Computer-Assisted Audit Tools and Techniques_supriadi
Be familiar with the classes of transaction input controls used by accounting applications.
Understand the objectives and techniques used to implement processing controls, including run-to-run, operator inventions, and audit trail controls.
Understand the methods used to establish effective output controls for both batch and real-time systems.
Lecture 23 expenditure cycle part ii -fixed assets accounting information sy...Habib Ullah Qamar
Fixed Asset System, what is logic of Fixed Asset System, we started with Asset acquisition, details of asset maintenance and then how an asset disposal is handled. in the end we describe the controls.
Computer-Assisted Audit Tools and Techniques_supriadi
Be familiar with the classes of transaction input controls used by accounting applications.
Understand the objectives and techniques used to implement processing controls, including run-to-run, operator inventions, and audit trail controls.
Understand the methods used to establish effective output controls for both batch and real-time systems.
The presentation is part of a lecture series on Management Information Systems. It is an overview of the General Ledger and Financial Reporting System (GLFRS) as part of the Accounting Information system (AIS). It also covers an assessment of the role of accounting software and Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL).
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22328.47369
Updated at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353851801_General_Ledger_and_Financial_Reporting_System_GLFRS
Lecture 19 physical and manual system -revenue cycle - accounting informatio...Habib Ullah Qamar
Physical and Manual System, Reasons of Manual Systems, Tasks, activities, and procedure so of M annual Revenue system and Accounting information Systems
Lecture 21 expenditure cycle part i - accounting information systesm james ...Habib Ullah Qamar
the expenditure cycle, the physical phase, financial phase, the purchases system, the cash disbursement system, conceptual revenue cycle, manual revenue cycle and computer based accounting information systems
Computer-Assisted Audit Tools and Techniques_supriadi
Be familiar with the classes of transaction input controls used by accounting applications.
Understand the objectives and techniques used to implement processing controls, including run-to-run, operator inventions, and audit trail controls.
Understand the methods used to establish effective output controls for both batch and real-time systems.
Lecture 23 expenditure cycle part ii -fixed assets accounting information sy...Habib Ullah Qamar
Fixed Asset System, what is logic of Fixed Asset System, we started with Asset acquisition, details of asset maintenance and then how an asset disposal is handled. in the end we describe the controls.
Computer-Assisted Audit Tools and Techniques_supriadi
Be familiar with the classes of transaction input controls used by accounting applications.
Understand the objectives and techniques used to implement processing controls, including run-to-run, operator inventions, and audit trail controls.
Understand the methods used to establish effective output controls for both batch and real-time systems.
The presentation is part of a lecture series on Management Information Systems. It is an overview of the General Ledger and Financial Reporting System (GLFRS) as part of the Accounting Information system (AIS). It also covers an assessment of the role of accounting software and Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL).
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22328.47369
Updated at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353851801_General_Ledger_and_Financial_Reporting_System_GLFRS
Lecture 19 physical and manual system -revenue cycle - accounting informatio...Habib Ullah Qamar
Physical and Manual System, Reasons of Manual Systems, Tasks, activities, and procedure so of M annual Revenue system and Accounting information Systems
Lecture 21 expenditure cycle part i - accounting information systesm james ...Habib Ullah Qamar
the expenditure cycle, the physical phase, financial phase, the purchases system, the cash disbursement system, conceptual revenue cycle, manual revenue cycle and computer based accounting information systems
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IT Auditor Certifications & ISACA,
IT Audit Phases,
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How IT auditor audits an Applications,
Auditing technology for Information System.
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Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
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Major cyber events in 2024
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Attacks on counties – USA
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Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
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https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
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Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
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2. Computer Assisted Audit Tools and Techniques
• Has two subcomponents:
1. Software used to increase an auditor’s
personal productivity and software used
to perform data extraction and analysis,
2. Techniques to increase the efficiency
and effectiveness of the audit function.
