This document discusses the development of an efficient maintenance scheme for boilers to maintain peak efficiency. It outlines various maintenance activities that should be performed on boilers, including exercising valves, testing alarms, lubricating equipment, adjusting belt drives, packing adjustments, maintaining mechanical seals, and performing safety relief valve tests. The goal of the maintenance scheme is to avoid downtime, reduce costs, promote safety, and allow boilers to operate at peak efficiency through planned and preventative maintenance practices.
The document discusses Ansaldo Energia's service offerings for Frame 6B and 9E gas turbines. It provides a complete solution including engineering capabilities, field service, repairs, spare parts, upgrades, training, and long-term service agreements. It aims to optimize maintenance and operations for customers. Specific solutions discussed include innovative hot gas path parts, combustion solutions like the T-DLN and LEC-III systems, and the benefits of the FlameSheet and forward-flowing venturi designs for reducing emissions.
Boiler Process Instrumentation and controlsADITYA AGARWAL
Report based on Boiler process control and instrumentation.This is a one stop destination for you to get all the information about ALSTOM-India and its boiler product line.Highly known for its cutting edge technologies .Alstom has been a leader in boiler business. It is also famous for its transport and Grid services and recent patch up with GE has made them even stronger.
So if you want full theory about the boilers process control and instrumentation ,you will get it here.
Contains all the process fundamentals, P&ID diagrams , KKS tagging etc
This document provides an overview of the scope of work for overhauling a turbine. It outlines the preparation, alignment checks, disassembly, non-destructive testing, fact-finding, reassembly, and commissioning processes. The specific tasks listed include opening bearing pedestals, uncoupling various components, checking alignments, disassembling the high pressure and low pressure turbines and valve blocks, performing non-destructive testing, inspecting individual parts, reassembling components, and conducting final alignment checks and commissioning. Detailed procedures are provided for selected tasks such as opening bearing pedestals and uncoupling various turbine sections.
The document provides technical specifications for erecting a 500 MW steam turbine from KWU design, including:
- It is a three cylinder reheat condensing turbine with a single flow HP turbine, double flow IP turbine, and double flow LP turbine.
- It has main stop and control valves, reheat stop and control valves, and extraction swing check valves.
- The rated speed is 50.0 revolutions per second and the maximum under valve wide open condition is 524.2 MW.
Cheema Boilers Limited is an Indian engineering company established in 1999 that builds high-capacity boilers and provides integrated power plant solutions. The company uses various machines like bending, rolling, cutting, and welding machines to manufacture boiler components from plates and pipes. Boilers are closed pressure vessels that convert water to steam using heat sources. They are classified by the position of tubes (fire tube or water tube) and used across industries for power generation and processing. Key boiler components and safety equipment help ensure safe operation.
The document provides instructions for erecting pressure parts for a conventional 250 MW boiler. It outlines the sequence and key steps, which include erecting 3850 MT of boiler structure first, lifting the boiler drum using strand jacks, then erecting the furnace and second pass from top to bottom. Seal welding and insulation are also covered. The overall goal is to assemble the 5600 MT of pressure parts components within tolerances to achieve the desired performance during operation.
This document provides an introduction to boiler control systems engineering. It begins with an overview of basic boiler components such as the furnace, fans, heat exchangers, drums and piping. It then discusses common control strategies for boilers like feedback control, feedforward control and cascade control. The document provides details on tuning PID controllers and determining control parameters. It is intended to help anyone working with boiler control systems understand the engineering of boiler controls.
1. The document discusses the fan erection sequence for a 2x660 MW power plant in Suratgarh. It includes steps like foundation work, assembly of components like the suction chamber and impeller housing, alignment of the rotor and motor, blade installation, and lube oil piping work.
2. Key steps include blue matching, leveling, coupling heating and alignment, grouting, and ensuring blade tip clearances are within specifications. Acid cleaning of lube oil piping is also described.
3. The document provides detailed guidance on fan assembly with visuals and remarks on each step to ensure proper execution.
The document discusses Ansaldo Energia's service offerings for Frame 6B and 9E gas turbines. It provides a complete solution including engineering capabilities, field service, repairs, spare parts, upgrades, training, and long-term service agreements. It aims to optimize maintenance and operations for customers. Specific solutions discussed include innovative hot gas path parts, combustion solutions like the T-DLN and LEC-III systems, and the benefits of the FlameSheet and forward-flowing venturi designs for reducing emissions.
Boiler Process Instrumentation and controlsADITYA AGARWAL
Report based on Boiler process control and instrumentation.This is a one stop destination for you to get all the information about ALSTOM-India and its boiler product line.Highly known for its cutting edge technologies .Alstom has been a leader in boiler business. It is also famous for its transport and Grid services and recent patch up with GE has made them even stronger.
So if you want full theory about the boilers process control and instrumentation ,you will get it here.
Contains all the process fundamentals, P&ID diagrams , KKS tagging etc
This document provides an overview of the scope of work for overhauling a turbine. It outlines the preparation, alignment checks, disassembly, non-destructive testing, fact-finding, reassembly, and commissioning processes. The specific tasks listed include opening bearing pedestals, uncoupling various components, checking alignments, disassembling the high pressure and low pressure turbines and valve blocks, performing non-destructive testing, inspecting individual parts, reassembling components, and conducting final alignment checks and commissioning. Detailed procedures are provided for selected tasks such as opening bearing pedestals and uncoupling various turbine sections.
The document provides technical specifications for erecting a 500 MW steam turbine from KWU design, including:
- It is a three cylinder reheat condensing turbine with a single flow HP turbine, double flow IP turbine, and double flow LP turbine.
- It has main stop and control valves, reheat stop and control valves, and extraction swing check valves.
- The rated speed is 50.0 revolutions per second and the maximum under valve wide open condition is 524.2 MW.
Cheema Boilers Limited is an Indian engineering company established in 1999 that builds high-capacity boilers and provides integrated power plant solutions. The company uses various machines like bending, rolling, cutting, and welding machines to manufacture boiler components from plates and pipes. Boilers are closed pressure vessels that convert water to steam using heat sources. They are classified by the position of tubes (fire tube or water tube) and used across industries for power generation and processing. Key boiler components and safety equipment help ensure safe operation.
The document provides instructions for erecting pressure parts for a conventional 250 MW boiler. It outlines the sequence and key steps, which include erecting 3850 MT of boiler structure first, lifting the boiler drum using strand jacks, then erecting the furnace and second pass from top to bottom. Seal welding and insulation are also covered. The overall goal is to assemble the 5600 MT of pressure parts components within tolerances to achieve the desired performance during operation.
This document provides an introduction to boiler control systems engineering. It begins with an overview of basic boiler components such as the furnace, fans, heat exchangers, drums and piping. It then discusses common control strategies for boilers like feedback control, feedforward control and cascade control. The document provides details on tuning PID controllers and determining control parameters. It is intended to help anyone working with boiler control systems understand the engineering of boiler controls.
1. The document discusses the fan erection sequence for a 2x660 MW power plant in Suratgarh. It includes steps like foundation work, assembly of components like the suction chamber and impeller housing, alignment of the rotor and motor, blade installation, and lube oil piping work.
2. Key steps include blue matching, leveling, coupling heating and alignment, grouting, and ensuring blade tip clearances are within specifications. Acid cleaning of lube oil piping is also described.
3. The document provides detailed guidance on fan assembly with visuals and remarks on each step to ensure proper execution.
Industrial fans often play an important role in energy related processes. What about Centrifugal Fans ? They are used quite some processes Rendering, LNG Vaporisers, Food, Fertiliser, Cooling, Ammonia. Like to know more about these hi tech cracks? Have a look.
This document provides information on fans, blowers, and pumps used in building energy audits. It discusses the general introduction and components of fan systems. It describes different types of fans and blowers, including centrifugal fans, axial fans, and blowers. It outlines the steps involved in conducting an energy audit of fans, including collecting data, making measurements and observations, assessing fan performance, and exploring energy conservation opportunities. The document also provides examples and case studies to illustrate fan performance analysis and potential efficiency improvements.
