1. Gain experience in C-Programming of an ARM microcontroller
2. Gain experience the CCS ARM development environment and debugging features.
3. Gain experience writing UART serial communication protocol.
A basic radio system consists of several key components:
1) Amplifiers are used in both transmitters and receivers to increase signal strength. Transmitter amplifiers boost the signal sent to the antenna while receiver amplifiers strengthen incoming weak signals.
2) Oscillators produce the carrier frequencies needed for transmission and reception using techniques like LC tank circuits and feedback. Crystal oscillators provide a more accurate frequency.
3) Modulators combine audio and radio frequencies to transmit information while demodulators separate these signals for audio output.
4) Filters, antennas, and tuning circuits work together to select the desired frequency and reject interference.
The document provides an overview of the Laplace transform including:
- Definitions of the Laplace transform and inverse Laplace transform
- Transform pairs for common functions like unit step, unit impulse, exponentials, sinusoids
- Properties for time shifting, frequency shifting, differentiation, integration
- Theorems for finding the initial value and final value of a function from its Laplace transform
- Examples of using the Laplace transform and its properties
The document provides an overview of digital control systems, including the sampling process and Z-transform. It defines digital and analog signals, and explains how data acquisition works by sampling analog signals and converting them to digital values using analog-to-digital converters. Examples are given of number systems, signal conditioning, and the sampling process theory. Matlab samples are also provided to demonstrate continuous and discrete signals.
The document discusses Fourier series. A Fourier series expresses a periodic function as an infinite sum of sines and cosines. It is named after Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier who made important contributions to studying trigonometric series. A Fourier series breaks down a function into its constituent frequencies and determines the contribution of each frequency to the overall signal. The formula, properties, examples, advantages, and applications of Fourier series are provided.
1. The document defines the Fourier series as an expansion of a function in a series of sines and cosines.
2. Fourier series can be used to represent even functions as a cosine series and odd functions as a sine series.
3. Examples are provided of calculating the Fourier coefficients for different functions, including finding the Fourier series of the function f(x)=x on the interval [0,π].
Registers are groups of flip-flops that can store multi-bit words. An n-bit register consists of n flip-flops that can store an n-bit word. Registers come in different types depending on whether data is entered in serial or parallel form, including serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, and parallel-in parallel-out. Counters are sequential circuits used for counting pulses and come in asynchronous and synchronous types, with synchronous counters being faster but asynchronous counters not requiring simultaneous clocking.
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over the past 70 years. It outlines some of the key milestones in AI research including the creation of logic theories, machine learning algorithms, and neural networks. Recent advances in deep learning have helped AI systems match and even surpass human-level performance in certain domains like image recognition and natural language processing.
The document discusses the configuration of a Base Station Controller (BSC) in a GSM network. It describes:
1) The BSC controls radio resources in Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) and together with BTSs forms the Base Station System (BSS) responsible for radio network management and configuration.
2) A BSC can be configured as a standalone BSC, a combined BSC/Transcoder Controller (TRC), or with a separate standalone TRC node to handle speech coding.
3) The BSC/TRC is suitable for medium to high capacity networks and can handle up to 1,020 transceivers, while the standalone BSC is
A basic radio system consists of several key components:
1) Amplifiers are used in both transmitters and receivers to increase signal strength. Transmitter amplifiers boost the signal sent to the antenna while receiver amplifiers strengthen incoming weak signals.
2) Oscillators produce the carrier frequencies needed for transmission and reception using techniques like LC tank circuits and feedback. Crystal oscillators provide a more accurate frequency.
3) Modulators combine audio and radio frequencies to transmit information while demodulators separate these signals for audio output.
4) Filters, antennas, and tuning circuits work together to select the desired frequency and reject interference.
The document provides an overview of the Laplace transform including:
- Definitions of the Laplace transform and inverse Laplace transform
- Transform pairs for common functions like unit step, unit impulse, exponentials, sinusoids
- Properties for time shifting, frequency shifting, differentiation, integration
- Theorems for finding the initial value and final value of a function from its Laplace transform
- Examples of using the Laplace transform and its properties
The document provides an overview of digital control systems, including the sampling process and Z-transform. It defines digital and analog signals, and explains how data acquisition works by sampling analog signals and converting them to digital values using analog-to-digital converters. Examples are given of number systems, signal conditioning, and the sampling process theory. Matlab samples are also provided to demonstrate continuous and discrete signals.
The document discusses Fourier series. A Fourier series expresses a periodic function as an infinite sum of sines and cosines. It is named after Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier who made important contributions to studying trigonometric series. A Fourier series breaks down a function into its constituent frequencies and determines the contribution of each frequency to the overall signal. The formula, properties, examples, advantages, and applications of Fourier series are provided.