3. Input Controls
• Designed to ensure that the
transactions that bring data into
the system are valid, accurate, and
complete
Data input procedures can be
either:
Source document-triggered (batch)
Direct input (real-time)
4. Source document input requires
human involvement and is prone to
clerical errors.
Direct input employs real-time
editing techniques to identify and
correct errors immediately
5. Classes of Input Controls
1) Source document controls
2) Data coding controls
3) Batch controls
4) Validation controls
5) Input error correction
6) Generalized data input systems
6. Source Document Controls
Controls in systems using physical source
documents
To control for exposure, control
procedures are needed over source
documents to account for each one
Use pre-numbered source documents
Use source documents in sequence
Periodically audit source documents
7. Data Coding Controls
Checks on data integrity during processing
Transcription errors
Addition errors
Truncation errors
Substitution errors
Transposition errors
Single transposition
Multiple transposition
Control = Check digits
Added to code when created (suffix, prefix,
embedded)
Sum of digits (ones): transcription errors only
Modulus 11: different weights per column:
transposition and transcription errors
Introduces storage and processing inefficiencies
8. Batch Controls
Method for handling high volumes of
transaction data – esp. paper-fed IS
Controls of batch continues thru all phases
of system and all processes (i.e., not JUST an
input control)
1) All records in the batch are processed together
2) No records are processed more than once
3) An audit trail is maintained from input to output
Requires grouping of similar input
transactions
9. Batch Controls
Requires controlling batch throughout
Batch transmittal sheet (batch control record)
Unique batch number (serial #)
A batch date
A transaction code
Number of records in the batch
Total dollar value of financial field
Sum of unique non-financial field
• Hash total
• E.g., customer number
Batch control log
Hash totals
10. Validation Controls
Intended to detect errors in data
before processing
Most effective if performed close to
the source of the transaction
Some require referencing a master
file
11. Field Interrogation
Missing data checks
Numeric-alphabetic data checks
Zero-value checks
Limit checks
Range checks
Validity checks
Check digit
Record Interrogation
Reasonableness checks
Sign checks
Sequence checks
12. File Interrogation
Internal label checks (tape)
Version checks
Expiration date check
13. Input Error Connection
Batch – correct and resubmit
Controls to make sure errors dealt
with completely and accurately
1) Immediate Correction
2) Create an Error File
Reverse the effects of partially
processed, resubmit corrected
records
Reinsert corrected records in
processing stage where error was
detected
3) Reject the Entire Batch
14. Generalized Data Input Systems (GDIS)
Centralized procedures to manage data
input for all transaction processing systems
Eliminates need to create redundant
routines for each new application
Advantages:
Improves control by having one
common system perform all data
validation
Ensures each AIS application applies a
consistent standard of data validation
Improves systems development
efficiency
17. Run-to-Run (Batch)
Use batch figures to
monitor the batch as it
moves from one process
to another
1) Recalculate Control
Totals
2) Check Transaction Codes
3) Sequence Checks
18. Operator Intervention
When operator manually enters
controls into the system
Preference is to derive by logic or
provided by system
19. Audit Trail Controls
Every transaction becomes
traceable from input to output
Each processing step is documented
Preservation is key to auditability of
AIS
Transaction logs
Log of automatic transactions
Listing of automatic transactions
Unique transaction identifiers [s/n]
Error listing
20. Output Controls
Ensure system output:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Not misplaced
Not misdirected
Not corrupted
Privacy policy not violated
Batch systems more susceptible to exposure,
require greater controls
Controlling Batch Systems Output
Many steps from printer to end user
Data control clerk check point
Unacceptable printing should be shredded
Cost/benefit basis for controls
Sensitivity of data drives levels of controls
21. Output spooling – risks:
Access the output file and change
critical data values
Access the file and change the
number of copies to be printed
Make a copy of the output file so
illegal output can be generated
Destroy the output file before
printing take place
22. Print Programs
Operator Intervention:
