The document discusses different storage classes in C++ including automatic, external, static, register, and mutable. It provides the syntax and examples of each:
- Automatic variables are declared with auto and have function block scope and lifetime.
- External variables use extern and have whole program global visibility.
- Static variables are declared with static and have whole program lifetime but local visibility.
- Register variables are intended for fast access and declared with register but storage is implementation-defined.
- Mutable variables allow changing class member values in const member functions and are declared with mutable.
The document discusses different storage classes in C programming. It describes automatic, external, static, and register storage classes. Automatic variables are stored in memory and have block scope, while external variables are stored in memory and have global scope. Static variables can be internal or external, and their value persists between function calls. Register variables are stored in CPU registers for faster access, but compilers may ignore this specification. Each storage class has different properties for storage location, initial value, scope, and lifetime of variables.
The document discusses storage classes in C programming which determine where a variable is stored in memory and the scope and lifetime of a variable. There are four main storage classes - automatic, external, static and register. Automatic variables are local to a block and vanish after the block ends. External variables can be accessed from other files. Static variables retain their value between function calls and last the lifetime of the program. Register variables are stored in CPU registers for faster access but there are limited registers.
This document discusses abstract classes in C++. It defines an abstract class as a class designed to be used as a base class that cannot be instantiated and must contain at least one pure virtual function. It provides an example of how to declare an abstract class with a pure virtual function and how to derive a class from an abstract class, overriding the pure virtual functions. The importance of abstract classes is that they allow common functionality to be defined for derived classes while leaving implementation details to the derived classes.
The document discusses the different storage classes in C programming language: auto, extern, static, and register. Auto variables are local variables that are destroyed when the block ends. Extern variables have global scope and lifetime until the end of the program. Static variables retain their value between function calls and have lifetime throughout the program. Register variables behave like auto but are stored in CPU registers for faster access.
The document discusses different storage classes in C programming language. There are several storage classes that determine where a variable is stored in memory and how long it remains in memory. The main storage classes covered are auto, static, register, and extern.
Auto variables are local variables declared within a function and stored on the stack frame. They are initialized with garbage values and exist only for the duration of the function call. Static variables are similar to auto but remain in memory for the duration of the program. Register variables hint to store in CPU registers for fast access but the compiler may ignore. Extern variables are defined in one file and declared in others to share the variable across files.
Storage class determines the accessibility and lifetime of a variable. The main storage classes in C++ are automatic, external, static, and register. Automatic variables are local to a function and are created and destroyed each time the function is called. External variables have global scope and persist for the lifetime of the program. Static variables also have local scope but retain their value between function calls.
slide1: the content of functons
slide2: Introduction to function
slide3:function advantages
slide4 -5: types of functions
slide6: elements of user defined functions
The document discusses different storage classes in C++ including automatic, external, static, register, and mutable. It provides the syntax and examples of each:
- Automatic variables are declared with auto and have function block scope and lifetime.
- External variables use extern and have whole program global visibility.
- Static variables are declared with static and have whole program lifetime but local visibility.
- Register variables are intended for fast access and declared with register but storage is implementation-defined.
- Mutable variables allow changing class member values in const member functions and are declared with mutable.
The document discusses different storage classes in C programming. It describes automatic, external, static, and register storage classes. Automatic variables are stored in memory and have block scope, while external variables are stored in memory and have global scope. Static variables can be internal or external, and their value persists between function calls. Register variables are stored in CPU registers for faster access, but compilers may ignore this specification. Each storage class has different properties for storage location, initial value, scope, and lifetime of variables.
The document discusses storage classes in C programming which determine where a variable is stored in memory and the scope and lifetime of a variable. There are four main storage classes - automatic, external, static and register. Automatic variables are local to a block and vanish after the block ends. External variables can be accessed from other files. Static variables retain their value between function calls and last the lifetime of the program. Register variables are stored in CPU registers for faster access but there are limited registers.
This document discusses abstract classes in C++. It defines an abstract class as a class designed to be used as a base class that cannot be instantiated and must contain at least one pure virtual function. It provides an example of how to declare an abstract class with a pure virtual function and how to derive a class from an abstract class, overriding the pure virtual functions. The importance of abstract classes is that they allow common functionality to be defined for derived classes while leaving implementation details to the derived classes.