1. The document defines the Fourier series as an expansion of a function in a series of sines and cosines.
2. Fourier series can be used to represent even functions as a cosine series and odd functions as a sine series.
3. Examples are provided of calculating the Fourier coefficients for different functions, including finding the Fourier series of the function f(x)=x on the interval [0,π].
Registers are groups of flip-flops that can store multi-bit words. An n-bit register consists of n flip-flops that can store an n-bit word. Registers come in different types depending on whether data is entered in serial or parallel form, including serial-in serial-out, serial-in parallel-out, parallel-in serial-out, and parallel-in parallel-out. Counters are sequential circuits used for counting pulses and come in asynchronous and synchronous types, with synchronous counters being faster but asynchronous counters not requiring simultaneous clocking.
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over the past 70 years. It outlines some of the key milestones in AI research including the creation of logic theories, machine learning algorithms, and neural networks. Recent advances in deep learning have helped AI systems match and even surpass human-level performance in certain domains like image recognition and natural language processing.
The document discusses the configuration of a Base Station Controller (BSC) in a GSM network. It describes:
1) The BSC controls radio resources in Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) and together with BTSs forms the Base Station System (BSS) responsible for radio network management and configuration.
2) A BSC can be configured as a standalone BSC, a combined BSC/Transcoder Controller (TRC), or with a separate standalone TRC node to handle speech coding.
3) The BSC/TRC is suitable for medium to high capacity networks and can handle up to 1,020 transceivers, while the standalone BSC is
This third webinar discusses the fundamentals of LTE Carriers and how LTE mobiles communicate with the network including what factors affect performance.
Partial fraction decomposition for inverse laplace transformVishalsagar657
This document discusses partial fraction decomposition for inverse Laplace transforms. It begins with an introduction to partial fraction decomposition and why it is useful for integration. It then covers various cases for partial fraction decomposition of inverse Laplace transforms, including when the denominator is a quadratic with two real roots, a double root, or complex conjugate roots. It also covers the case when the denominator is a cubic with one real and two complex conjugate roots. The goal is to decompose the function into simpler forms that can be easily inverted using the Laplace transform table.
1. The document discusses transmission lines and their characteristics including different types of transmission lines, distributed circuit models, transmission line equations, and phasor analysis.
2. It also covers topics such as impedance matching, transmission line parameters, wavelength, wave velocity, and signal propagation on transmission lines.
3. Examples of wavelength and wave velocity for different materials at frequencies of 1 GHz and 10 GHz are provided.
The document discusses VoLTE optimization services including RAN and EPC analysis using various tools. It details accomplishments like optimizing sites for carriers and analyzing problems like VoLTE drop issues. The key services described are VoLTE parameter audits, drive log analysis, UETR analysis, and end-to-end VoLTE call tracing. Case studies provided examine issues like QCI profile not defined, RRC drops without VoLTE drops, and improvements gained from features like ICIC and parameter changes.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1) The open-loop transfer function is given as:
G(s) = Kv/s
2) To reduce overshoot, we need to add a compensator to increase the damping. A lag compensator is suitable here.
3) A lag compensator has the transfer function:
Gc(s) = (s+z)/(s+p)
4) To reduce overshoot to less than 20%, we choose z=0.1 and p=0.05
5) The closed-loop transfer function is:
T(s) = Kv(s+0.1)/(s(s+0.05))
Sigtran and SS7 over IP technologies allow the transport of SS7 signaling over an IP network. Sigtran defines protocols like SCTP and M3UA that encapsulate SS7 and ensure reliable delivery over IP. A phased deployment strategy migrates SS7 links onto IP in stages to test performance before full conversion. Testing focuses on priority, failure handling, latency, and interoperability to ensure equivalent functionality over IP.
Verilog HDL (Hardware Description Language) Training Course for self-taught instructional. User should be familiar with basic digital and logic design. Helpful to have a Verilog simulator while going through examples.
This document describes a project to design a PRBS (pseudo-random binary sequence) generator module using PSpice. A group of 4 students submitted the project, which involved implementing a 4-bit linear feedback shift register (LFSR) to generate pseudo-random sequences. Theoretical calculations were shown for different feedback configurations. Simulation results demonstrated the output sequences for feedback from different bit combinations. The project also discussed applications of PRBS and potential extensions, such as generating desired sequences using a parallel-to-serial converter.
Laplace transform is used to solve ordinary differential equations, analyze electrical circuits, and process signals in communication systems and digital signal processing. It can also be used to model control systems, analyze heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, conduct nuclear physics, model road bumps in traffic engineering for speed control of vehicles, and has applications in spectrum frequency response, moment generating functions, economics, and network analysis mixing problems.