1) Pausing the print program to load output paper
2) Entering parameters needed by the print run
3) Restarting the print run at a prescribed checkpoint after
a printer malfunction
4) Removing printer output from the printer for review and
distribution
Print Program Controls
Production of unauthorized copies
Employ output document controls similar to source
document controls
Unauthorized browsing of sensitive data by
employees
Special multi-part paper that blocks certain fields
23. Bursting
Supervision
Waste
Proper disposal of aborted
copies and carbon copies
Data control
Data control group – verify
and log
Report distribution
Supervision
24. End user controls
End user detection
Report retention:
Statutory requirements (gov’t)
Number of copies in existence
Existence of softcopies (backups)
Destroyed in a manner consistent
with the sensitivity of its
contents
28. Black Box Testing
Ignore internal logic of application
Use functional characteristics
Advantages:
Flowcharts
Interview key personnel
Do not have to remove application from
operations to test it
Appropriately applied:
Simple applications
Relative low level of risk
29. White Box Testing
Relies on in-depth understanding of
the internal logic of the application
Uses small volume of carefully
crafted, custom test transactions to
verify specific aspects of logic and
controls
Allows auditors to conduct precise
test with known outcomes, which
can be compared objectively to
actual results
30. White Box Tests Methods
1) Authenticity tests:
Individuals / users
Programmed procedure
Messages to access system (e.g., logons)
All-American University, student lab:
logon, reboot, logon *
2) Accuracy tests:
System only processes data values that
conform to specified tolerances
3) Completeness tests:
Identify missing data (field, records,
files)
31. 4) Redundancy tests:
Process each record exactly once
5) Audit trail tests:
Ensure application and/or system
creates an adequate audit trail
Transactions listing
Error files or reports for all exceptions
6) Rounding error tests:
“Salami slicing”
Monitor activities – excessive ones are
serious exceptions; e.g, rounding and
thousands of entries into a single
account for $1 or 1¢
32. Computer Aided Audit Tools and
Controls (CAATTs)
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Test data method
Base case system evaluation
Tracing
Integrated Test Facility [ITF]
Parallel simulation
GAS
33. Test Data Method
Used to establish the application
processing integrity
Uses a “test deck”
Valid data
Purposefully selected invalid data
Every possible:
Input error
Logical processes
Irregularity
Procedures:
1) Predetermined results and expectations
2) Run test deck
3) Compare
34. Base Case System Evaluation
Variant of Test Data method
Comprehensive test data
Repetitive testing throughout SDLC
When application is modified,
subsequent test (new) results can
be compared with previous results
(base)
35. Tracing
Test data technique that takes stepby-step walk through application
1) The trace option must be enabled for
the application
2) Specific data or types of transactions are
created as test data
3) Test data is “traced” through all
processing steps of the application, and
a listing is produced of all lines of code
as executed (variables, results, etc.)
Excellent means of debugging a
faculty program
36. Test Data: Pro’s and Cons
Pro’s
– They employ white
box approach, thus
providing explicit
evidence
– Can be employed
with minimal
disruption to
operations
– They require
minimal computer
expertise on the
part of the auditors
Cons
– Auditors must rely
on IS personnel to
obtain a copy of the
application for
testing
– Audit evidence is not
entirely independent
– Provides static
picture of
application integrity
– Relatively high cost
to implement,
auditing inefficiency
37. Integrated Test Facility
ITF is an automated technique that
allows auditors to test logic and
controls during normal operations
Set up a dummy entity within the
application system
1) Set up a dummy entity within the
application system
2) System able to discriminate between ITF
audit module transactions and routine
transactions
3) Auditor analyzes ITF results against
expected results
38. Parallel Simulation
Auditor writes or obtains a copy of
the program that simulates key
features or processes to be
reviewed / tested
1) Auditor gains a thorough
2)
3)
4)
5)
understanding of the application under
review
Auditor identifies those processes and
controls critical to the application
Auditor creates the simulation using
program or Generalized Audit Software
(GAS)
Auditor runs the simulated program
using selected data and files
Auditor evaluates results and reconciles
differences