The document discusses the different storage classes in C programming language: auto, extern, static, and register. Auto variables are local variables that are destroyed when the block ends. Extern variables have global scope and lifetime until the end of the program. Static variables retain their value between function calls and have lifetime throughout the program. Register variables behave like auto but are stored in CPU registers for faster access.
The document discusses different storage classes in C programming language. There are several storage classes that determine where a variable is stored in memory and how long it remains in memory. The main storage classes covered are auto, static, register, and extern.
Auto variables are local variables declared within a function and stored on the stack frame. They are initialized with garbage values and exist only for the duration of the function call. Static variables are similar to auto but remain in memory for the duration of the program. Register variables hint to store in CPU registers for fast access but the compiler may ignore. Extern variables are defined in one file and declared in others to share the variable across files.
Storage class determines the accessibility and lifetime of a variable. The main storage classes in C++ are automatic, external, static, and register. Automatic variables are local to a function and are created and destroyed each time the function is called. External variables have global scope and persist for the lifetime of the program. Static variables also have local scope but retain their value between function calls.
slide1: the content of functons
slide2: Introduction to function
slide3:function advantages
slide4 -5: types of functions
slide6: elements of user defined functions
Unit testing involves automatically testing individual units or functions of a program using test code. Test-driven development (TDD) is a software development approach where test cases are written before code to define desired functionality, then just enough code is produced to pass those tests, and refactoring follows. The TDD cycle involves writing a failing test, writing minimum code to pass the test, then refactoring the new code. Mocking objects in TDD creates fake objects to isolate units under test from their dependencies.
This document discusses different C++ storage classes: auto, register, static, and extern. Auto is the default storage class for local variables and can only be used within functions. Register is used to store local variables in registers instead of RAM but does not guarantee this. Static can be used for both local and external variables to give them lifetime over the entire program but limits their scope. Extern is used to give a reference to a global variable defined in another file so that it is visible program-wide.
The document discusses the basic structure of C programs. It explains that a C program contains functions that are organized into different sections, including a documentation section, link section, definition section, main function section, and optional subprogram section. It provides details on what each section is used for and example code to demonstrate the main components of a C program, including functions, variables, data types, and memory organization.
Constructors and destructors play an important role in object-oriented programming. Constructors are special member functions that are called when objects are created. There are different types of constructors including parameterized, default, copy, conversion, and move constructors. Destructors are the inverse of constructors and are called when objects are destroyed. Destructors follow the same name convention as the class but with a tilde. Constructors and destructors are useful in real-time applications such as real-time locating systems and data transmission where they help properly allocate and release resources during an object's lifetime.
The document provides an overview of unit testing concepts and best practices. It discusses what unit testing is, why it's useful, and common terminology like test-driven development, stubs, spies, mocks and fixtures. It also covers unit testing tools and libraries, specifics of unit testing JavaScript code, and best practices like writing tests that are fast, isolated, consistent and self-descriptive.
Storage class defines the scope and lifetime of a variable. The main storage classes are automatic, register, static, and external. Automatic variables are allocated on the stack and have block scope, while register variables are stored in CPU registers for faster access but cannot have their address taken. Static variables retain their value between function calls and have either file or block scope. External variables are declared outside of functions and visible throughout the entire program.
There are four storage classes in C programming that determine how long a variable exists: 1) automatic variables exist within the function they are declared in and do not retain their value between calls, 2) external variables can be accessed from any function but must be declared in only one file, 3) static variables retain their value between function calls, and 4) register variables attempt to be stored in processor registers for faster access but may be stored in memory instead if registers are full.
What is a Delegate?
Basically a function pointer, but are type safe.
Type safe = A delegate which is pointing to a return type of int cannot point to a return type of string.
A placeholder for a/some method(s).
It is a reference to a function/method. The function is attached to the delegate and will then can be called via the delegate object.
Similar to a function pointer, where functions can be assigned like a variable and called in the run time based on dynamic conditions.
Allow methods to be passed as parameters.
Prana is an Inversion of Control (IoC) container for ActionScript 3.0 that is based on the Java Spring framework. It allows defining objects and their dependencies in an XML file so that an IoC container can assemble the objects and manage their lifecycle at runtime. This reduces coupling between classes and promotes principles like dependency injection and inversion of control. The presentation introduces IoC and dependency injection, describes how Prana uses an XML configuration file and IoC container to assemble objects, and argues that this approach improves testability, maintainability and reusability of code.