This presentation provides an overview of steam turbine manufacturing at BHEL Haridwar. It discusses BHEL's product range and facilities. The presentation covers the components and types of steam turbines, including high pressure, intermediate pressure, and low pressure turbines. Manufacturing processes for turbine blades such as cutting, milling, and grinding are described. Finally, some heavy duty machines used in manufacturing like CNC lathes and mills are highlighted. The presentation aims to provide general awareness of steam turbine manufacturing processes at BHEL Haridwar.
This document provides an overview of Sabar Dairy plant in Himmatnagar, India. It summarizes the plant's vision, products, and key components. The refrigeration plant uses an evaporative condenser and expansion valves in its refrigeration cycle. It also has 6 fire tube boilers ranging from 4.5 to 10 tons capacity that produce steam using biomass fuel. The document describes the basic components and functions of the refrigeration system, boiler, and their associated equipment and safety devices.
This document discusses the implementation of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) on a boiler. It begins with background on boilers, describing the two main types - smoke tube boilers and water tube boilers. It then provides an overview of TPM, including its goals of preventing unexpected failures through preventive and predictive maintenance. The document outlines the five pillars of TPM implementation: autonomous maintenance, planned maintenance, maintenance reduction, quality maintenance, and education and training. It concludes with the nine essentials of a successful TPM program.
This document provides an overview of the steam turbine service process performed by Energetic N.V., including a history of typical turbines serviced, the planning and workscope of an overhaul, and examples of specific component repairs and replacements. An overhaul is conducted in Energetic's workshop and generally takes 2-3 weeks, involving disassembly, inspection and measurement of components, repairs as needed, reassembly, and testing before reinstallation. The workscope details each step of disassembly, inspection, and reassembly. Project examples show replacements of speed controllers, indicators, stop valves, manufactured gears and thrust discs, bearing machining, sealing, pumping, and final assembly and test runs.
Rastgar & Co introduces it specialisation in Air Compressors of all kinds, sales, service, spares, turnkey solutions, maintenance, air end refurbishment, at all industrial sites in Pakistan. Several CompAir, Gardner Denver products are handled.
The document summarizes the Symetro gear unit, which transmits high motor output speed to a slow rotating mill. It has a long life due to high quality materials and design. It uses two stage gear reduction to achieve a high efficiency and long life with negligible maintenance. Safety systems prevent issues from inadequate lubrication or excessive vibration or temperatures. Inspections and maintenance are minimal, involving routine oil checks and analysis.
How to Improve Steam Turbine Head Rate and Increase OutputMargaret Harrison
As the steam path degrades in mature steam turbines performance loss often occurs. Reducing heat rate while increasing output can have a significant impact on earning potential within the current market and today’s regulatory conditions. Improvements of 3% or more have been seen by users who have installed the full package of steam turbine seals in their units. EthosEnergy has been developing advanced turbine sealing technologies that improve efficiency and performance of steam turbines for over 30 years.
Centrifugal fan which is also called as squirrel cage fan because of its hamster wheel design is widely used to move air/gas continuously in industries and commercial applications. The speed of the air stream entering into the fan, is increased by the impeller thereby it gains kinetic energy and accelerates radially changing the direction by 90°. As these fans are capable of displacing constant volume of air/gas at increased speed, they are widely used in various process applications in industries such as in material handling, boiler applications, transporting gas or materials, ventilation and combustion, air circulation and in other HVAC systems.
This document provides an overview of diesel engine components and systems. It discusses the key parts of an engine including the cylinder head, block, valves, pistons, crankshaft, and injectors. It also describes the working principles of a compression ignition engine. The document reviews the major engine systems like air intake, lubrication, cooling, and fuel. It provides details on maintenance procedures such as engine dismantling and component measurements.
Kadant steam jet thermocompressors recirculate or boost lower-pressure steam for reuse in industrial processes. Thermocompressors work by mixing lower-pressure steam with higher-pressure motive steam, transferring momentum to increase the lower steam's pressure. Kadant offers standard and high-efficiency thermocompressor models, with the latter providing up to 25% greater entrainment efficiency through computational fluid dynamics modeling and optimized geometry.
IRJET- Optimisation of Soot Blower Operation in Boiler to Improve EfficiencyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on optimizing soot blower operation in boilers to improve efficiency. Soot and slag buildup on boiler surfaces negatively impacts performance and emissions. Soot blowers use high-pressure steam or air jets to remove deposits, but are currently operated periodically without monitoring slag levels, wasting steam. The research aims to develop a scheduled soot blower operation plan to improve boiler efficiency and reduce steam waste and outages by preventing tube damage from improper operation. Soot blowers are used at various boiler locations like superheaters, reheaters and air preheaters to maintain heat transfer.
1. The document describes the design and construction of a pneumatic material handling system prototype. Key components include double acting cylinders, 5/2 directional control valves, and hoses connected to an air supply.
2. The system uses one vertical cylinder to lift a test load and one horizontal cylinder to push the load into a container. A circuit diagram and photos show the system working sequentially.
3. Potential enhancements are identified, such as automating the process with additional valves and cushioning the impact when loads are pushed. The objectives and limitations of automated material handling systems are also reviewed.
This document summarizes the performance evaluation and optimization of forced draft fans for Unit #1 at Budge Budge Generating Station. It finds that the fans' capacity is higher than required and they operate at low power outputs, reducing efficiency. Measurements showed fan flow rates, pressures, and power consumption at different loads. Calculations determined current efficiencies are below design efficiency. Suggestions include design modifications, using variable frequency drives for variable fan speeds, or fluid couplings for improved efficiency.
Controls and regula- tors for ideal temperature, pressure and flow control; steam traps for efficient drainage of condensate for maximum heat transfer; flowmeters for precise mea- surement of liquids; liquid drain traps for automatic and continuous drain trap operation to boost system efficiency; rotary filters for increased productivity through proper filtering of fluids; condensate recovery pumps for effective condensate management to save water and sewage costs; stainless steel specialty products for maintaining quality and purity of steam; and a full range of pipeline auxiliaries, all work together to produce a productive steam system. Spirax Sarco’s new line of engineered equipment reduces installation costs with prefabricated assemblies and fabricated modules for system integrity and turnkey advantages.
Pneumatics uses compressed air to perform mechanical operations and motions like linear, swivel, and rotary motion. Common industrial applications of pneumatics include material handling, packaging, filling, sorting, and machining operations like drilling and milling. The pneumatic cylinder is a key component that provides linear motion and is widely used due to its low cost, ease of installation, and availability in various sizes and strokes. Pneumatics offer advantages like insensitivity to temperature fluctuations, ability to store and transport compressed air, high speeds, simple and inexpensive components, and lack of risk of explosion. However, pneumatics also have disadvantages like noise from exhaust air and limited force capability compared to other technologies.
This document discusses annualized earthquake fatalities and targets for long-term risk reduction. It examines average annualized earthquake deaths in different countries normalized by population. Models are presented for estimating annualized casualties based on earthquake scenarios, building damage and population exposure at different times of day. The impact of policy options like retrofitting buildings, improving building codes, and reducing informal housing on casualty reduction are explored. Targets for decreasing long-term earthquake mortality through 2025 and 2035 are proposed based on modeled average annual losses.
The document provides advice for homeowners looking to sell their house, including cleaning and presenting the home, getting an objective evaluation and inspection done, highlighting desirable selling points, considering the optimal time to sell based on market conditions, and seeking professional assistance for legal and building issues.
Industrial fans often play an important role in energy related processes. What about Centrifugal Fans ? They are used quite some processes Rendering, LNG Vaporisers, Food, Fertiliser, Cooling, Ammonia. Like to know more about these hi tech cracks? Have a look.
This document provides information on fans, blowers, and pumps used in building energy audits. It discusses the general introduction and components of fan systems. It describes different types of fans and blowers, including centrifugal fans, axial fans, and blowers. It outlines the steps involved in conducting an energy audit of fans, including collecting data, making measurements and observations, assessing fan performance, and exploring energy conservation opportunities. The document also provides examples and case studies to illustrate fan performance analysis and potential efficiency improvements.
