ITeS companies of Pakistan. The survey for this report was conducted from March 25th to 28th and a total of 205 companies participated in the survey.
Dalia Elsabbagh1, Sikandra Kurdi1, and Manfred Wiebelt2
1. International Food Policy Research Institute
2. Kiel Institute for the World Economy
Last updated: January 2021
Vardan Urutyan
GLOBAL FOOD POLICY REPORT
Transforming Food Systems after COVID-19: Implications of the 2021 Global Food Policy Report for Eurasia
Co-Organized by the Eurasian Center for Food Security at Lomonosov Moscow State University, Westminster International University in Tashkent, Armenian National Agrarian University, the World Bank, & IFPRI
MAY 27, 2021 - 07:30 AM TO 09:00 AM EDT
Myanmar: Impacts of COVID-19 on Economy, Agri-Food Systems, Jobs & Incomes
Feed the Future Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA) Policy Note
Updated: June 4, 2020
Prepared by Angga Pradesha1, Resham Thapa-Parajuli2 & Xinshen Diao1
1. International Food Policy Research Institute
2. Tribhuvan University, Nepal
Last updated: 3 May 2021
Pakistan Software Houses Association (P@SHA) has released a survey report titled “Effects of COVID19 Crisis on the IT / ITES Sector of Pakistan” on the 3rd of April, 2020. The report aims to analyze the impact of CoronaVirus Pandemic on the IT and ITeS companies of Pakistan. The survey for this report was conducted from March 25th to 28th and a total of 205 companies participated in the survey.
Dalia Elsabbagh1, Sikandra Kurdi1, and Manfred Wiebelt2
1. International Food Policy Research Institute
2. Kiel Institute for the World Economy
Last updated: January 2021
Vardan Urutyan
GLOBAL FOOD POLICY REPORT
Transforming Food Systems after COVID-19: Implications of the 2021 Global Food Policy Report for Eurasia
Co-Organized by the Eurasian Center for Food Security at Lomonosov Moscow State University, Westminster International University in Tashkent, Armenian National Agrarian University, the World Bank, & IFPRI
MAY 27, 2021 - 07:30 AM TO 09:00 AM EDT
Prepared by Zouhair ElKadhi2, Dalia Elsabbagh1, Thouraya Lakoud2, Manfred Wiebelt3, and Clemens Breisinger1
1. International Food Policy Research Institute
2. Tunisian Institute of Competitiveness and Quantitative Studies
3. Kiel Institute for the World Economy
Last updated: 2 May 2020
Prepared by Clemens Breisinger1, Mariam Raouf1, Manfred Wiebelt2, Ahmed Kamaly3, Mouchera Karara3
1. International Food Policy Research Institute
2. Kiel Institute for the World Economy
Prepared by Dalia Elsabbagh1, Mariam Raouf1, Manfred Wiebelt2
1. International Food Policy Research Institute
2. Kiel Institute for the World Economy
Last updated: 2 September 2020
The COVID-19 pandemic has given the biggest blow to the world economy after the great depression
1930s.Around 60% of the world population is either under severe or partial lockdown without having medical
solution to the coronavirus and affected the industrial sector severely.The impact is severe on
trade,manufacturing and MSMEs.Manufacturing sector may shrink from 5.5%to 20%,exports from 13.7% to
20.8%,imports from 17.3% to25%and MSMEs net value added (NVA) from 2.1%to5.7% in 2020
Karl Pauw1, Bernard Tembo2 & James Thurlow1
1. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
2. Zambia Institute of Policy Analysis and Research (ZIPAR)
Last updated: 6 April 2021
Xinshen Diao
POLICY SEMINAR
Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Myanmar’s Economy and the Impact of Falling Remittances on Poverty
JUN 11, 2020 - 08:30 AM TO 10:30 AM MMT
The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health crisis that is already having
devastating impacts on the world economy – both directly and through
necessary measures to contain the spread of the disease. These impacts
are also being felt by the food and agriculture sector. While the supply of
food has held up well to date, in many countries, the measures put in place
to contain the spread of the virus are starting to disrupt the supply of agrofood products to markets and consumers, both within and across borders.
The sector is also experiencing a substantial shift in the composition and –
for some commodities – the level of demand.