The document provides an overview of basic programming concepts related to the C programming language. It discusses the typical development environment and phases of a C program, including preprocessing, compilation, linking, loading, and execution. It describes the stages of compilation in detail. The document then presents an anatomy of a simple C program and explains key components like comments, preprocessor directives, variables, data types, operators, control structures, functions, and arrays. Overall, the document serves as an introductory lecture covering fundamental C programming concepts.
Adapter classes provide default implementations of listener interface methods to avoid implementing unused methods. The WindowAdapter class is an adapter for the WindowListener interface. It implements empty method bodies for the WindowListener's seven abstract methods. This allows classes to extend WindowAdapter and only override the needed methods rather than all methods of the WindowListener interface. Adapters exist for convenience by providing listener object implementations with default empty method bodies.
This document contains lecture notes on Java programming divided into 6 units. Unit 1 provides an overview of Java and covers data types, variables, arrays, operators, control statements and classes. It also discusses I/O operations like reading console input/output and files. Unit 2 covers string handling and the StringBuffer class. Unit 3 discusses packages, interfaces and exception handling. Unit 4 focuses on multithreading concepts. Unit 5 covers applets, event handling and the Abstract Window Toolkit. Unit 6 introduces Swing and JDBC. The document also includes examples of Java programs and lists lab experiments and reference books.
An interface in Java is like a class but cannot be instantiated. It defines method signatures and constant values but not method implementations. A class implements an interface by providing method bodies for the abstract methods defined in the interface. Interfaces can extend other interfaces to inherit their methods.
C# is a modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft and approved by European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) and International Standards Organization (ISO). Now AI Change the world no need to learn any langue just download gemini app (https://geminiaiapk.com/) and after that you are developer
This document discusses the different types of tokens in Java including keywords, identifiers, literals, operators, and separators. It provides examples and details for each token type. Keywords such as if, else, class cannot be used as identifiers. Identifiers name variables and follow naming rules. Literals represent fixed values like integers and strings. Operators perform operations on operands like addition and comparison. Separators include braces, brackets, parentheses and terminators used in code blocks and expressions.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines functions as self-contained blocks of code that perform a specific task. Functions make a program more modular and easier to debug by dividing a large program into smaller, simpler tasks. Functions can take arguments as input and return values. Functions are called from within a program to execute their code.
This document discusses delegates and events in C#. It explains that a delegate is an object that can refer to a method. There are four steps to using delegates: declaration, defining delegate methods, instantiation, and invocation. Delegates can be singlecast or multicast. Events are declared using an event keyword and a delegate type, and allow an object to notify other objects when an event occurs. Multicast delegates can invoke multiple methods by adding delegate instances together using + operator and removing them using - operator.
Interfaces are reference types that define a contract that other classes can implement. Interfaces cannot contain fields or constructors, and all members are implicitly public and abstract. A class can implement multiple interfaces, allowing it to inherit functionality from different sources, while only being able to inherit from one base class. Explicit interface implementation allows a class to implement the same method signature defined in multiple interfaces to avoid name collisions.
C Programming Language is the most popular computer language and most used programming language till now. It is very simple and elegant language. This lecture series will give you basic concepts of structured programming language with C.
Automatic Variables
extern variables
static variables
register variables
Examples of above listed variables.
Summary of storage place, Initial value, scope and life of variables.
This document discusses storage classes in the C programming language. It begins with an introduction to the C language and its history. The main body of the document then covers the four primary storage classes in C - automatic, register, static, and external. For each class, it provides details on storage location, default initial value, scope, and lifetime. Examples are provided to illustrate the behavior and usage of variables for each storage class. The key differences between the four classes are summarized in a table at the end.
Unit testing involves automatically testing individual units or functions of a program using test code. Test-driven development (TDD) is a software development approach where test cases are written before code to define desired functionality, then just enough code is produced to pass those tests, and refactoring follows. The TDD cycle involves writing a failing test, writing minimum code to pass the test, then refactoring the new code. Mocking objects in TDD creates fake objects to isolate units under test from their dependencies.
This document discusses different C++ storage classes: auto, register, static, and extern. Auto is the default storage class for local variables and can only be used within functions. Register is used to store local variables in registers instead of RAM but does not guarantee this. Static can be used for both local and external variables to give them lifetime over the entire program but limits their scope. Extern is used to give a reference to a global variable defined in another file so that it is visible program-wide.
