3. NEW PLATFORM
• Backend REST API built using CakePHP
• Web client consumes the API via a thin Node.js
server and a single-page AngularJS app
• Mobile client consumes the API with a
PhoneGap-wrapped Sencha Touch app
4. MISCONCEPTION:
"Building a REST API will be easy! All we need to
do is hook up our controllers to a bunch of CRUD
actions, serve them out like they exist in the
database, and figure out a way to communicate in
JSON/XML format!
Alright, is it happy hour yet!?”
5. IN REALITY…
• Input/Output data purification
• Permissions
• Stateless authentication & authorization
• Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS)
• Documentation
… and more lurking around the corner.
6. API SCHEMA !== DATABASE SCHEMA
• Many attribute names don’t match column
names
• Some attributes don’t map cleanly to columnar
data
• Some resources don’t map cleanly to database
tables
• API consumers expect a lot of related data to be
accessible in a single request
7. MODELS AREN’T JUST FOR TABLES
• In a traditional app, a model generally
represents a table
• In an API, a model represents a resource
• New strategy
• Share models when possible
• Create new models for API-only resources
• Set up attributes & relations for each API-
accessible model
10. INPUT & OUTPUT PROCESSING
• We now have at least 1 model for every API
resource
• We now have information about the attributes
each API resource outputs
• We now have information about the relations
each API resource relies on by default vs. by
request
• We use this to input & output data
automagically
How…?
12. CONVERT TO COLUMNAR DATA
• API request is submitted using API resource &
attribute names
• When processing this request, convert the
request into column names that can be saved to
tables
13. CONVERT OPTIONS TO INTEGERS
• Options are friendly on the API consumer:
`status` = “complete”
• Integers are friendly on the database:
`status` = 1
• Don’t compromise one for the other – convert
on input
14. HONOR TYPECASTING
• Use attribute configurations to determine data
type
• Convert ISO 8601 formatted dates
• Convert “false” string to`false` for booleans
• Convert “null” string to `NULL` for NULLables
• etc
15. INTEGRATE FOREIGN KEYS
• /forms parent resource
• /forms/{form.id}/records -> sub-resource
• When saving a record, automatically place
`form_id` in POST data based on the value in
the URL path
16. BRING IN DENORMALIZED DATA
• Form belongs to a Workspace
• Record belongs to a Form
• Record has a denormalized `workspace_id`
column for easy reference & querying
• User shouldn’t have to submit the Workspace
ID if they’ve already declared the Form ID
18. CONVERT TO COLUMNAR DATA
• API request is submitted using API resource &
attribute names
• When processing this request, convert the
conditions into column names that the app can
use with a `find`
19. CONVERT OPTIONS TO INTEGERS
• Same `status` = “complete” -> `status` = 1
conversion happens here
20. INTEGRATE FOREIGN KEYS
• Same integration of data happens here
• A query to /forms/{form.id}/records leads to an
automatic inclusion of the Form ID in the query
conditions
21. PERMISSIONS
• ACL is great for “static” permissions
• It’s not so great at handling “variable”
permissions
… What’s the difference? How do we reconcile
this?
22. STATIC PERMISSIONS
• App-wide “groups” of users (ie.
default, admin, root)
• Allow or block CRUD access to an entire
resource
• Allow or block CRUD access to a resource’s
attribute
23. THE ACL IS OUR FRIEND
$setActions is an anonymous
function which sets up resource
rules that the
`PermissionComponent`
can understand.
$setCrud is an anonymous
function which sets up attribute
rules.
Why anonymous functions?
Hack to get past tough problems,
but should be improved.
24. DYNAMIC PERMISSIONS
• Groups created by a resource (ie. workspace
member, workspace owner, etc)
• Allow or block CRUD access to a resource
based on dynamic group member
26. MODEL AS THE GO-TO SOURCE
• isUserAuthorizedToCreate() – returns boolean
• isUserAuthorizedToUpdate() – returns boolean
• isUserAuthorizedToDelete() – returns boolean
• userIsAuthorizedToReadSomeFieldName() –
returns array of values that the user is allowed
to query by, or “*” if all
28. AUTHENTICATION & AUTHORIZATION
• Various different protocols
• Many costs & benefits to each
• We decided on oAuth 2 because it:
• is simple
• accommodates many different types of clients
• is being adopted by some major providers
29. OAUTH 2: THE SIMPLE VERSION:
• Supports public (2-legged) & private (3-legged)
flows
• Uses an access token for 3-legged flows
30. WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES?
• Clients need a way to get & refresh access
tokens
• App needs to authenticate the user with every
request (it is stateless)
31. OAUTH2 PLUGIN
• There’s a lot to it, but basically…
• The `OAuth2Controller` handles all of the
client’s token getting & refreshing needs via:
• authorize()
• grant()
• token()
• The `OAuth2Authenticate` class is an
authentication adapter which “logs the user in”
on every request
33. CROSS-ORIGIN RESOURCE SHARING
• API calls are often done from frontend apps
• Browser will not less you make “cross-origin”
(cross-domain) requests without extra request
& response headers
• Cake doesn’t have any default options for this
34. CORS PREFLIGHT DISPATCHER
• Uses Cake 2.x dispatch filters
• If CORS request headers exist, it outputs CORS
response headers
• Automatically stops propagation on OPTIONS
requests
• Complete solution; all CORS logic in one place
35. DOCUMENTATION
• Should be as DRY as possible
• Should not sacrifice usability
• Interactive is better
• We chose Swagger UI
https://github.com/wordnik/swagger-ui
36. HOW TO KEEP IT DRY?
• `ApiDocsShell` - uses combination of:
• Routes
• Models
• Attribute configurations
• Permissions
• Validation rules
to automagically build interactive documentation
about resources.
37. HOW TO KEEP IT USER FRIENDLY?
• Sometimes a resource “dictionary” isn’t enough
• Users need guidance
• Plain English descriptions help
• Pull those in based on convention
• Attribute descriptions
• Files which hold resource- & operation- level
descriptions
38. WHAT ARE WE MISSING?
• JSON & XML formatting
• Error handling
• Routing
• Versioning
• Caching
• Links
• Rate limiting
• Monetization
• … it never really ends. Pick your battles wisely. Outsource
functions if you can:
http://www.3scale.net/