This presentation provides an overview of steam turbine manufacturing at BHEL Haridwar. It discusses BHEL's product range and facilities. The presentation covers the components and types of steam turbines, including high pressure, intermediate pressure, and low pressure turbines. Manufacturing processes for turbine blades such as cutting, milling, and grinding are described. Finally, some heavy duty machines used in manufacturing like CNC lathes and mills are highlighted. The presentation aims to provide general awareness of steam turbine manufacturing processes at BHEL Haridwar.
This document provides an overview of Sabar Dairy plant in Himmatnagar, India. It summarizes the plant's vision, products, and key components. The refrigeration plant uses an evaporative condenser and expansion valves in its refrigeration cycle. It also has 6 fire tube boilers ranging from 4.5 to 10 tons capacity that produce steam using biomass fuel. The document describes the basic components and functions of the refrigeration system, boiler, and their associated equipment and safety devices.
This document discusses the implementation of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) on a boiler. It begins with background on boilers, describing the two main types - smoke tube boilers and water tube boilers. It then provides an overview of TPM, including its goals of preventing unexpected failures through preventive and predictive maintenance. The document outlines the five pillars of TPM implementation: autonomous maintenance, planned maintenance, maintenance reduction, quality maintenance, and education and training. It concludes with the nine essentials of a successful TPM program.
This document provides an overview of the steam turbine service process performed by Energetic N.V., including a history of typical turbines serviced, the planning and workscope of an overhaul, and examples of specific component repairs and replacements. An overhaul is conducted in Energetic's workshop and generally takes 2-3 weeks, involving disassembly, inspection and measurement of components, repairs as needed, reassembly, and testing before reinstallation. The workscope details each step of disassembly, inspection, and reassembly. Project examples show replacements of speed controllers, indicators, stop valves, manufactured gears and thrust discs, bearing machining, sealing, pumping, and final assembly and test runs.
Rastgar & Co introduces it specialisation in Air Compressors of all kinds, sales, service, spares, turnkey solutions, maintenance, air end refurbishment, at all industrial sites in Pakistan. Several CompAir, Gardner Denver products are handled.
The document summarizes the Symetro gear unit, which transmits high motor output speed to a slow rotating mill. It has a long life due to high quality materials and design. It uses two stage gear reduction to achieve a high efficiency and long life with negligible maintenance. Safety systems prevent issues from inadequate lubrication or excessive vibration or temperatures. Inspections and maintenance are minimal, involving routine oil checks and analysis.
How to Improve Steam Turbine Head Rate and Increase OutputMargaret Harrison
As the steam path degrades in mature steam turbines performance loss often occurs. Reducing heat rate while increasing output can have a significant impact on earning potential within the current market and today’s regulatory conditions. Improvements of 3% or more have been seen by users who have installed the full package of steam turbine seals in their units. EthosEnergy has been developing advanced turbine sealing technologies that improve efficiency and performance of steam turbines for over 30 years.
Centrifugal fan which is also called as squirrel cage fan because of its hamster wheel design is widely used to move air/gas continuously in industries and commercial applications. The speed of the air stream entering into the fan, is increased by the impeller thereby it gains kinetic energy and accelerates radially changing the direction by 90°. As these fans are capable of displacing constant volume of air/gas at increased speed, they are widely used in various process applications in industries such as in material handling, boiler applications, transporting gas or materials, ventilation and combustion, air circulation and in other HVAC systems.
This document provides an overview of diesel engine components and systems. It discusses the key parts of an engine including the cylinder head, block, valves, pistons, crankshaft, and injectors. It also describes the working principles of a compression ignition engine. The document reviews the major engine systems like air intake, lubrication, cooling, and fuel. It provides details on maintenance procedures such as engine dismantling and component measurements.
Kadant steam jet thermocompressors recirculate or boost lower-pressure steam for reuse in industrial processes. Thermocompressors work by mixing lower-pressure steam with higher-pressure motive steam, transferring momentum to increase the lower steam's pressure. Kadant offers standard and high-efficiency thermocompressor models, with the latter providing up to 25% greater entrainment efficiency through computational fluid dynamics modeling and optimized geometry.
IRJET- Optimisation of Soot Blower Operation in Boiler to Improve EfficiencyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on optimizing soot blower operation in boilers to improve efficiency. Soot and slag buildup on boiler surfaces negatively impacts performance and emissions. Soot blowers use high-pressure steam or air jets to remove deposits, but are currently operated periodically without monitoring slag levels, wasting steam. The research aims to develop a scheduled soot blower operation plan to improve boiler efficiency and reduce steam waste and outages by preventing tube damage from improper operation. Soot blowers are used at various boiler locations like superheaters, reheaters and air preheaters to maintain heat transfer.
1. The document describes the design and construction of a pneumatic material handling system prototype. Key components include double acting cylinders, 5/2 directional control valves, and hoses connected to an air supply.
2. The system uses one vertical cylinder to lift a test load and one horizontal cylinder to push the load into a container. A circuit diagram and photos show the system working sequentially.
3. Potential enhancements are identified, such as automating the process with additional valves and cushioning the impact when loads are pushed. The objectives and limitations of automated material handling systems are also reviewed.
This document summarizes the performance evaluation and optimization of forced draft fans for Unit #1 at Budge Budge Generating Station. It finds that the fans' capacity is higher than required and they operate at low power outputs, reducing efficiency. Measurements showed fan flow rates, pressures, and power consumption at different loads. Calculations determined current efficiencies are below design efficiency. Suggestions include design modifications, using variable frequency drives for variable fan speeds, or fluid couplings for improved efficiency.
Controls and regula- tors for ideal temperature, pressure and flow control; steam traps for efficient drainage of condensate for maximum heat transfer; flowmeters for precise mea- surement of liquids; liquid drain traps for automatic and continuous drain trap operation to boost system efficiency; rotary filters for increased productivity through proper filtering of fluids; condensate recovery pumps for effective condensate management to save water and sewage costs; stainless steel specialty products for maintaining quality and purity of steam; and a full range of pipeline auxiliaries, all work together to produce a productive steam system. Spirax Sarco’s new line of engineered equipment reduces installation costs with prefabricated assemblies and fabricated modules for system integrity and turnkey advantages.
Pneumatics uses compressed air to perform mechanical operations and motions like linear, swivel, and rotary motion. Common industrial applications of pneumatics include material handling, packaging, filling, sorting, and machining operations like drilling and milling. The pneumatic cylinder is a key component that provides linear motion and is widely used due to its low cost, ease of installation, and availability in various sizes and strokes. Pneumatics offer advantages like insensitivity to temperature fluctuations, ability to store and transport compressed air, high speeds, simple and inexpensive components, and lack of risk of explosion. However, pneumatics also have disadvantages like noise from exhaust air and limited force capability compared to other technologies.
This document discusses annualized earthquake fatalities and targets for long-term risk reduction. It examines average annualized earthquake deaths in different countries normalized by population. Models are presented for estimating annualized casualties based on earthquake scenarios, building damage and population exposure at different times of day. The impact of policy options like retrofitting buildings, improving building codes, and reducing informal housing on casualty reduction are explored. Targets for decreasing long-term earthquake mortality through 2025 and 2035 are proposed based on modeled average annual losses.
The document provides advice for homeowners looking to sell their house, including cleaning and presenting the home, getting an objective evaluation and inspection done, highlighting desirable selling points, considering the optimal time to sell based on market conditions, and seeking professional assistance for legal and building issues.
Relationship of the environmental risk and surface energy budget over the Tib...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document summarizes a presentation on analyzing the relationship between environmental risk and surface energy budget over the Tibetan Plateau using remote sensing data. Validation showed the remote sensing data had acceptable accuracy. Analysis found variability in surface radiation metrics like downward shortwave flux, albedo, and upward longwave flux were linked to occurrences of natural disasters in the region, including droughts, floods, rainstorms and locust disasters. Trend analysis found summer dimming of shortwave radiation, surface brightening through increased albedo, and general atmospheric warming, indicating increased risk of events like hot waves, severe floods and rainstorms in recent decades. The study provides a way to incorporate satellite observations of surface energy into assessing
Grant Thornton Business insight survey - 2012 Ireland "Food: the secret ingre...Grant Thornton
The document discusses the importance of local Irish food to tourism and the economy in Ireland. It finds that Good Food Ireland approved providers:
- Directly employ over 5,900 people
- Generated €390 million in combined turnover in 2011
- Have increased their purchasing of Irish food by 92% over the last three years, creating markets for farmers and food producers
- Believe local Irish food should be an integral part of Ireland's international tourism marketing
The survey found that approved providers expect earnings and turnover to grow in 2012, showing a positive business outlook. It also discusses how promoting local food connects visitors with Irish culture and helps drive tourism growth.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on the dependency and use of electronic resources by faculty members at Pondicherry University and its affiliated colleges. It finds that the availability of electronic resources through technologies like the internet has significantly changed how information is accessed and used. The study examines the library collections at Pondicherry University, including over 33,000 electronic resources like e-books, e-journals, and databases. It investigates the purposes and frequency of use of electronic resources by faculty, as well as any problems in accessing them. The findings will help recommend improvements to e-reference services.