The document discusses the basic structure of C programs. It explains that a C program contains functions that are organized into different sections, including a documentation section, link section, definition section, main function section, and optional subprogram section. It provides details on what each section is used for and example code to demonstrate the main components of a C program, including functions, variables, data types, and memory organization.
Constructors and destructors play an important role in object-oriented programming. Constructors are special member functions that are called when objects are created. There are different types of constructors including parameterized, default, copy, conversion, and move constructors. Destructors are the inverse of constructors and are called when objects are destroyed. Destructors follow the same name convention as the class but with a tilde. Constructors and destructors are useful in real-time applications such as real-time locating systems and data transmission where they help properly allocate and release resources during an object's lifetime.
The document provides an overview of unit testing concepts and best practices. It discusses what unit testing is, why it's useful, and common terminology like test-driven development, stubs, spies, mocks and fixtures. It also covers unit testing tools and libraries, specifics of unit testing JavaScript code, and best practices like writing tests that are fast, isolated, consistent and self-descriptive.
Storage class defines the scope and lifetime of a variable. The main storage classes are automatic, register, static, and external. Automatic variables are allocated on the stack and have block scope, while register variables are stored in CPU registers for faster access but cannot have their address taken. Static variables retain their value between function calls and have either file or block scope. External variables are declared outside of functions and visible throughout the entire program.
There are four storage classes in C programming that determine how long a variable exists: 1) automatic variables exist within the function they are declared in and do not retain their value between calls, 2) external variables can be accessed from any function but must be declared in only one file, 3) static variables retain their value between function calls, and 4) register variables attempt to be stored in processor registers for faster access but may be stored in memory instead if registers are full.
What is a Delegate?
Basically a function pointer, but are type safe.
Type safe = A delegate which is pointing to a return type of int cannot point to a return type of string.
A placeholder for a/some method(s).
It is a reference to a function/method. The function is attached to the delegate and will then can be called via the delegate object.
Similar to a function pointer, where functions can be assigned like a variable and called in the run time based on dynamic conditions.
Allow methods to be passed as parameters.
Prana is an Inversion of Control (IoC) container for ActionScript 3.0 that is based on the Java Spring framework. It allows defining objects and their dependencies in an XML file so that an IoC container can assemble the objects and manage their lifecycle at runtime. This reduces coupling between classes and promotes principles like dependency injection and inversion of control. The presentation introduces IoC and dependency injection, describes how Prana uses an XML configuration file and IoC container to assemble objects, and argues that this approach improves testability, maintainability and reusability of code.
The document provides an overview of basic programming concepts related to the C programming language. It discusses the typical development environment and phases of a C program, including preprocessing, compilation, linking, loading, and execution. It describes the stages of compilation in detail. The document then presents an anatomy of a simple C program and explains key components like comments, preprocessor directives, variables, data types, operators, control structures, functions, and arrays. Overall, the document serves as an introductory lecture covering fundamental C programming concepts.
Adapter classes provide default implementations of listener interface methods to avoid implementing unused methods. The WindowAdapter class is an adapter for the WindowListener interface. It implements empty method bodies for the WindowListener's seven abstract methods. This allows classes to extend WindowAdapter and only override the needed methods rather than all methods of the WindowListener interface. Adapters exist for convenience by providing listener object implementations with default empty method bodies.
This document contains lecture notes on Java programming divided into 6 units. Unit 1 provides an overview of Java and covers data types, variables, arrays, operators, control statements and classes. It also discusses I/O operations like reading console input/output and files. Unit 2 covers string handling and the StringBuffer class. Unit 3 discusses packages, interfaces and exception handling. Unit 4 focuses on multithreading concepts. Unit 5 covers applets, event handling and the Abstract Window Toolkit. Unit 6 introduces Swing and JDBC. The document also includes examples of Java programs and lists lab experiments and reference books.
An interface in Java is like a class but cannot be instantiated. It defines method signatures and constant values but not method implementations. A class implements an interface by providing method bodies for the abstract methods defined in the interface. Interfaces can extend other interfaces to inherit their methods.