How damaging these impacts turn out to be for food security, nutrition and
the livelihoods of farmers, fishers and others working along the food supply
chain will depend in large part on policy responses over the short, medium
and long term. In the short term, governments must manage multiple
demands – responding to the health crisis, managing the consequences of
the shock to the economy, and ensuring the smooth functioning of the food
system. While the pandemic poses some serious challenges for the food
system in the short term, it is also an opportunity to accelerate
transformations in the food and agriculture sector to build its resilience in
the face of a range of challenges, including climate change
While claiming to learn from the Chinese way of handling the crisis, there is no on-ground action in Pakistan that supports the claim. The Prime Minister denies national lock down despite the fact that without proper lock-down the virus spread trajectory can be rapid resulting in collapse of national health facilities which can bring the national economy to a halt.
The Health Equity Fund an Insurance for the PoorIDS
This presentation was given by Bruno Meessen of the Institute of Tropical Medicine (Belgium) to a seminar on health insurance for the poor, November 2008. Bruno is part of the POVILL consortium (www.povill.com).
If you like traveling and doing meaningful things. This trip/challenge should match all your expectations. Let us know if you are interested. #impacttravelers
Prepared by Zouhair ElKadhi2, Dalia Elsabbagh1, Thouraya Lakoud2, Manfred Wiebelt3, and Clemens Breisinger1
1. International Food Policy Research Institute
2. Tunisian Institute of Competitiveness and Quantitative Studies
3. Kiel Institute for the World Economy
Last updated: 2 May 2020
Prepared by Clemens Breisinger1, Mariam Raouf1, Manfred Wiebelt2, Ahmed Kamaly3, Mouchera Karara3
1. International Food Policy Research Institute
2. Kiel Institute for the World Economy
Prepared by Dalia Elsabbagh1, Mariam Raouf1, Manfred Wiebelt2
1. International Food Policy Research Institute
2. Kiel Institute for the World Economy
Last updated: 2 September 2020
The COVID-19 pandemic has given the biggest blow to the world economy after the great depression
1930s.Around 60% of the world population is either under severe or partial lockdown without having medical
solution to the coronavirus and affected the industrial sector severely.The impact is severe on
trade,manufacturing and MSMEs.Manufacturing sector may shrink from 5.5%to 20%,exports from 13.7% to
20.8%,imports from 17.3% to25%and MSMEs net value added (NVA) from 2.1%to5.7% in 2020
Karl Pauw1, Bernard Tembo2 & James Thurlow1
1. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
2. Zambia Institute of Policy Analysis and Research (ZIPAR)
Last updated: 6 April 2021
Xinshen Diao
POLICY SEMINAR
Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Myanmar’s Economy and the Impact of Falling Remittances on Poverty
JUN 11, 2020 - 08:30 AM TO 10:30 AM MMT
The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health crisis that is already having
devastating impacts on the world economy – both directly and through
necessary measures to contain the spread of the disease. These impacts
are also being felt by the food and agriculture sector. While the supply of
food has held up well to date, in many countries, the measures put in place
to contain the spread of the virus are starting to disrupt the supply of agrofood products to markets and consumers, both within and across borders.
The sector is also experiencing a substantial shift in the composition and –
for some commodities – the level of demand.
How damaging these impacts turn out to be for food security, nutrition and
the livelihoods of farmers, fishers and others working along the food supply
chain will depend in large part on policy responses over the short, medium
and long term. In the short term, governments must manage multiple
demands – responding to the health crisis, managing the consequences of
the shock to the economy, and ensuring the smooth functioning of the food
system. While the pandemic poses some serious challenges for the food
system in the short term, it is also an opportunity to accelerate
transformations in the food and agriculture sector to build its resilience in
the face of a range of challenges, including climate change
While claiming to learn from the Chinese way of handling the crisis, there is no on-ground action in Pakistan that supports the claim. The Prime Minister denies national lock down despite the fact that without proper lock-down the virus spread trajectory can be rapid resulting in collapse of national health facilities which can bring the national economy to a halt.
The Health Equity Fund an Insurance for the PoorIDS
This presentation was given by Bruno Meessen of the Institute of Tropical Medicine (Belgium) to a seminar on health insurance for the poor, November 2008. Bruno is part of the POVILL consortium (www.povill.com).
