The document provides an overview of key concepts in C# programming including: 1) It describes the basic parts of a C# program including the class name, main method, and statements like Console.WriteLine. 2) It explains data types in C# like integer, floating point, decimal, and character types along with their sizes in memory. 3) It discusses literals, variables, identifiers, keywords, and implicit/explicit casting between data types.

1. Software Development Training Program KAZIM HUSSAIN

2. First C# Program using System; public class First { public static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine(“I belong to Operation Badar”); } }

3. Parts of a C# Program Class Name public class First Main method public static void Main(string[] args) Statements Console.WriteLine(“I belong to Operation Badar”);

4. Bits and Bytes Bit is the smallest unit of storage Bit is a digit that can have only two values: ‘0’ or ‘1’ A byte is made up of 8 “bits” 1 Byte 8 Bits 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1

5. Memory allocation 10011001 11111001 01110101 10010101 11000001 10111001 01001110 11000101 Main Memory

6. Types of Data: “ Datatypes ” Data types are very important in every language for storing and manipulating data Different kinds of data exist All have different features hence difference requirements Nature of data determines its “type”

7. Datatypes and size in memory Integer Types C# Keyword Size bits/bytes Signed/ Unsigned Type in System Range sbyte 8 bits / 1 byte signed SByte -128 to 127 byte 8 bits / 1 byte unsigned Byte 0 to 255 short 16 bits / 2 bytes signed Int16 -32765 to 32768 ushort 16 bits / 2 bytes unsigned UInt16 0 to 65535 int 32 bits / 4 bytes signed Int32 -2147483648 to 2147483647 uint 32 bits / 4 bytes unsigned UInt32 0 to 4294967195 long 64 bits / 8 bytes signed Int64 -9223373036854775808 to -9223373036854775807 ulong 64 bits / 8 bytes unsigned UInt64 0 to 18446744073709551615

8. Datatypes and size in memory Floating-Point and Decimal Types C# Keyword Size bits/bytes Significant Figures Type in System Range float 32 bits / 4 bytes 7 Single -3.40282347E38 to 3.40282347E38 1.5 * 10 -45 to 3.4 * 10 38 double 64 bits / 8 bytes 15 Double -1.7976931348623157E308 to 1.7976931348623157E308 5.0 * 10 -324 to 1.7 * 10 308 decimal 96 bits / 12 bytes 28 Decimal -79228162514264337593543950335 to 79228162514264337593543950335 1.0 * 10 -28 to 7.9 * 10 28

9. Datatypes and size in memory Character Types Boolean Types C# Keyword Size bits/bytes Type in System Value bool 8 bits / 1 byte Boolean true and false C# Keyword Size bits/bytes Type in System Value char 16 bits / 2 bytes Char All Unicode Character

10. Literals A value of any kind is called a literal Integer literals int count = 2250; / long = 7854214; Floating point literals double d=2.5 E-5.0; / decimal f = 34.34m; Character literals char c=‘B’; Boolean literals bool b=false; // also ‘true’

11. Literals NOTE : All the integer types are considered int or long type by default. All the floating point types are considered double by default. So if you want to store 4.4 in float datatype you can not write this: - float f = 4.4; / decimal d = 4.4; Instead you write float f = 4.4f; decimal d = 4.4m; This way you explicitly tell the compiler to treat 4.4 as float.

12. Literals If you want to add two byte or short like: byte a = 5; byte b = 5; byte c = a+b; Instead you write byte a = 5; byte b = 5; int c = a+b;

13. Binary Representation Decimal Numbers Binary numbers Conversion of decimal numbers into binary Conversion of binary numbers into decimal numbers

14. What is a Variable? `vary` -able means change- able The variable is the basic unit of storage. A variable is defined by the combination of a type, variable name and an optional initializer. In c# all variables must be declared before they can be used. int a = 4; Type Name Initial value

15. Example Some variable declarations examples: - 1. int a = 3; 2. int x,y,z; x = 4; y = 6; z = 3; 3. char c = ‘a’; 4. bool b = true; 5. double d = 44.4, v = 43.3;

16. What is a Identifier? Identifiers are used to name variables, classes, interfaces, methods, and other elements. An identifier is a sequence of characters that starts with an underscore ( _ ), or a letter. Subsequent characters may contain these characters plus the digits 0 through 9.

17. Rules for Identifiers A-Z, a-z, 0-9,_,@ Must not start with digit So followings are valid identifiers: - _minute total Sum4 Hello67_hello @abc_34 _34343

18. Invalid Identifiers Followings are invalid identifiers: - &total Minute# 4hour @12hello [email_address] $asdfa

19. Identifiers Both uppercase and lowercase letters can be used in an identifier. Because C# is case sensitive, therefore these are treated as different identifiers: - Total total TOTAL toTal

20. What is a Keyword? abstract default foreach null sealed uint as delegate goto object short ulong base do if operator sizeof unchecked bool double implicit out stackalloc unsafe break else in override static ushort byte enum int params string using case event interface private struct virtual catch explicit internal protected switch void checked extern is public this while class false lock readonly throw const finally long ref true continue fixed namespace return try decimal float new sbyte typeof

21. Casting / Conversion Implicit casting When one type of data is assigned to the other type of variable, an automatic type conversion occurs if left hand type is larger than the right hand type. This conversion is sometimes called widening conversion since you are converting small value to large value.

22. Casting / Conversion byte a = 5; int b = a; long c = b; double d = c; All the above are implicit type casting examples. The right hand side is smaller than the left hand side

23. Casting / Conversion Explicit casting When you want to assign a larger value to a smaller value, you can not do it without explicitly casting it using the cast operator. This conversion is sometimes called narrowing conversion since you are explicitly making the value narrower to fit into the small size. The syntax for explicit casting is: target variable = (target) value;

24. Casting / Conversion NOTE : When you explicitly cast large value to small value some information may be lost. For example, when floating point value is assigned to an integer the fractional part is lost int a = 5; byte b = a; The second line will cause error. You can cast the second line like this using cast operator. byte b = (byte) a;