C# is a modern, general-purpose, object-oriented programming language developed by Microsoft and approved by European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) and International Standards Organization (ISO). Now AI Change the world no need to learn any langue just download gemini app (https://geminiaiapk.com/) and after that you are developer
This document discusses the different types of tokens in Java including keywords, identifiers, literals, operators, and separators. It provides examples and details for each token type. Keywords such as if, else, class cannot be used as identifiers. Identifiers name variables and follow naming rules. Literals represent fixed values like integers and strings. Operators perform operations on operands like addition and comparison. Separators include braces, brackets, parentheses and terminators used in code blocks and expressions.
The document discusses functions in C programming. It defines functions as self-contained blocks of code that perform a specific task. Functions make a program more modular and easier to debug by dividing a large program into smaller, simpler tasks. Functions can take arguments as input and return values. Functions are called from within a program to execute their code.
This document discusses delegates and events in C#. It explains that a delegate is an object that can refer to a method. There are four steps to using delegates: declaration, defining delegate methods, instantiation, and invocation. Delegates can be singlecast or multicast. Events are declared using an event keyword and a delegate type, and allow an object to notify other objects when an event occurs. Multicast delegates can invoke multiple methods by adding delegate instances together using + operator and removing them using - operator.
Interfaces are reference types that define a contract that other classes can implement. Interfaces cannot contain fields or constructors, and all members are implicitly public and abstract. A class can implement multiple interfaces, allowing it to inherit functionality from different sources, while only being able to inherit from one base class. Explicit interface implementation allows a class to implement the same method signature defined in multiple interfaces to avoid name collisions.
C Programming Language is the most popular computer language and most used programming language till now. It is very simple and elegant language. This lecture series will give you basic concepts of structured programming language with C.
Automatic Variables
extern variables
static variables
register variables
Examples of above listed variables.
Summary of storage place, Initial value, scope and life of variables.
This document discusses storage classes in the C programming language. It begins with an introduction to the C language and its history. The main body of the document then covers the four primary storage classes in C - automatic, register, static, and external. For each class, it provides details on storage location, default initial value, scope, and lifetime. Examples are provided to illustrate the behavior and usage of variables for each storage class. The key differences between the four classes are summarized in a table at the end.
The document discusses storage classes and scope rules in C programming. It describes four storage classes - auto, register, static, and extern. Auto variables are local to the block and cease to exist when the block ends. Register variables are stored in CPU registers if space is available for faster access. Static variables retain their value between function calls. Extern variables are defined elsewhere in the program and allow access to the variable from other files. Scope rules determine where variables can be accessed. Local variables are only accessible within the block they are declared. Global variables can be accessed throughout the program.
The document describes the structure of a C++ program. It is divided into several key sections: documentation, link, namespaces, global definitions, main program, and subprograms. The main program section contains the main function which is called when the program executes. Subprogram sections contain user-defined functions. The document also discusses preprocessing directives, macros, file inclusion and other elements that make up the overall structure of a C++ program.
EXTERN -- wherever u define variables, it will get access to use themAjay Chimmani
Generally, if we see in programs, variables are defined many times in many programs which requires more data to store these. But using this keyword, U can define only one time and can use it wherever and as many times we want .
These notes summarize key concepts from an advanced C programming document:
1. The document covers fundamental C programming concepts such as data types, operators, control statements, arrays, pointers, functions, structures, unions, and enumeration.
2. Questions and answers are provided to explain concepts like variable declaration vs definition, static vs automatic variables, register variables, structure vs union, and differences between 'break' and 'continue'.
3. Bitwise operators and shifts are discussed alongside examples to check specific bits, turn bits off, and demonstrate multiplying by 2 using left shifts.
Storage classes in C determine the scope, visibility, and lifetime of variables. The main storage classes are automatic, external, static, and register. Automatic variables are local to a function and destroyed when the function exits. External variables are declared outside of functions and visible throughout the program. Static variables persist for the duration of the program, while register variables attempt to store variables in CPU registers for faster access.
The document discusses different types of variable scope in C programming:
1. Block scope - Variables declared within a code block using curly braces {} are only accessible within that block.
2. Function scope - Variables declared within a function are only accessible within that function.
3. Global scope - Variables declared outside of any block or function can be accessed from anywhere in the program file.
4. File scope - Variables can be declared with the static keyword to limit their scope to the current source code file. The static keyword also prevents local variables from being destroyed after the block or function ends.