If you like traveling and doing meaningful things. This trip/challenge should match all your expectations. Let us know if you are interested. #impacttravelers
ANICHINI Hospitality has established itself as the foremost textile resource for luxury hotels, spas and resorts. By expanding its sourcing capabilities to produce for larger projects, ANICHINI has maintained the same exacting standards found within the residential collection. From boutique projects to multiple property hospitality giants, ANICHINI offers a full spectrum of coordinated, integrated textile products that allow properties and/or designers an efficient and simple way to source all of their textiles from one supplier.
ANICHINI has built a stellar reputation within the hospitality industry based on the highest quality, finest designs and the most unique offerings in each category, delivered on time by personnel dedicated to the most prompt and efficient service, customized to the needs of each individual client.
http://www.anichinihospitality.com
Lessons for Inclusive Growth from the US & the World - by Jason FurmanWB_Research
Jason Furman, chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, and World Bank Chief Economist Kaushik Basu discussed growth strategy on July 21, 2014 at World Bank HQ.
http://www.worldbank.org/globaloutlook
Growth in the East Asia & the Pacific region slowed to 7.5 percent in 2012, which nevertheless represented 40 percent of global growth. The slowdown was due to slower growth in China, which has started to shift away its economy from excessive reliance on investment and net exports.
Even It Up - Time to End Extreme Inequality: Comments by Dean JolliffeWB_Research
Comments prepared for launch event of “Even it Up: Time to End Extreme Poverty”
IMF, October 31, 2014.
The views represented in these comments are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank.
Sub-Saharan Africa Regional Outlook June 2013WB_Research
http://www.worldbank.org/globaloutlook
Strong domestic demand allowed Sub Saharan African economies to continue their robust growth trajectory in 2012, despite subdued global demand conditions. On aggregate the region grew at 4.4 per cent in 2012 (this includes South Sudan whose GDP recorded a double digit contraction).
Find out how to market your small or micro sized firm by looking at the resources that you employ. To register for the series, fill out the form at https://www.anymeeting.com/AccountManager/RegEv.aspx?PIID=EB55DE83884E38.
Do you want to learn how to animate a bouncing ball? This lesson takes you through the theory, reference video, pencil test, and creating the 2D and 3D animation. Brought to you by NV Educate.
Derek Headey, Elisa Maria Maffioli, Sophie Goudet
POLICY SEMINAR
Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Food and Nutrition Security in Myanmar
SEP 15, 2020 - 09:00 AM TO 10:30 AM MMT
The Millennium Development Goals Report 2012 was launched in New York by the Secretary-General on 2 July 2012. The report presents the yearly assessment of global progress towards the MDGs, highlighting several milestones – three important MDG targets have been met well ahead of the target date of 2015. The report says that meeting the remaining targets, while challenging, remain possible - but only if Governments do not waiver from their commitments made over a decade ago. The report is based on a master set of data compiled by the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on MDG indicators led by the Statistics Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
Apresentação da ministra do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome, Tereza Campello, no seminário internacional “Desenvolvimento Social: um diálogo Reino Unido – Brasil”, na London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).
Emerging internet trends that will shape the global economyWB_Research
Based on his decades of experience, the well-known Internet pioneer Vinton G. Cerf talked about the major emerging trends and threats about the Internet that will dramatically shape the global economy, followed by a townhall style conversation with World Bank Chief Economist Kaushik Basu.
Global Financial Development Report 2014 - Financial InclusionWB_Research
As mobile banking and other technological innovations fuel the expansion of financial services in many developing countries, a new World Bank Group report urges policy makers to focus on products that benefit the poor, women and other vulnerable groups the most.
Europe and Central Asia Regional OutlookWB_Research
http://www.worldbank.org/globaloutlook
The Europe and Central Asia region suffered a significant economic slowdown in 2012 as the region faced significant headwinds, including weak external demand, deleveraging by European banks, poor harvest and inflationary pressures. As a result, growth fell to 2.7 percent in 2012, compared with 5.6 percent in 2011 with a sharp slowdown in developing Europe and less severe adjustments among Commonwealth of Independent States.
http://www.worldbank.org/globaloutlook
South Asia’s regional GDP growth slipped to 4.8 percent in 2012, following a robust recovery in the years after the 2008 global financial crisis. A weakening global economy, coupled with domestic difficulties (including policy uncertainties, structural capacity constraints, and a poor harvest) contributed to weaker regional growth in 2012.
