This document discusses calorimetry and an experiment to determine the calories contained in different foods. The experiment uses a homemade calorimeter to measure the heat released when foods are burned. Results showed that nuts generally contained more calories per gram than snacks like crackers and popcorn, despite their smaller size, because nuts are higher in fats. The conclusion is that the size of food does not determine calorie content and that nutrients like fats impact energy production.

1. CALORIMETRY
Pandu
Does the size of food tell how
much calories it contains?
How Much Energy Is Stored In
Different Kind of Food?

2. What is Calorimetry ?
• Calorimetry is the measurement to
determine the changes in energy of a
system by measuring the heat exchange
with the surroundings. It determines how
much heat is absorbed or released by
noting the temperature difference.
• Calorimetry is used in many applications
especially food.
• The instrument that is used to measure is
called Calorimeter, and the unit is calories,
and it is written as “cal” or sometimes it is
also called Calories, which is written as
“kcal”.
Variables
• Independent Variables:
– Foods (popcorn, sugar crackers,
chips (Pringles), biscuits, types of
nuts (peanuts, macadamias,
almonds, wall nuts, cashew nuts,
pistachios).
• Dependent Variables:
– The amount of calories
• Controlled Variables:
– Distance between the food with
the bottom of the can, clean water
(100mL).

3. Conservation of
Energy
• The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot
be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to
another. This fundamental law was used by scientists to
derive new laws in the field of thermodynamics—the study
of heat energy, temperature, and heat transfer.
• Food is a store of chemical energy. As it burns in the fire,
chemical energy is released and converted to thermal
energy (heat) and light energy. Notice that the food now
turns into ashes (a new substance).
WhichFood Release the Most
Energy?

4. Hypothesis
The food contains so many kinds of nutrients
like vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins. The alimentations that are going to be
tested are snacks such as biscuits, chips, and some
nuts. Each food has different amount of calories. The
food that will release more energy is Sugar Cracker
and Oreo. It is because these foods contains mostly
sugar or called sucrose, in which this substance is an
energy source. And also their size is as the size of
the food is larger, the most calories it contained. Pop
corn is the food that has less calories from the other
foods.
Materials
Foods for test:
 Peanuts
 Cashew Nuts
 Almonds
 Walnuts
 Pistachios
 Macadamia
 Popcorns
 Chips
Tools:
 A Calorimeter (homemade)
o One big and small can
 Matches
 Scale (gram)
 Thermometer
 Calculator (to count the
calories)
 Measuring cylinder
 A cork and nail

5. Conclusion
• This experiment objectives are achieved. Which are to see how much chemical energy are
stored in food and how the nutrient contains could affect the energy productions, which is
measured using a process of calorimetry. So the conclusion of this experiment is that; First
the law of conservation of energy has been proven that energy only could be transferred
(heat). Second, the size of the food doesn’t tell the amount of Calories. As what it resulted in
the experiment, even though nuts are small but they contain more energy than Oreos or the
Sugar Crackers, it because nuts contain much fats than those snacks. Popcorn has the least
calorie because popcorn doesn’t contain much nutrients.

6. Carbohydrate Protein Lipids (Fats)
• Carbohydrates are an ideal
source of energy for the body.
• Diet with too high in
carbohydrates can upset the
delicate balance of your
body's blood sugar level,
resulting in fluctuations in
energy and mood which leave
you feeling irritated and tired.
There are 2 types od
carbohydrate; simple and
complex. Simple carbohydrate
is sugar that we could find in
biscuits, jellies, etc. and
complex carbohydrate is
found in bananas, grain, oats,
nuts, etc.
• All proteins are made up of
different combinations of 20
compounds called amino
acids.
• Depending on which amino
acids link together, protein
molecules form enzymes,
hormones, muscles, organs
and many other tissues in the
body.
• We also need fat for
hormone metabolism,
healthy skin and hair, tissue
repair, protecting the
internal organs and to
prevent excessive loss of
body heat.
• There are 2 kinds of fat:
Saturated and unsaturated
fat. Saturated fat comes
from the animal products
(milk, meat, butter, etc.) and
unsaturated fat examples
such as fishes (omega-3),
nuts, sunflower oils, virgin
oil, etc.

7. Physics
Equation
Q = mCΔT
Q = heat energy
m = mass of water
C = specific heat of water
ΔT = change in water temperature
Objective
• This experiment is aimed to determine the amount
of chemical energy stored in food by burning it and
capturing the heat given off in a homemade
calorimeter. It is also to observe how nutrients in
food affect the production of energy.

8. Balanced Diet
• A balanced diet needs to contain foods from all the
main food groups in the correct proportions to
provide the body with optimum nutrition. It should
also be made up of the correct number of calories
to maintain a healthy weight, and be low in
processed foods.
• A balanced diet is one that provides the body with
all the essential nutrients, vitamins and minerals
required to maintain cells, tissues and organs as
well as to function correctly. A diet that is lacking in
nutrients can lead to many different health
problems ranging from tiredness and lack of
energy to serious problems with the function of
vital organs and lack of growth and development.