Kawasaki fh381 v 4 stroke air cooled v-twin gasoline engine service repair ma...kfdjkskdmm
This document provides information and guidelines for servicing a 4-stroke air cooled v-twin gasoline engine. It contains sections on model identification, general specifications, torque specifications, required special tools, emission control systems, and cautions regarding tampering with emission control components. The document stresses the importance of following procedures carefully, using the proper tools, and observing all necessary safety precautions when servicing the engine.
Kawasaki fh430 v 4 stroke air cooled v-twin gasoline engine service repair ma...fjskekmmem
This document provides specifications and general information for FH381V and FH430V 4-stroke air cooled v-twin gasoline engines, including:
- They are 90 degree V-twin engines with a bore and stroke of 65mm and displacement of 431cc.
- The engines use a flywheel magneto ignition system and have an electric or recoil starter.
- Additional details provided include oil capacity, dimensions, weight, cooling and lubrication systems.
- Lists of abbreviations and safety labels are also included.
Kawasaki fh430 v 4 stroke air cooled v-twin gasoline engine service repair ma...fusjfjskefksmem
This document provides information and guidelines for servicing a 4-stroke air cooled v-twin gasoline engine. It contains sections on model identification, general specifications, torque specifications, required special tools, emission control systems, and cautions regarding tampering with emission control devices. The document stresses the importance of following procedures carefully, using proper tools, and observing all necessary safety precautions when servicing the engine.
Kawasaki fh381 v 4 stroke air cooled v-twin gasoline engine service repair ma...ufjjdfjkskemfmme
This document provides information and guidelines for servicing a 4-stroke air cooled v-twin gasoline engine. It contains sections on model identification, general specifications, torque specifications, required special tools, emission control systems, and cautions regarding tampering with emission control devices. The document stresses the importance of following procedures carefully, using proper tools, and observing all necessary safety precautions when servicing the engine.
Kawasaki fh381 v 4 stroke air cooled v-twin gasoline engine service repair ma...fujsjefjkskeksmem
This document provides specifications and general information for FH381V and FH430V 4-stroke air cooled v-twin gasoline engines, including:
- They are 90 degree V-twin engines with a bore and stroke of 65mm and displacement of 431cc.
- The engines use a flywheel magneto ignition system and have an electric or recoil starter.
- Additional details provided include oil capacity, dimensions, weight, cooling and lubrication systems.
- Lists of abbreviations and safety labels are also included.
Kawasaki fh430 v 4 stroke air cooled v-twin gasoline engine service repair ma...ufjjjsejfjksekm
This document provides information and guidelines for servicing a 4-stroke air cooled v-twin gasoline engine. It contains sections on model identification, general specifications, torque specifications, required special tools, emission control systems, and cautions regarding tampering with emission control devices. The document stresses the importance of following procedures carefully, using proper tools, and observing all warnings and cautions when servicing the engine.
Kawasaki fh381 v 4 stroke air cooled v-twin gasoline engine service repair ma...ufjjdjjkskemme
This document provides information and guidelines for servicing a 4-stroke air cooled v-twin gasoline engine. It contains sections on model identification, general specifications, torque specifications, required special tools, emission control systems, and cautions regarding tampering with emission control devices. The document stresses the importance of following procedures carefully, using proper tools and genuine parts, and cleaning components thoroughly before and after servicing to prevent damage and ensure safe operation.
Kawasaki fh430 v 4 stroke air cooled v-twin gasoline engine service repair ma...ufjdjfjkskefmme
This document provides information and guidelines for servicing a 4-stroke air cooled v-twin gasoline engine. It contains sections on model identification, general specifications, torque specifications, required special tools, emission control systems, and cautions regarding tampering with emission control devices. The document stresses the importance of following procedures carefully, using the proper tools, and not taking shortcuts during servicing to ensure safe and proper operation of the engine.
Maintenance of Panauti Hydropower ppt Subham Kandel.pptxsaubhagyabista
The document discusses maintenance of the Panauti Hydropower plant in Nepal. It provides background on the plant and describes its features. It then outlines objectives of maintenance, limitations, fault finding, and different types of maintenance including preventative, predictive, and breakdown. Specific maintenance schedules and checks are recommended for daily, weekly, and annual maintenance. Fault tree analyses are also presented to identify potential faults in the hydropower plant, turbine, and generator. Proper maintenance is determined to be crucial to maximize the life of hydropower infrastructure.
Kawasaki fj180 v 4 stroke air-cooled gasoline engine service repair manualufjdjfjkskekemm
This quick reference guide provides information on servicing a 4-stroke air-cooled gasoline engine. It contains chapters on general information, periodic maintenance, fuel system, cooling system, engine top end, lubrication system, camshaft/crankshaft, electrical system, and troubleshooting. The guide instructs technicians to match chapter tabs to locate specific topics. It emphasizes cleaning parts before removal and disassembly, following tightening sequences, using proper torque values, and exercising care during assembly and disassembly.
Kawasaki fj180 v 4 stroke air-cooled gasoline engine service repair manualfjeisldkmemm
This quick reference guide provides information on servicing a 4-stroke air-cooled gasoline engine. It contains chapters on general information, periodic maintenance, fuel system, cooling system, engine top end, lubrication system, camshaft/crankshaft, electrical system, and troubleshooting. The guide instructs technicians to bend back the pages to match the tab of the desired chapter with the edge tab to easily locate the specified topic. It provides important safety information and instructions on properly servicing the engine, including cleaning parts before removal, following tightening sequences, applying proper torque, and using care when tapping or removing parts.
Kawasaki fj180 v 4 stroke air-cooled gasoline engine service repair manualfusjkkskemmf
This quick reference guide provides information on servicing a 4-stroke air-cooled gasoline engine. It includes chapters on general information, periodic maintenance, fuel system, cooling system, engine top end, lubrication system, camshaft/crankshaft, electrical system, and troubleshooting. Technicians should carefully read applicable sections before starting work to perform repairs efficiently and avoid mistakes. Proper cleaning, tightening sequences, torque specifications, and care in assembly and disassembly are emphasized.
Kawasaki fj400 d 4 stroke air-cooled gasoline engine service repair manualfujsjfjkskekmm
This document provides a service manual for the FJ400D 4-stroke air-cooled gasoline engine. It includes specifications for the engine such as a bore and stroke of 82mm x 76mm, 401mL displacement, counterclockwise rotation, and features such as an automatic compression release, electric starter, and cartridge oil filter. The manual instructs technicians on locating information and provides safety warnings for servicing the engine.
IRJET- Risks Prioritization using FMEA Method -A Case StudyIRJET Journal
This document discusses using failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) to prioritize risks at a thermal power plant. It begins with an introduction to FMEA and its use in identifying potential failure modes, their effects, and actions to reduce failures. It then provides details of a case study where FMEA was used to analyze failures of turbine auxiliaries and their impact on power generation at a specific power plant. Major equipment analyzed included oil coolers, shaft vibration, thrust pad/bearing temperature, turbine bearing temperature, and the cooling water system. The goal of the case study was to help prioritize maintenance and spare part management based on critical equipment identified through FMEA.
Kawasaki fj100 d 4 stroke air-cooled gasoline engine service repair manualfujsjfjkskekmm
This document is the service manual for the FJ100D 4-stroke air-cooled gasoline engine. It provides information on servicing the engine by detailing its major systems in individual chapters, including the general information, periodic maintenance, fuel system, cooling system, engine top end, lubrication system, camshaft/crankshaft, electrical system and troubleshooting. The manual instructs technicians to thoroughly read each section before servicing to avoid unnecessary work and contains warnings and cautions for safely performing maintenance and repairs.