Latin America & Caribbean Regional Outlook June 2013WB_Research
http://www.worldbank.org/globaloutlook
After a sharp recovery from the global economic crisis in 2010, when regional output expanded by 6 percent, growth in the Latin America and the Caribbean decelerated markedly, to an estimated 3 percent by 2012. Supply side constraints have become apparent in some of the larger economies, where output was near or above potential during the recovery phase, and which contributed to relatively high inflation and deterioration of current account balances. Despite a sharp deceleration in growth, regional output is only now in line with potential GDP.
Middle East & North Africa Regional Outlook June 2013WB_Research
http://www.worldbank.org/globaloutlook
More than two years after the Arab Spring began, economic activity remains weighed down by elevated political tensions and continued civil strife in the region. Regional growth accelerated to 3.5 percent in 2012 from minus 2.2 percent in 2011 reflecting mainly a rebound in Libya’s crude oil production to pre-war levels that doubled real GDP and a weak growth recovery in Egypt (to 2.2 percent in FY2012 from 1.8 percent in FY2011).
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the what'sapp information for my personal pi vendor.
+12349014282
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the what's app number of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
+12349014282
5 Tips for Creating Standard Financial ReportsEasyReports
Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the what'sapp contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
+12349014282
1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdfNeal Brewster
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the what'sapp number.
+12349014282
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...Vighnesh Shashtri
Under the leadership of Abhay Bhutada, Poonawalla Fincorp has achieved record-low Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and witnessed unprecedented growth. Bhutada's strategic vision and effective management have significantly enhanced the company's financial health, showcasing a robust performance in the financial sector. This achievement underscores the company's resilience and ability to thrive in a competitive market, setting a new benchmark for operational excellence in the industry.
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the what'sapp number of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Message: +12349014282 VIA Whatsapp.
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
BONKMILLON Unleashes Its Bonkers Potential on Solana.pdfcoingabbar
Introducing BONKMILLON - The Most Bonkers Meme Coin Yet
Let's be real for a second – the world of meme coins can feel like a bit of a circus at times. Every other day, there's a new token promising to take you "to the moon" or offering some groundbreaking utility that'll change the game forever. But how many of them actually deliver on that hype?
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdfNeal Brewster
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the what'sapp contact of my personal pi vendor
+12349014282
1. Where have all the poor gone?
Cambodia Poverty Assessment
2013
February 20, 2014
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Carlos Sobrado, Senior Poverty Economist
2. 2
1. Progress on poverty reduction
2. Remaining challenges
3. Policy recommendations
What we will talk about…
3. 3
Official poverty estimates in
Cambodia
o In 1994, poverty in Cambodia was estimated for
the first time
o Several other estimates were developed after
1994, but the results were difficult to compare
o Starting in 2004 the National Institute of
Statistics adopted a more standardized field
work for the Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey
4. 4
And in 2013, with an updated
methodology, poverty was estimated for
each year
53.2%
50.1%
38.8%
23.9%
22.1% 20.5%
18.6%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
PovertyRate
p
5. 5
Reductions reported everywhere;
with highest poverty in rural areas
15.8%
2.7%
4.3%
3.8%
39.7%
35.0%
12.7%
9.1%
59.0% 57.9%
27.5%
22.2%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
2004 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Phnom Penh
Other Urban
Rural
p
6. 6
Methodology
o Measures poverty by comparing per capita
consumption to a poverty line
o The poverty line is the cost of a food basket with
a minimum amount of calories, plus an allowance
for non-food consumption
o Estimates based on 2009 data – applied to all
years
o Based on a sample (not a census)
7. 7
For those households that escaped poverty
… housing conditions improved
33.9%
3.6%
7.1%
52.9%
21.8%
28.8%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2004 2011
8. 8
those escaping poverty
… also acquired more assets
18.9%
2.2%
41.4%
17.1%
54.9%
62.5% 62.7% 63.2%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Motorcycle Mobile phone Television Suitcases
2004 2011
9. 9
In education, net enrollment improved for
every schooling year
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Year in primary Year in secondary
%studentsatappropriate
grade
Net enrollment rate by year
2004 Net 2011 Net
10. 10
Gender gap in education decreases and
disappears over time
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1919
1924
1929
1934
1939
1944
1949
1954
1959
1964
1969
1974
1979
1984
1989
1994
Birth year
Female
Male
GAP
School age
11. 11
Cambodia is on target for the under-five-
mortality MDG goal
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2000 2005 2010
Poorest
Wealthie
st
Deathsper1,000children
12. What are the reasons behind this
impressive reduction in poverty?