14. Food
Initial Mass
of Food (g)
Final Mass of
Food (g)
Initial
Temperature of
Water (C˚)
Final
Temperature of
Water (C˚)
Amount of
Calories/gram
Calories/serving According
to the Calculation
(kcal/serving)
Calories According the
Nutrition Fact kcal/serving
Sugar cracker 3 g 0.49 g 21˚C 63˚C 1.03 kcal/g 109.2 kcal 130 kcal
Oreo 3 g 0.81 g 27.4 ˚C 89˚C 2.1 kcal/g 140.6 kcal 140 kcal
Biscuit (Tiger) 3 g 0.5 g 21˚C 54˚C 3.3 kcal/g 83.16 kcal 114 kcal
Chip (Pringles) 1.08 g 0 g 21˚C 67˚C 4.3 kcal/g 170.1 kcal 206 kcal
Popcorn 0.22 g 0 g 23˚C 26˚C 1.3 kcal/g 46 kcal 40 kcal
Food
Initial Mass
of Food (g)
Final Mass
of Food (g)
Initial
Temperature of
Water (C˚)
Final
Temperature of
Water (C˚)
Amount of
Calories/gram
Calories/100g According to
the Calculation (kcal/100g)
Calories According the
Nutrition Fact kcal/100g
Cashew Nuts 1.46 g 0.7 g 23.8˚C 83˚C 4.05 kcal 405.5 kcal 553 kcal
Peanut 0.72 g 0.2 g 23˚C 74.2˚C 3.61 kcal 361 kcal 567 kcal
Macadamia 1.22 g 0.6 g 23˚C 95.8˚C 5.96 kcal 596.72 kcal 717 kcal
Almonds 1.22 g 0.2 g 22.3˚C 78.9˚C 4.64 kcal 464 kcal 576 kcal
Walnuts 2.3 g 0.5 g 21˚C 90.2˚C 3.01 kcal 301.1 kcal 654 kcal
Pistachios 0.66 g 0 g 21˚C 87.4˚C 2.88 kcal 290 kcal 562 kcal

15. • Eating a handful of almonds per
day could bring on many health
benefits, according to recent
studies.
• Six new almond-related research
studies have highlighted the
effects of almond consumption on
overall diet quality and health
status, abdominal adiposity (belly
fat), measures of appetite and
satiety, and cardiovascular risk
factors.
• Relatively low in calories, almonds
have more calcium than any other
nut, making them a great food for
overall health. Plus, they are rich
in fiber and vitamin E, an
antioxidant that helps fight
dangerous inflammation and
possibly health conditions such as
lung cancer and age-related
cognitive decline.
• While all nuts contain heart-healthy
omega-3 fats, walnuts (14 halves
contain 185 calories, 18 grams fat, 4
grams protein) have high amounts
of alpha linoleic acid (ALA).
Research has suggested that ALA
may help heart arrhythmias, and a
2006 Spanish study suggested that
walnuts were as effective as olive oil
at reducing inflammation and
oxidation in the arteries after eating
a fatty meal. The authors of this
study, funded in part by the
California Walnut Commission,
recommended eating around eight
walnuts a day to achieve similar
benefits.
• They can reduce risk of diabetes.
• Eating about 28 walnut halves a day
provides antioxidants and
phytosterols that may help reduce
the risk of breast cancer.
• Technically legumes but
generally referred to as
nuts, peanuts are high in
folate—a mineral essential
for brain development that
may protect against
cognitive decline.
• Helps Prevent Gallstones
• Helps Lower Cholesterol
Levels (Copper)
• Lowers Risk of Weight Gain

16. • Heart Health Pistachios have been shown to
reduce LDL ("bad") cholesterol and increase
the good HDL cholesterol after only a short
period of regular consumption. High in
antioxidants such as vitamins A and E, they
fight inflammation, protecting blood vessels
and reducing risk of heart disease.
• Diabetes Help
• Healthy Blood Pistachios are an incredibly rich
source of vitamin B6. Vitamin B6 is essential to
make hemoglobin, the protein responsible for
carrying oxygen through the blood stream to
cells, and is also shown to increase the
amount of oxygen carried.
• Eye Health Pistachios contain two carotenoids
not found in most nuts.
• Immune System A healthy immune system
requires adequate intake of vitamin B6, which
pistachios abound in.
• Skin Health Pistachios are a great source of
vitamin E, a powerful fat-soluble antioxidant,
essential for maintaining the integrity of cell
membranes and often recommended for
healthy and beautiful skin.
• Protein
• Macadamia nuts are a good source
of protein. They contain all of the
essential amino acids as well as
some non-essential amino acids.
Carbohydrates
• Fiber
• The fiber in macadamia nuts helps to
give a feeling of fullness and reduces
hunger pangs. Fiber is also important
for digestion. It helps to maintain the
health of your intestines by promoting
the right balance of intestinal bacteria
and can aid in relieving constipation.
• Antioxidants
• Macadamias contain important
antioxidants, such as vitamin E and
selenium, as well as other
phytonutrients.
• Weight Loss. The monounsaturated
fats contained in macadamia nuts are
thought to metabolize differently from
other types of fats. Studies show that
nut eaters usually weigh less than
those that don’t eat nuts.
• Prevents Cancer. Rich source of
flavonoid makes cashew helpful
against cancer. It contains a flavonoid
called proanthocyanidins which
inhibits the development of tumour
and prevents the growth of cancer
cells.
• Health Benefits of Cashew -
Strengthens Bones and Lowers
Blood Pressure
• Cashew prevents tooth decay and
abscessed teeth.
• Cashew contains good fat and one is
unlike to gain weight by consuming
cashews. High calories and high
dietary fibre makes it a filling snack
and helps in maintaining the body
weight.
• Cashew is helpful in combating
diabetes as cashew seed extracts
helps in restricting the absorption of
glucose in the body.
• Cashew contains zea-xanthin which
helps in protection of the eyes from
UV-rays and prevents age-related
macular degeneration (ARMD).