The document discusses the history of caliphates and Islam. It begins by describing Bedouin culture and nomadic lifestyles. It then explains the origins and key beliefs of Islam, including the five pillars. The document notes an Islamic schism between Sunni and Shia Muslims. It provides definitions of caliphates as political-religious states ruled by caliphs after Muhammad. Finally, it lists some major caliphates in history from the Rashidun to the Ottomans.

1. Caliphates
SST M5 History

2. Nomadic life in Bedouin culture
• Bedouins are Arabs and desert nomads who hail
from and continue to live primarily in the Arabian
peninsula and the Middle East and North Africa.
They the have traditionally lived in the arid steppe
regions along the margins of rain-fed cultivation.
They often occupy areas that receive less than 5
centimeters of rain a year, sometimes relying on
pastures nourished by morning dew rather than
rain to provide water for their animals.
• Bedouins regard themselves as true Arabs and the
“heirs of glory.” They are found mostly in Jordan,
Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman and Egypt.
Bedouins are objects of romance and associated
with the idea of freedom for many Arabs. But there
life is not easy.

3. ISLAM
• Began in early 7th century
Middle east Arabia
• it is a monotheistic faith
• They believe in Allah and
worship him.
• Prophet Muhammad was their
religious leader
• Quran was considered their holy
book

4. ISLAM
Five Pillars of Islam
• Pledge of allegiace to Islam
• Praying facing Mecca
• Giving alms to the poor
• Fasting during the month of
Ramaddan
• Pilgrimage to Meccah

5. Islamic schism
• Just like christian schism of the orthodox and
catholic church or the later shism between catholic
and protestant factions, Islam encounter a similar
phenomenon
• Sect rivalry emerge between the Sunni and Shia
muslims
• They regard each other as heretics
• A heretic is someone who believes or teaches
something that goes against accepted or official
beliefs, especially in religion
Recommended Historical documentary
Islamic schism explained: https://youtu.be/-
85dXjgMiSU

6. From Tribe to Nation

7. What are Caliphates?
• Caliphate, the political-religious state
comprising the Muslim community and
the lands and peoples under its dominion
in the centuries following the death (632
CE) of the Prophet Muhammad.
• Ruled by a caliph (Arabic khalīfah,
“successor”), who held temporal and
sometimes a degree of spiritual
authority, the empire of the Caliphate
grew rapidly through conquest during its
first two centuries to include most of
Southwest Asia, North Africa, and Spain.
Dynastic struggles later brought about
the Caliphate’s decline,
Medieval City of Baghdad

8. from nation to empire
List of Caliphates
• Rashidun caliphates
• Ummayad caliphates
• Abbasid caliphates
-Mamluk abbasid caliphates
• Seljuk turks
• Ottoman caliphates (turkish lead)
This will be discussed thoroughly
next week on monday we suggest
advance reading on this caliphates.

9. Islamic golden age

10. The end