Case 1221 f tier 4 wheel loader service repair manualujfjjkskkmdme
This document provides specifications for two models of a wheel loader:
1) The 1221F model has an operating weight of 30,300 kg and bucket capacities of 4.6 m3 struck and 5.4 m3 heaped. It has dimensions such as an overall length of 9,630 mm.
2) The 1221F XR model has a slightly higher operating weight of 31,100 kg and the same bucket capacities. It has a longer overall length of 10,060 mm.
Both models have specifications for cycle times, travel speeds, gradeability, and other performance characteristics.
Case 1221 f tier 4 wheel loader service repair manualuufdjjjskkemm
This service manual provides information to aid technicians in properly servicing a Tier 4 Wheel Loader. It is divided into sections covering general information, the engine, power train, braking system, steering system, work equipment, electrical system, and troubleshooting. Technicians should carefully read and understand the contents of the manual to perform repairs correctly and safely. The specifications in the manual are subject to change, so technicians should check with the manufacturer for the latest information before beginning any work.
Similar to IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on reducing corrosion rates in steel through welding design. The researchers tested different welding groove designs (X, V, 1/2X, 1/2V) and preheating temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) on ferritic malleable iron samples. Testing found that X and V groove designs with 500°C and 600°C preheating had corrosion rates of 0.5-0.69% weight loss after 14 days, compared to 0.57-0.76% for 400°C preheating. Higher preheating reduced residual stresses which decreased corrosion. Residual stresses were 1.7 MPa for optimal X groove and 600°C
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
The document summarizes a study on the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and limestone powder to replace cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Tests were conducted on SCC mixes with 0-50% replacement of cement with GGBS and 0-20% replacement with limestone powder. The results showed that replacing 30% of cement with GGBS and 15% with limestone powder produced SCC with the highest compressive strength of 46MPa, meeting fresh property requirements. The study concluded that this ternary blend of cement, GGBS and limestone powder can improve SCC properties while reducing costs.
AI Transformation Playbook: Thinking AI-First for Your BusinessArijit Dutta
I dive into how businesses can stay competitive by integrating AI into their core processes. From identifying the right approach to building collaborative teams and recognizing common pitfalls, this guide has got you covered. AI transformation is a journey, and this playbook is here to help you navigate it successfully.
How are Lilac French Bulldogs Beauty Charming the World and Capturing Hearts....Lacey Max
“After being the most listed dog breed in the United States for 31
years in a row, the Labrador Retriever has dropped to second place
in the American Kennel Club's annual survey of the country's most
popular canines. The French Bulldog is the new top dog in the
United States as of 2022. The stylish puppy has ascended the
rankings in rapid time despite having health concerns and limited
color choices.”
Discover timeless style with the 2022 Vintage Roman Numerals Men's Ring. Crafted from premium stainless steel, this 6mm wide ring embodies elegance and durability. Perfect as a gift, it seamlessly blends classic Roman numeral detailing with modern sophistication, making it an ideal accessory for any occasion.
https://rb.gy/usj1a2
Starting a business is like embarking on an unpredictable adventure. It’s a journey filled with highs and lows, victories and defeats. But what if I told you that those setbacks and failures could be the very stepping stones that lead you to fortune? Let’s explore how resilience, adaptability, and strategic thinking can transform adversity into opportunity.
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...my Pandit
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
SATTA MATKA SATTA FAST RESULT KALYAN TOP MATKA RESULT KALYAN SATTA MATKA FAST RESULT MILAN RATAN RAJDHANI MAIN BAZAR MATKA FAST TIPS RESULT MATKA CHART JODI CHART PANEL CHART FREE FIX GAME SATTAMATKA ! MATKA MOBI SATTA 143 spboss.in TOP NO1 RESULT FULL RATE MATKA ONLINE GAME PLAY BY APP SPBOSS
The APCO Geopolitical Radar - Q3 2024 The Global Operating Environment for Bu...APCO
The Radar reflects input from APCO’s teams located around the world. It distils a host of interconnected events and trends into insights to inform operational and strategic decisions. Issues covered in this edition include:
Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
❼❷⓿❺❻❷❽❷❼❽ Dpboss Matka Result Satta Matka Guessing Satta Fix jodi Kalyan Final ank Satta Matka Dpbos Final ank Satta Matta Matka 143 Kalyan Matka Guessing Final Matka Final ank Today Matka 420 Satta Batta Satta 143 Kalyan Chart Main Bazar Chart vip Matka Guessing Dpboss 143 Guessing Kalyan night
SATTA MATKA DPBOSS KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART KALYAN MATKA MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA TIPS SATTA MATKA MATKA COM MATKA PANA JODI TODAY BATTA SATKA MATKA PATTI JODI NUMBER MATKA RESULTS MATKA CHART MATKA JODI SATTA COM INDIA SATTA MATKA MATKA TIPS MATKA WAPKA ALL MATKA RESULT LIVE ONLINE MATKA RESULT KALYAN MATKA RESULT DPBOSS MATKA 143 MAIN MATKA KALYAN MATKA RESULTS KALYAN CHART
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Indian Matka
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN : 2278-067X, p-ISSN : 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 2, Issue 6 (August 2012), PP. 16-27
Development of an Efficient Maintenance Scheme for Peak
Efficiency of Boilers
Amit Kumar Jain1, Anupam Singhal2
1
Research Scholar, M-Tech (Maintenance Engineering & Management), Department of Mechanical Engineering M.A.N.I.T.
Bhopal India
2
M-Tech (Maintenance Engineering & Management), Department of Mechanical Engineering M.A.N.I.T. Bhopal India
Abstract––Presently the world has enormous advancement in science and technology the topic considered here is just a
drop out of an ocean of knowledge. Higher product quality, better reliability, better availability of plants, optimization of
cost and efficient working of boilers is the chief concern now a days. Generally the production can be increased by the
efficient use of boilers and hence there is a lot of scope to minimize the boiler operation cost. A boiler maintenance
improvement program must include two aspects: (1) action to bring the boiler to peak efficiency and (2) action to
maintain the efficiency at the maximum level. Good maintenance and efficiency start with having a working knowledge
of the components associated with the boiler, keeping records, etc., and end with cleaning heat transfer surfaces,
adjusting the air-to-fuel ratio, etc. A well-planned maintenance program avoids unnecessary down time or costly repairs.
It also promotes safety and aids boiler code and local inspectors. An inspection schedule listing the procedures should be
established. Thus in this paper an attempt is made to develop an efficient maintenance scheme by which boilers can be
used with peak efficiency.
Keywords— Boiler, Maintenance, Efficiency, Maintenance Activities, Boiler Operation, Safety check list.
I. INTRODUCTION
A boiler is an enclosed vessel that provides a means for combustion heat to be transferred into water until it
becomes heated water or steam. The hot water or steam under pressure is then usable for transferring the heat to a
process [1]. Water is a useful and cheap medium for transferring heat to a process [2]. When water is boiled into steam its
volume increases about 1,600 times, producing a force that is almost as explosive as gunpowder. This causes the boiler to be
extremely dangerous equipment that must be treated with utmost care. Thus it is recommended that boiler room log or record
be maintained, recording daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly maintenance activities. This provides a valuable guide and aids
in obtaining boiler availability factor to determine shutdown frequency, economies, length of service, etc. Even though the
boiler has electrical and mechanical devices that make it automatic or semi-automatic in operation, these devices require
systematic and periodic maintenance. Any "automatic" features do not relieve the operator from responsibility, but rather
free him from certain repetitive chores, providing him with time to devote to upkeep and maintenance. Good housekeeping
helps to maintain a professional boiler room appearance. Only trained and authorized personnel should be permitted to
operate, adjust, or repair the boiler and its related equipment. The boiler room should be kept free of all material and
equipment not necessary for operation for the boiler. Alertness in recognizing unusual noises, improper gauge readings,
leaks, signs of overheating, etc., can make the operator aware of developing malfunction and initiate prompt corrective
action that may prevent excessive repairs or unexpected down time. All piping connections to the system and its accessories
must be maintained leak-proof because even a minor leak, if neglected, may soon become serious. This applies especially to
the water gauge glass, water level control, piping, valve packing, and manway gaskets. If serious leaks occur shut down the
boiler immediately and gradually reduce steam pressure. Do not attempt to make repairs while the boiler is under pressure
[3].
II. MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES FOR BOILERS
1. Minimum maintenance activities for boilers
The tables located at the end of this paper indicate items that must be performed to maintain systems and
equipment at a minimum level of operational readiness. The listed minimum action items should be supplemented by
manufacturer-recommended maintenance activities and procedures for specific pieces of equipment. Maintenance actions
included in this section are for various modes of operation, subsystems, or components. Table 1 provides maintenance
information for packaged heating boilers. Table 2 provides maintenance information for boiler system instrumentation and
electrical systems [4].
2. General maintenance for boilers
This section presents general instructions for maintaining the types of components associated with boilers.
16
2. Development of an Efficient Maintenance Scheme for Peak Efficiency of Boilers
Exercise valves. Exercise all valves in the heating boiler system.
(1) Inspect packing gland and tighten if necessary.
(2) Check for correct positioning and operation.
(3) Check for leaking seals.
(4) Adjust operator linkages and limit switches on control valves.
Test alarms. Verify that the horns sound and all annunciator lights illuminate by pressing the appropriate test push
buttons. Press the ACKNOWLEDGE and RESET push buttons when proper operation has been confirmed.
Lubricate rotating equipment. Grease all zerks at the manufacturer-recommended service interval. Grease gently
with a handgun to avoid damage to grease seals. Do not over grease.
(1) Ball or roller bearings tend to heat up when over greased and will cool down to normal running temperatures when
the excess grease either oozes out or is wiped off. The normal operating temperature of a bearing may be well
above 140°F, which is "hot" to touch. Temperatures should be checked with a thermometer and any temperature
readings over 180°F should be questioned. If a drop of water placed on a bearing sizzles, the bearing is in distress
and should be changed before it seizes and ruins the shaft. For sleeve bearing assemblies with oil reservoirs,
service reservoirs at manufacturer-recommended interval with recommended viscosity lubricating oil [5]. Do not
overfill reservoir as overheating may result. When new sleeve bearing units are placed in service, drain and flush
the oil reservoir after about two weeks of operation and refill the reservoir with new lubricating oil of the proper
viscosity.
(2) During equipment overhauls, bearing assemblies should be thoroughly cleaned, inspected, and adjusted in
accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. All old grease should be removed from bearings and the
bearings repacked with grease a minimum of every two years. Monitor the operation of all recently installed
bearings. Check for overheating (alignment, lubrication), vibration (alignment), loose collars, fasteners, etc. Early
problem detection can avoid early failure and costly replacement.
Belt drives. When belt replacement is required replace multiple belts as a set [6]. Loosen drive motor mounting,
and slide motor toward driven shaft so that belts may be installed by laying belts onto pulleys. Do not lever belts onto
pulleys. Check belt tension several times during first 48 hours that new belts are in operation, and adjust belt tension as
required.
(1) When belt tension adjustment is required, consult the belt manufacturer's literature for the proper tension force
(and belt deflection to achieve that force). Deflect each belt at the midpoint between the pulleys to the deflection
recommended, and read the belt tension. Adjust the tension as required. Many belts have an initial run-in period
tension (usually about 48 hours) and then a broken-in tension. Generally, if the tension reading differs more than
2 pounds from the recommended reading, the belt tension should be adjusted. If a belt tension-measuring device
is not available, belt tension may be checked by observing the deflection when pressing down on each belt at
about the midpoint between the pulleys. If the tension is correct, the belt deflection will be about one belt
thickness for each 4 feet of centre-to-centre distance between the pulleys. Caution should be used in using this
method because there are many different belt designs available for the same service and each belt design may
have different tension and deflection characteristics. To tension the belts, loosen the motor hold-down bolts.
Move the motor away from the driven shaft to increase the tension and toward the driven shaft to decrease the
tension. (If the motor is on a slide base, it will not be necessary to loosen the motor hold-down bolts. Adjustment
is accomplished using the slide base positioning screw.) Tighten the motor hold-down bolts. Run the equipment
for a short period of time, and then check the belt tension.
(2) When drive alignment is required, lay a straightedge across both the driver and driven pulleys. The straightedge
should contact each pulley in two places. If the pulleys are not aligned, verify that the drive shaft and driven shaft
are parallel. If the shafts are not parallel, adjust the motor so the shafts are parallel. When the shafts are parallel,
adjust the positions of the pulleys on the shafts to achieve alignment. Verify that the driven pulley is in the correct
position on the driven shaft and that the pulley is firmly locked in place. Loosen the pulley on the motor shaft,
and move the pulley into alignment with the driven pulley. Tighten the pulley on the shaft, install and tension the
drive belts, and run the equipment for a short period of time. Check drive alignment and adjust as required.
Packing adjustment. Occasional packing adjustment may be required to keep leakage to a slight weep; if
impossible to reduce leakage by gentle tightening, replace packing. A slight weeping through the packing gland is required
so that the process fluid provides lubrication for the packing material. Maintain a supply of the recommended type and size
of packing required for the equipment. Do not substitute one type of packing with another without verifying the packing
types are compatible. Do not use oversized packing. If diameter of oversized packing is reduced by hammering, early failure
of packing may result. A too tight packing joint may interfere with equipment operation, can damage equipment, and, again,
may result in early failure of the packing.
The procedure to follow when replacing packing is as follows.
(1) Remove all old packing.
(2) Inspect shaft for wear and replace as required.
(3) Use proper size packing and cut packing into rings using the shaft as a guide. When cutting to length, hold packing
tightly around shaft but do not stretch packing. Cut with a butt joint. Do not wind packing around shaft.
17
3. Development of an Efficient Maintenance Scheme for Peak Efficiency of Boilers
(4) Thoroughly clean shaft and housing.
(5) Install one ring at a time. Oil or grease lubrication, if permitted, will assist when packing the ring into the box.
Offset joints of each succeeding ring by at least 90 degrees from the previous ring.
(6) If shaft is equipped with a lantern ring, be sure that lantern ring is slightly behind lubrication hole in stuffing box;
otherwise, the lantern ring will move forward when the gland is taken up and the packing behind the ring may plug
the lubrication hole.
(7) Tighten the gland bolts all the way to seat the packing. Then loosen the nuts until the nuts are finger tight. In most
applications, newly installed packing should be allowed to leak freely on start-up. After start-up, tighten packing
gland until only 2 to 3 drops a second are leaking. Do not try to stop leakage entirely. The leakage lubricates the
packing and prevents early failure of the packing and shaft.
Mechanical seals. There are many different mechanical seal designs [7]. As a result, there is no standard
procedure for maintaining and installing mechanical seals. Mechanical seal installations commonly fail because the seal was
not placed in the correct position. Seal faces may wear rapidly resulting in early seal failure if the spring has too much initial
compression. This results in too much force between the faces of the seal, which does not allow proper lubrication of the
surfaces. Alternately, if the spring has too little initial compression, the seal faces separate at normal operating pressures and
leak. It is important that manufacturer's information for the seals used be obtained and closely followed. In general, there are
four critical requirements in any seal installation as follows.
(1) Determine that the equipment is ready to have the seal installed, shaft and seal housing have been inspected and
repaired as required, and the components have been thoroughly cleaned.
(2) Place the seal in the correct position for the right operating length (consult manufacturer's data).
(3) Prevent damage to seal rings.
(4) Prevent damage to seal faces.
Clean all equipment. Clean equipment is easier to inspect, lubricate, and adjust. Clean equipment also runs cooler
and looks better.
Safety relief valve test (steam boilers). As precautionary measures, all personnel concerned with conducting a pop
or capacity test should be briefed on the location of all shutdown controls in the event of an emergency, and there should be
at least two people present. Care should be taken to protect those present from escaping steam [8].