Latest C Interview Questions and AnswersDaisyWatson5
3. What is a register variable?
Register variables are stored in the CPU registers. Its default value is a garbage value. Scope of a register variable is local to the block in which it is defined. Lifetime is till control remains within the block in which the register variable is defined. Variable stored in a CPU register can always be accessed faster than the one that is stored in memory. Therefore, if a variable is used at many places in a program, it is better to declare its storage class as register
Example: register int x=5;
Variables for loop counters can be declared as register. Note that register keyword may be ignored by some compilers.
4. Where is an auto variables stored?
Main memory and CPU registers are the two memory locations where auto variables are stored. Auto variables are defined under automatic storage class. They are stored in main memory. Memory is allocated to an automatic variable when the block which contains it is called and it is de-allocated at the completion of its block
execution.
Auto variables:
Storage
:
main memory.
Default value
:
garbage value.
Scope
:
local to the block in which the variable is defined.
Lifetime
:
till the control remains within the block in which the variable is defined.
5. What is scope & storage allocation of extern and global variables?
Extern variables: belong to the External storage class and are stored in the main memory. extern is used when we have to refer a function or variable that is implemented in another file in the same project. The scope of the extern variables is Global.
The document discusses storage classes in C++. It explains that every variable has a storage class and scope. The storage class determines where storage is allocated and how long it exists, while scope specifies visibility. It describes the auto, register, static, and extern storage classes. Auto variables are allocated and destroyed on block entry/exit, register suggests register storage, static retains value between function calls, and extern extends scope to other files. It provides examples of each storage class and their differences between C and C++.
Functions are the building blocks where every program activity occurs. They are self-contained program segments that carry out some specific, well-defined task. Every C program must have a function c functions list. c functions multiple choice questions
The document discusses storage classes in C which determine where a variable is stored in memory and how long it exists. There are four main storage classes: automatic, register, static, and external. Automatic is the default and variables exist for the duration of the block they are declared in. Register variables store in CPU registers but cannot be used with scanf. Static variables retain their value between function calls while existing in the block. External variables are global and visible throughout a program.
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions including:
- Default pointers which receive addresses passed to called functions.
- Reference variables which receive the reference of an actual variable passed to a function. Changing the reference variable directly changes the actual variable.
- Inline functions which eliminate context switching when defined inside a class or declared with the inline keyword.
- Friend functions which have access to private/protected members of a class they are declared as a friend to.
The document discusses various C preprocessor directives and storage classes in C.
1. It defines storage class specifier and mentions the different types of storage classes - auto, extern, static, and register. It distinguishes between auto and register storage classes.
2. It explains what extern storage class means and provides an example. It identifies the storage class of a variable defined within a code block.
3. It discusses various preprocessor directives like #define, #undef, #if, #else, #include and explains their usage with examples.
The storage class determines where a variable is stored in memory (CPU registers or RAM) and its scope and lifetime. There are four storage classes in C: automatic, register, static, and external. Automatic variables are stored in memory, have block scope, and are reinitialized each time the block is entered. Register variables try to store in CPU registers for faster access but may be stored in memory. Static variables are also stored in memory but retain their value between function calls. External variables have global scope and lifetime across the entire program.
Here is a recursive C function that solves the Tower of Hanoi problem:
#include <stdio.h>
void towerOfHanoi(int n, char from_rod, char to_rod, char aux_rod)
{
if (n == 0)
return;
towerOfHanoi(n-1, from_rod, aux_rod, to_rod);
printf("Move disk %d from rod %c to rod %c\n", n, from_rod, to_rod);
towerOfHanoi(n-1, aux_rod, to_rod, from_rod);
}
int main()
{
int
C++ Object oriented concepts & programmingnirajmandaliya
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions and operators. It defines what a default pointer is and how it receives addresses passed to a called function. It also discusses reference variables, inline functions, friend functions, default arguments, passing objects as parameters, function overloading, static members, function pointers, and operator overloading. It provides examples and explanations for each concept.
Operator Overloading and Scope of VariableMOHIT DADU
This slide is completely based on the Operator Overloading and the Scope of Variable. The example given to explain are based on C/C++ programming language.
1. Functions allow programmers to break complex problems into smaller, discrete tasks, making code more modular and reusable. Functions perform specific tasks and can optionally return values or receive parameters.
2. There are two types of functions - predefined functions from standard libraries like stdio.h and math.h, and user-defined functions created for specialized tasks. Functions have a name, parameters, return type, and body.
