This document discusses delegates and events in C#. It explains that a delegate is an object that can refer to a method. There are four steps to using delegates: declaration, defining delegate methods, instantiation, and invocation. Delegates can be singlecast or multicast. Events are declared using an event keyword and a delegate type, and allow an object to notify other objects when an event occurs. Multicast delegates can invoke multiple methods by adding delegate instances together using + operator and removing them using - operator.

1. Delegates and Events
in C#
Dr. Neeraj Kumar Pandey
https://www.slideshare.net/nkpandey

2. Delegates
A delegate is an object that can refer to a method.
Therefore, when we create a delegate, we are creating an object
that can hold a reference to a method.
Creating and using delegates involves four steps. They include:-
• Delegate Declaration
• Delegate method definition
• Delegate instantiation
• Delegate invocation.
DelegatesandEventsinC#

3. Delegate Declaration
 A delegate declaration is a type declaration and takes the following form:-
modifier delegate return-type delegate-name (parameters);
 delegate is the keyword that signifies that the declaration represents a
class type derived from System.Delegate.
 modifier used with delegates are:- new, internal,public,private,protected.
For eg:-
delegate void SimpleDelegate();
delegate int Mathoperation(int x, int y);
public delegate int Compareitems(object obj1, object obj2);
 Delegate types are implicitly sealed.
DelegatesandEventsinC#

4. Delegate Methods
The methods whose references are encapsulated into a delegate
instances are known as delegate methods or callable entities.
The signature and return type of delegate methods must exactly
match the signature and return type of the delegate.
For eg:-
delegate void Delegate1();
can encapsulate to the following methods.
public void F1()
{
Console.WriteLine(“F1”);
}
static void F2(){}
DelegatesandEventsinC#

5. Delegate Instantiation
C# provides special syntax for instantiating their instances.
new delegate-type(expression);
delegate int productdelegate(int x, int y);//delegate declaration
static int Product(int a, int b)//delegate method
{
return (a*b);
}
productdelegate p =new productdelegate(expression);
DelegatesandEventsinC#

6. Delegate Invocation
When a delegate is invoked, it in turn invokes the method whose
reference has been encapsulated into the delegate.
delegate_object(parameters list);
for eg:-
delegate1(x,y);
double result=delegate(4.5,5.6);
DelegatesandEventsinC#

7. Types of Delegates
Single Cast Delegates.
Multi Cast Delegates.
DelegatesandEventsinC#

8. Implementing
SingleCast
Delegate
DelegatesandEventsinC#

9. Multicast Delegate
Multicast delegate can be used to invoke the multiple methods.
The delegate instance can do multicasting (adding new method on
existing delegate instance) using the + operator and – operator can
be used to remove a method from a delegate instance. All methods
will invoke in sequence as they are assigned.
Multicast delegates, also known as combinable delegates.
They must follow following conditions.
• The return type must be void
• None of the parameters of the delegate type can be declared as
output parameter.
DelegatesandEventsinC#

10. Multicast Delegate
DelegatesandEventsinC#

11. Multicast Delegate
If D is a delegate that satisfies the above conditions and d1,d2,d3 and
d4 are the instances of D, then the statements.
d3=d1+d2;//d3 refers to two methods.
d4=d3-d2;//d4 refers to only d1 method.
Delegates are invoked in the order they are added.
DelegatesandEventsinC#

12. Events
An event is a delegate type class member that is used by the object
or class to provide a notification to other objects that an event has
occurred.
Events are declared using the simple event declaration format as
follows:-
modifier event type event-name;
The modifier may be a new , static , override , abstract and sealed.
For eg:-
public event EventHandler Click;
EventHandler is a delegate and Click is an event.
DelegatesandEventsinC#

13. Events
DelegatesandEventsinC#

14. Reference:
• E. Balaguruswami “Programming in C#”
DelegatesandEventsinC#