(1) Every 30 days that the boiler is in operation or after any period of inactivity, a try lever test should be performed as
follows. With the boiler under a minimum of 5 psi pressure, lift the try lever on the safety valve to the wide open
position and allow steam to be discharged for five seconds to 10 seconds. Release the try lever, and allow the
spring to snap the disk to the closed position. If the valve simmers, operate the try lever two or three times to allow
the disk to seat properly. If the valve continues to simmer, it must be replaced or repaired by an authorized
representative of the manufacturer. Inspect the valve for evidence of scale or encrustation within the body. Do not
disassemble valve or attempt to adjust the spring setting. It is advisable to have a chain attached to the try lever of
the valve to facilitate this test and allow it to be conducted in a safe manner from the floor. The date of this test
should be entered into the boiler logbook.
(2) A pop test of a safety valve is conducted to determine that the valve will open under boiler pressure within the
allowable tolerances. It should be conducted annually, preferably at the beginning of the heating season if the
boiler is used only for space heating purposes. Hydrostatic testing (using water) is not to be considered an
acceptable test to check safety valve opening pressure.
A recommended procedure is as follows.
Establish necessary trial conditions at the particular location. Where necessary, provide adequately supported
temporary piping from the valve discharge to a safe location outside the boiler room. In some installations,
temporary ventilation may dispose of the steam vapour satisfactorily. Review preparation for test with personnel
involved. All such tests should have at least two people present.
Install temporary calibrated test pressure gauge to check accuracy of boiler gauge.
Isolate the boiler by shutting the stop valves in the steam supply and condensate return piping.
Temporarily place jumper leads across the appropriate terminals on the operating control to demonstrate the ability
of the high-limit pressure control to function properly. After this has been checked, place another set of jumper
leads across the high-limit pressure control terminals to permit continuous operation of the burner.
The safety valve should pop open at an acceptable pressure, i.e., 15 psi ±2 psi. A simmering action will ordinarily
be noticed shortly before the valve pops to the open position.
If the valve does not open in the 13 psi to 17 psi range, it should be replaced. It is not necessarily a dangerous
situation if the valve opens below 13 psi, but it could indicate a weakening of the spring, improper setting of the
spring, etc. If the valve does not open at 17 psi, shut off the burner and dissipate the steam to the system by slowly
opening the supply valve.
If the valve pops open at an acceptable pressure, immediately remove the jumper leads from the high-limit
pressure control. The burner main flame should cut off as soon as the jumper leads are removed.
The safety valve will stay open until the pressure drops sufficiently in the boiler to allow it to close, usually 2 psi
to 4 psi below the opening pressure. This pressure drop (blowdown) is usually indicated on the safety valve
nameplate.
18
4. Development of an Efficient Maintenance Scheme for Peak Efficiency of Boilers
Relieve the higher pressure steam to the rest of the system by slowly opening the steam supply valve. After the
boiler and supply piping pressures have become equalized, open the return valve.
Remove the jumper leads from the operating control and check to make certain that it functions properly. This is
best done by allowing it to cycle the burner on and off at least once.
Enter the necessary test data into the boiler logbook.
Safety relief valve test (water boilers). At try lever, test and pop test should be performed for water boilers as
described below.
(1) Every 30 days that the boiler is in operation or after any prolonged period of inactivity, a try lever test should be
performed as follows.
Prior to the test, check the safety relief discharge piping to make sure it is installed and supported so this test does
not transmit any stress or strain to the body of the safety relief valve.
Check and log the operating pressure and temperature of the system.
Shut off circulating pump and fuel burning equipment.
Isolate the boiler from the system, leaving the expansion tank valve and the automatic fill valve open.
With the boiler at operating pressure, lift the try lever to the full open position and hold it open for at least five
seconds or until clean water is discharged.
Release the lever and allow the spring to snap to the closed position. If the valve leaks, operate the try lever two or
three times to clear the seat of any foreign matter that is preventing proper seating. As safety relief valves are
normally piped to the floor or near a floor drain, it may take some time to determine if the valve has shut
completely.
If the safety relief valve continues to leak, it must be replaced before the boiler is returned to operation.
After it has been determined that the safety relief has shut completely, add water to the boiler until the pressure
rises to the initial pressure which was logged at the start of the test.
Open the valves to the system.
Start the circulating pump.
Start the fuel burning system.
Observe the pressure and temperature until the system returns to operating conditions and operating control has
cycled the burner on and off at least once.
Check again to ensure that the safety relief valve is not leaking.
(2) A pop test (pressure relief valve) should be performed annually, preferably at the beginning of the heating season,
if the boiler is shut off during the summer months. The following procedure should be reviewed by the person in
charge of the test with at least one other person, and trial conditions should be determined.
Isolate the boiler from the rest of the heating system by closing the supply and return valves. On large water
content boilers, the expansion tank may also be isolated to speed up pressure rise.
Check the safety relief valve discharge piping to make sure it is installed and supported so that this test does not
transmit any detrimental stress to the body of the safety relief valve.
Temporarily install a calibrated pressure gauge and thermometer to check the accuracy of the boiler pressure gauge
and thermometer or remove gauge and thermometer and check calibration and reinstall prior to test.
Perform a try lever test prior to the beginning of the pop test.
Check and log the system operating pressure and temperature.
Shut off circulating pump and fuel burning equipment.
If an automatic water feeder is provided, close the boiler water inlet valve.
Turn on the fuel burning equipment.
Place jumper leads across the appropriate terminals of the operating temperature control and check the operation of
the high-temperature cut-out.
If the high-temperature cut-out functions properly, place jumper leads across the appropriate terminals of the high-
temperature cut-out to permit continuous operation of the burner.
Make sure that all personnel are clear of the safety relief valve discharge. On boilers having a small water storage
capacity, very little heat will be required to raise the boiler pressure to the popping pressure of the safety relief
valve.
The safety relief valve should open within an acceptable range above or below the set point. This range is ±2 psi
for valves set to open at 70 psi or less and ±3 percent of set pressure for valves set to open at more than 70 psi.
If the safety relief valve does not open at the set pressure plus the allowable tolerance, shut off the fuel burning
equipment and do not operate the boiler until the safety relief valve has been replaced.
Observe the rising pressure and temperature of the boiler, and log the pressure at which the safety relief valve
opens. As soon as the safety relief valve opens, turn off fuel burning equipment by removing jumper leads and
record safety relief valve closing pressure.
If the safety relief valve opens at a pressure below the allowable tolerance, this is not necessarily a dangerous
condition, but it can indicate a deteriorating condition or improper spring setting.
The valve should be replaced.
When the safety relief valve opens, it will discharge a mixture of water and vapour. The valve will remain open
until a closing pressure is reached. This pressure may be 20 percent to 50 percent below the set pressure of the
valve. There are no blowdown tolerance requirements for safety relief valves.
19
5. Development of an Efficient Maintenance Scheme for Peak Efficiency of Boilers
After the safety relief valve has closed, add water to the boiler, if necessary, until the boiler pressure rises to the
initial system operating pressure that was logged at the start of the test.
Open the supply and return valves to the system and expansion tank valve, if closed, and open the boiler water
inlet valve if an automatic water feeder is provided.
Start the circulating pump.
Start the fuel burning equipment.
Observe the pressure and temperature until the system returns to operating conditions and the operating control has
cycled the burner on and off at least once.
Check again to ensure that the safety relief valve is not leaking.
Partial blowdowns. It should be made in accordance with the Blowdown Instructions [9]. The Boiler blowdowns
must be made sufficiently so that total dissolved solids in the Boiler water between 2600-3200 PPM (3600-4200
micromhos/cm) and mud and sediment are removed from the boiler. The type of blowdown and period between blowdowns
can be extended only when the total dissolved solids in the boiler are maintained below between 2600-3200 PPM (3600-
4200 micromhos/cm).
Proper Grounding of the boiler is necessary if there is a possibility of electrolysis (a form of corrosion) and to
help maintain normal tube life. Periodic internal inspections are necessary to determine if the thin protective coating has
developed in the tubes [10]. Proper grounding of the boiler requires driving a copper rod of 6’ or more into the ground.
Readings in excess of 35MV on ungrounded installations require grounding to prevent the onset of a corrosion problem.
Safety check list for boilers [11].