13. 13
In 2004, a large group were just
below the poverty line
2004
Poor
2011
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Population%
Consumption in Per Capita 2009 Phnom Pen
Riels/day (000)
Poverty Line = CR 5,326 in 2009
14. 14
By 2011, they were no longer poor
They moved just above the poverty line
2004
2011
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Population%
Consumption in Per Capita 2009 Phnom Pen
Riels/day (000)
Poverty Line = CR 5,326 in 2009 prices
2011
Poor
15. 15
The most important drivers of poverty
reduction were increases in rice prices and
rice production
Increased rice
prices & rice
production account
for 47% of the
poverty reduction
Key drivers of poverty reduction 2004-
2011
17. 17
Other key factors were:
… a liberal, undistorted agriculture
market
For example, from 2004 to 2009
• International rice prices: ↑134%
• Local rice prices in Cambodia: ↑119%
19. 19
o 8,000 village roads helped
farmers get rice to local
markets.
o And the roads were
increasingly used by the
poorest. Poor households
with motorbikes increased
four times
- from 7% to 29%
…and local infrastructure development
funded by communes met local
needs
20. 20
o Poverty decreased from 53.2% (2004) to 20.5%
(2011)
o Reflected in improvements in quality of housing
conditions, assets education and health.
o This reduction in poverty came about because:
o Many poor moved just above the poverty line
o Rice price and production
o Pro-poor growth
o Free rice market price
o RGC investments in rural infrastructure.
Progress in reducing poverty
- in a few words
22. 22
The poor are less but remain
concentrated in rural areas: 9 out of 10
6.8 million poor in
2004
Other
Urban 0.6
Phnom
Penh 0.2
million
Rural 6.2
million
Other Urban
0.2 million
Phnom Penh
0.1 million
Rural 2.7
million
3.0 million poor in
2011
23. 23
There are fewer poor,
but more vulnerable people
4.6
8.1
2004 2011
Near poor people
(million)
Near poor are those living above $1.15 per day
, but below $2.30 per day
6.9
3.0
2004 2011
Poor people
(million)
Poor are those living below $1.15 per day
(poverty line)
24. 24
A small shock can double
poverty
20.5%
41.0%
2011 2011 with shock
Poverty rate
- =
26. 26
Overage in primary is a major problem
and increases dropout rates
Students entering first grade late, limits the
learning potential and increases dropout rates:
o 40% of students are entering first grade at
age 8 (two years later than recommended)
o 40% of students are finishing primary at 15
years old (3.1 years later than
recommended)
27. 27
Enrollment differences between
upper and lower quintiles
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
%of15-20yearsoldwith
completedschoolyearin2011
School year completed
Lowest quintile Highest quintile
28. 28
After some progress child malnutrition
rates were relatively unchanged in 2005-
2010
2000 2000
2005
20052010 2010
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Stunted Underweight
29. 29
o While HEF is a key instrument to insure access to
health services by the poor, some challenges
remain:
o Increase coverage: 25% poor households do not
have a HEF card
o Increase use: among the poor seeking treatment
in hospitals, 60% do not use the HEF cards
o The poor seek medical advice 55% of the time from
informal providers where diagnosis and treatment
are unreliable.