3. Functions improve code organization and readability. They separate implementation from interface and allow code reuse. Parameters can be passed by value, where copies are used, or by reference, where the function can modify the original arguments.
The document discusses various topics related to microprocessors and computer architecture. It begins by providing details about the pins and functions of the 8085 microprocessor. It then discusses interfacing memory chips with the 8085 and provides an example. Next, it describes the block diagram and functions of the different units of the 8086 microprocessor. It also explains the different addressing modes used in 8086 with examples. The document then discusses the control word format for programming the I/O ports of the 8255 chip. In less than 3 sentences.
Windows Script Host is the Host/Execution Environment for different types of scripting languages. WSH officially supports VBScripts JavaScripts through(WScript,CScript). Different types of scripts can execute within the Host Environment with the help of respective Script Engine.
These problems are so common that you will find in any C learning curriculum. Either in your college or in any IT institute.
I have provided solutions to these problems as well.
Happy learning...
This document discusses different data types in programming. It describes built-in data types like int, char, float, and double that are predefined by languages. It also covers user-defined data types like arrays, pointers, structures, and unions. Finally, it provides details on number data types, listing the memory size, value ranges, and format specifiers for short int, unsigned short int, int, long int, and other numeric types.
A variable is a name given to a memory location that can store a value of a specified data type, such as integer or float, which can be changed during runtime. A constant is similar to a variable but once initialized, its value cannot be changed. Constants are typically defined with a #define statement without an equal sign or semicolon, or with the const modifier and an equal sign for initialization. Both variables and constants must be declared with a data type and can make programs more readable and maintainable by using descriptive names.
Any source code we write will have statements which work as instructions to the CPU. These statements are made of tokens. This Session will cover the concept of tokens.
Computer programming tools and building processArghodeepPaul
The document discusses programming tools and the common building process used to create computer programs. It defines a computer program as a collection of statements written in a programming language. Programming tools like text editors, compilers, assemblers, linkers and debuggers are used to write and build programs. The common building process involves writing source code in a text editor, compiling it to assembly code, assembling to object code, and linking with header files to create an executable file.
Algorithm pseudocode flowchart program notesArghodeepPaul
The document discusses algorithms, pseudocode, flowcharts, and final programs. It defines an algorithm as a step-wise solution to a problem. Pseudocode is similar to a programming language and is based on an algorithm. A flowchart provides a graphical representation of an algorithm using standard symbols. Finally, the algorithm, pseudocode, and flowchart are encoded into an actual program using a programming language like C, Java, or Kotlin.
This document provides an introduction to computer programming concepts, including:
- A computer program is a sequence of instructions written in a programming language to perform a specified task on a computer. Programming languages include Python, Java, C++, and others.
- Computer programming, or coding, involves writing instructions in a programming language for a computer to execute. It allows computers to perform tasks like displaying messages, performing calculations, and more.
- Key elements of programming languages include data types, variables, operators, functions, and control structures like conditionals and loops. These elements are used to write programs to solve problems.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
2. Storage Class
Storage class defines the Scope/Visibility and Lifetime of a Variable or Function.
Types
auto: The default class(int a=2 is equal as auto int a=2)
static: Instructs the compiler to keep a local variable in alive during the
runtime/lifetime of a program. By default a variable is created when control comes
into scope of a function and destroyed when going out of scope.
example
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
void fx(){
static int n=2;
printf("Value: %dn",n);
n++;
}
fx();
fx(); // calling twice
return 0;
}
Extern: This class gives the reference of a global variable of function that defined
into another source file.
Program 1
#include <stdio.h>
extern float banglaMarks;
extern char name[30];
extern void showDetail(void);
main() {
banglaMarks=55;
showDetail();
}
3. Program 2
#include <stdio.h>
float banglaMarks=99.99;
char name[30]="Humayun Faridi";
void showDetail(void); // declaration
void showDetail(void){ //defination
printf("%s got %0.2f in Bangla Paper",name,banglaMarks);
}
Compile: gcc file1.c file2.c -o Main.exe
register: This will define variable that should be stored in a register instead of RAM.
You can not use & operator with this types of variables as it will not return you RAM
Address(it is stored in CPU that’s why).
Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
register int a;
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("%d",a);
return 0;
}
Scope of a Function
void function(){
//This area is considered as the Scope of this function
}