1. Test controls and safety devices regularly. Correct any defects immediately.
2. Keep controls and safety devices in proper working condition. For example, blow down the chambers of the low-
water fuel supply cut out and operate the lift lever of the relief or safety valve regularly, while the boiler is in
service.
3. Have a reliable service organization check and service the equipment periodically, both during and between
heating seasons.
4. As soon as possible at the end of each heating season, drain the boiler and clean it both internally and externally.
Remove all clean-out plugs. Open and clean the chamber of the low-water fuel supply cut out. Repair furnace
brickwork and lay-up the boiler.
5. Examine and repair heating system components and boiler auxiliary equipment.
6. Don't leave broken windows or other openings that may permit wintertime freezing.
7. Don't block the combustion air supply opening for the fuel burning systems.
8. Don't use the boiler furnace as a trash receptacle or incinerator during the idle season.
9. Don't leave the boiler room accessible to unauthorized persons.
10. Don't leave the boiler during the idle season so that the burner can be operated in a routine way by an unqualified
operator.
DO’S AND DONT’S FOR BOILER OPERATION [12]
DO’S for Boiler Operation:
Check and remove any foreign material, tools & tackles, waste cloth and other miscellaneous materials from boiler
furnace, drums, headers etc. Ensure all manholes, access doors and openings in the boiler and ducting are securely
closed before boiler operation.
Remove any restriction, obstructing boiler expansion. Remove temporary supports.
All vents & drains are to be operated as per valve operating instructions.
Ensure correct functioning of all interlocks and protection of auxiliaries and dampers.
Position all dampers in air and gas system in start-up position while starting the unit.
Start-up initial fuel feeding in the boiler should be made only after purging the boiler.
Check and control the fuel firing rate as per start up curve.
Check and maintain drum level always near recommended normal operating level.
Check and control boiler water, feed water and steam conditions as recommended.
Reduce the load as per the recommended rate. Check and take out the controls on manual only at a point, where
good control can be obtained manually.
Ensure purging of furnace after every fuel trip.
Note down all minor maintenance works like valve leakage, gland leakages etc. During operation and attend to the
same in a planned way during shut down.
Run the ID and FD fans after boiler shutdown till the flue gas temperature drops down to 100 ” C.
Check periodically for vibration and temperature of bearing, noise level, motor current, etc. for rotary equipment.
These values are to be recorded and analysed periodically to ensure planned, preventive maintenance.
Check for condition of coupling and renew the rubber bushes if worn out.
Soot blower should be commissioned after initial boiler start-up and should be operated regularly.
Dump the grate after ensuring that there are no big lumps on the grate section to be dumped.
20
6. Development of an Efficient Maintenance Scheme for Peak Efficiency of Boilers
Do familiarise with the boiler operating manual and maintain the log book to record boiler operating data and
events.
DONT’S for Boiler Operation
Do not start the fan with inlet damper open
Do not throw oversized wood pieces on the grate.
Do not start the boiler without ensuring local drum level measurement / remote indicating instruments are in order.
Do not start the feed pump with discharge valve open.
Do not start the boiler when the drum level is below the normal level
Do not start the boiler without adequate storage of DM / soft water
Do not feed raw water into the boiler under any circumstances
Do not operate boiler with known tube leaks.
Never operate at higher steam temperatures than recommended in the start-up curves as it may harm the super
heater.
Do not mix different type of lubricants from different suppliers. For details of lubrication refer to lubrication chart.
Do not keep the peep holes or manhole doors open, when boiler is in operation.
21
7. Development of an Efficient Maintenance Scheme for Peak Efficiency of Boilers
Table 1
22
8. Development of an Efficient Maintenance Scheme for Peak Efficiency of Boilers
Table 2
23
9. Development of an Efficient Maintenance Scheme for Peak Efficiency of Boilers
Table 3
24
10. Development of an Efficient Maintenance Scheme for Peak Efficiency of Boilers
Table 4
25
11. Development of an Efficient Maintenance Scheme for Peak Efficiency of Boilers
Table 5
26
12. Development of an Efficient Maintenance Scheme for Peak Efficiency of Boilers
III. CONCLUSIONS
The importance of boiler maintenance goes beyond reliability. Conducting regular maintenance also reduces boiler
operating and energy costs, improves safety, and extends the life of the boiler.
Daily maintenance:
Check the floor under and around the boiler for leaking water.
Ensure the boiler area is unobstructed and free of any combustible materials.
Check pressure and/or temperature readings to ensure they are within the designed range.
Look for any service codes or errors on the display panel (if applicable). Write down any error codes and provide
them to your service contractor.
Ensure the vent termination is not blocked with snow, ice, or debris.
Check to ensure the combustion air opening is unobstructed.
Check for any unusual noises or vibrations
Monthly maintenance:
Visually check the flue gas vent piping and combustion air piping for any signs of blockage, leakage or
deterioration.
Inspect the boiler relief valve and the relief valve discharge pipe for signs of weeping or leakage.
Check the condensate drain system (drain line, PVC fittings and drain trap) for blockages (condensing boilers).
Periodic maintenance (as required):
Visually inspect boiler hydronic piping for leaks.
Inspect burner flame (if possible). If flame appearance changes from the norm then corrective action should be
taken.
Have low water cut off tested to ensure device is working properly.
Low water cut off is a device used to ensure water levels within the boiler do not drop below manufacturers
recommended levels.
Annual service technician maintenance at start-up or when necessary:
The annual servicing should be performed by a qualified installer or service agency trained and licenced to do
maintenance on your boiler.
Thoroughly inspect heating system and address any problems.
Inspect and clean the boiler heat exchanger.
Check all boiler wiring and connections.
Check water PH levels.
Inspect condensate system and clean and flush as necessary.
Inspect and clean burner assembly (including ignitor and flame sensor).
Inspect venting system for blockage, corrosion or deterioration and ensure all joint and pipe connections are tight.
Inspect air inlet and vent terminations to ensure they are clear and unobstructed.
Check control settings and test operating and safety controls.
Check for proper boiler operation after it has been cleaned and inspected.
IV. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are thankful to Department of Mechanical Engineering of MANIT Bhopal India for providing the required
facilities needed for the successful completion of this paper.
REFERENCES
[1]. Frederick M. Steingress (2001). Low Pressure Boilers (4th Edition). American Technical Publishers.ISBN 0-8269-4417-5
[2]. Frederick M. Steingress, Harold J. Frost and Darryl R. Walker (2003). High Pressure Boilers (3rd Edition). American Technical
Publishers. ISBN 0-8269-4300-4.
[3]. Boiler Maintenance – Courtesy of Rentech Boilers, General Maintenance, http://www.banksengineering.com.
[4]. Department of the Army TM 5-692-1, Maintenance of Mechanical and Electrical Equipment at Command, Control,
Communications, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) Facilities - Recommended Maintenance Practices, 15
April 2001.
[5]. Maintenance of sleeve bearings, page 24 Operation & Maintenance Manual For Three Phase Induction Motors Teco
Westinghouse Motor Company 5100 North IH-35 Round Rock, Tx. 78681
[6]. Drive design manual Conversion of V-belt drives to synchronous belt drives, page 23-26. Issue July 2008 Gates Corporation
2008 Printed in Belgium - 07/08.
[7]. Industrial seal self study guide Maximizing radial shaft seal performance. Page 67-86. Print 2006 http://www.skf.com.
[8]. Section five: operating instructions - steam boilers boiler smith ltd. Manual of parts list assembly instructions installation &
service instructions operating instructions and individual component manufacturers' instructions for af2 and af3 all star series and
cf3 compak series packaged firebox boilers gas fired - oil fired - gas/oil fired ‘Http://www.boilersmith.com.
[9]. Daily Boiler Blowdown Instructions 30-50 H.P. Parker Gas Fired Boiler, http://www.parkerboiler.com
[10]. Boiler Maintenance & Water treatment http://www.parkerboiler.com.
[11]. W. H. Russell, the Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Co. Photos and data courtesy of The Boiler Inspection and
Insurance Co of Canada. CPE: / PE & M -- March, 1966.
[12]. P.S.Sankaranarayanan and S.Sridharan, ‘Modern Trends in Boiler Maintenance’ pp. 2-3, Avant- Garde Engineers and
Consultants pvt. Ltd.
27