Under use of Health Equity Funds (HEF)
30. 30
o There are less poor, but more vulnerable
households
o Relatively small shocks could double poverty
rates
o Another spike in rice price unlikely
o Too many overage students
o Low enrollment rates of poor children
Remaining challenges
… In a few words
32. 32
o For Example through:
o Improved farmers skills by means of formal
education and better extension services
o Improved access to improved seeds
o Promote water user associations
Enhance agriculture profitability
and diversification
33. 33
o Rationalize, connect and maintain
roads and other infrastructure
o More funds for commune-driven
participatory development to better
meet local needs
Continue to improve access to
basic rural infrastructure and services
34. 34
But we also need to look beyond
agriculture
Increase jobs in manufacturing by addressing the 3 key
bottlenecks:
o Reduce electricity cost and increase reliability by
implementing a strategic and competitive roll out plan
with Public-Private-Part.
o Enhance business environment through reduced informal
payments and burdensome regulations
o Reduce high transport costs and unreliable delivery by
implementing a connectivity strategy
35. 35
Investing in education
o Expand early childhood education to promote
entry to Grade 1 at the right age
o Strengthen the quality of schooling in early
grades to reduce repetition in primary
o Provide targeted scholarships and school
feeding in primary and secondary
schools, especially for poor children, to improve
enrollment and reduce drop-out rates.
36. 36
o Expand provision of health equity card
o Increase use of health equity card to encourage
health services at public hospitals
o Tighter control on informal services to improve
medical treatments
Improve access to public health
services
37. 37
Integrated programs to tackle
child malnutrition
o Food fortification and micronutrients
o Improve feeding practice
o Reduce open defecation
o Promote hygiene practices
38. 38
Implement sub-national social accountability policy to
improve performance of local service providers
o Establish systematic citizen/user feedback and
monitoring
o Display performance and budget information for
communes, schools and health centers
Strengthen accountability to
improve service delivery
39. 39
Implement National Social
Protection Strategy
Clarify institutional
responsibilities and
provide support for
agencies implementing
the NSPS
Encourage salaried
workers to enroll in
national security system
40. 40
o Agriculture Extension services, seeds and
participation on infrastructure projects
o Manufacturing Lower electric and transport cost
and reduce informal payments and regulations
o Education Expand early childhood
education, promote enrollment of the poor
Recommendations
In a few words
41. 41
o Health Integrated approach to fight
malnutrition, improved understanding of low HEF
utilization, and strengthen regulation on informal
markets
o Social Protection Increased support to
coordinating agency, greater participation of
salaried workers in national security system
o Increase accountability of all service providers
Recommendations
In a few words
42. Thank you very much for your
attention
Thank you very much for
your attention
Editor's Notes
Note 1: The 1994 original poverty estimate was adjusted to take into consideration several areas not sampled due to ongoing conflictsNote 2: for more detail of the other household surveys between 1995 and 2003, read WB poverty assessment : Socio-Economic Surveys, pages 5-6
Also in 2013 the World Bank published poverty results covering the same years
With gaps between regions becoming smaller
Food component based in minimum calorie intakeNon-food component based on Engels coefficient obtained from households in the survey
The figure include those households between the 20 and 50 percentile according to consumption. Most of them were poor in 2004 and not poor in 2011Toilet connected to sewerage of septic tank and Electricity for light excluding batteries
The figure include those households between the 20 and 50 percentile according to consumption. Most of them were poor in 2004 and not poor in 2011Households had many other assets. The ones chosen here are very well measured and provide a good picture of the improvement
Note: different to the official net enrollment rates the ones presented here are estimated for each year individually. Improvement in Primary are in average 18 percentage points per year (30.6% to 48.8%) and average of 12 percentage points for secondary (from 8.1% to 20.0%)
Other factors were not identified but can include remittances, public and private transfers, etc.
In rural areas in Cambodia, between 2003-2010, nearly 8000 village roads funded by the commune sangkat fund enabled the poorest households to take advantage of favorable economic conditions, to access to input and output markets, lowering costs and enhancing revenue. It also enabled the poor to access other non-farm opportunities. The poorest two quintiles increased production the most (70%) compared with the wealthiest quintile (35%).Travel indicators: The number of motorbikes per household in the bottom quintile increased by 400%, and the number of motorbikes per HH in the second quintile by over 300% during the period 2004-2010. The total increase in motorbikes for all quintiles is 200%. This is not only an indicator of increased HH incomes, but of the increased use of local commune roads.
Note this are numbers up to 2011 and changes are expected in later years, especially in Phnom Penh.Urban rural definition does not change often and if new poor are in areas around cities they might be classified as rural because historical classification
This are the implications from this study that are a subset of what can be included in a national strategy as the NSDP or the rectangular strategy
The World Bank is engaged on a extensive study looking into the agricultural situation and recommendations for Cambodia