This document summarizes four problems completed in a lab using a Tiva C Series microcontroller. Problem 1 introduced the microcontroller and Code Composer Studio software. Problem 2 described header files used in the code. Problem 3 explored adjusting clock speeds. Problem 4 provided an overview of the microcontroller platform, peripheral drivers library, and GPIO module. The code caused three LEDs to blink by writing pin values using delays timed based on clock speed.
This document describes experiments with analog to digital converters (ADCs) using an 8-bit and 10-bit converter to read voltage input and display the results on a 7-segment LED display. It provides algorithms and code for initializing the ADC, taking samples, and performing conversions to extract the digital values for display. Procedures are outlined for 8-bit and 10-bit conversions using interrupts or polling and arithmetic operations to handle the 10-bit values.
The document summarizes a technical workshop on wireless sensor networks. It provides an overview of the hardware and software used, including the Tmote Sky and EE sensor nodes, the iNode embedded PCs, and the TinyOS software platform. It also describes the Job scheduling system and iPlatform that are used to define and run experiments on the testbed.
Embedded C is a subset of the C programming language used for embedded systems that excludes large features and focuses on efficiency; it uses preprocessor directives, handles variables in local and global scopes, and can pass parameters by value or reference. Embedded C++ further restricts C++ for embedded use by removing features like multiple inheritance and runtime type identification. The document discusses optimizing embedded C and C++ code, common patterns like super loop architectures, and guidelines for writing embedded C code.
This document summarizes a project to design a speed control system for a DC motor using a microcontroller. The system controls the motor speed at a desired speed regardless of load changes. It uses an AT89C52 microcontroller programmed using KEIL uVision to control the motor speed based on input from an optical encoder. The microcontroller code interfaces with an LCD display and keypad for input/output. An application software in Visual Basic collects and logs temperature data received from the microcontroller system via serial communication.
This document provides instructions for building a simple weather station demo using a QuecPython board. The demo measures temperature, humidity, and light intensity using sensors. It displays the readings on an LCD and automatically switches the LCD between light and dark themes based on the ambient light level. The demo code imports sensor libraries, initializes the sensors, prints readings, handles measurement units for display, and includes logic to switch the LCD theme when the light level crosses a threshold. Users need a QuecPython board, sensors, an LCD, jumper wires and the demo code to replicate this project.
The document discusses C programming for PIC microcontrollers. It covers the standard structure of a C program, including comments, header files, configuration bits, functions, and function bodies. It also discusses various C data types like unsigned char, signed char, unsigned int, and signed int. Examples are provided to illustrate how to use these data types and write C programs that toggle ports on a PIC microcontroller. The outcomes are for students to understand C programming languages for PIC18, the structure of C programs for PIC18, and common C data types used for PIC microcontrollers.
The document discusses C programming for PIC microcontrollers. It covers the reasons for using C over assembly, the standard structure of a C program including comments, header files, configuration bits, functions, and function bodies. It also discusses various C data types like unsigned char, signed char, unsigned int, signed int, and others; and provides examples of using these data types in programs.
This document is a project report on a temperature controller and display circuit created by students at Ganpat University. The circuit uses an AT89S52 microcontroller to interface with an ADC0804 analog-to-digital converter and LCD display to measure temperature from a LM35 sensor, display the current temperature, and control a relay and buzzer based on a setpoint temperature entered by the user. The circuit and programming allow the user to increment and decrement the setpoint temperature using switches and trigger an alarm if the current temperature exceeds the setpoint.
This document contains Arduino code to log accelerometer and gyroscope sensor data to an SD card. It initializes the SD card, sets up the gyroscope sensor with I2C communication, and takes readings from the accelerometer and gyroscope in a loop. The readings are appended to a string and written to an SD card file and serial port for logging. It converts the accelerometer data to g-forces and calculates the gyroscope rotation rate and angle from the readings.
Function pointers allow a function to be passed as an argument to another function. The document discusses different types of function pointers in C like near pointers, far pointers, and huge pointers. It also discusses how function pointers allow implementing operations like search and sort using callbacks rather than switch statements. Passing functions as arguments provides flexibility and replaces long repetitive code with jump tables.
This presentation discusses an embedded system project to control a fan based on temperature. It includes:
- An overview of Skyphi Technologies, an organization that provides training in embedded systems and other domains.
- A definition of embedded systems and examples like ATMs, aircraft systems, and more.
- An introduction to the AVR microcontroller and its features like the ATmega8, programming tools, and pin diagram.
- Explanations of embedded C programming structure, I/O ports, registers, and programming the AVR microcontroller.
- Details of the temperature controlled fan project including components, working principle, circuit diagram, and code overview.
- Applications of the temperature controlled fan
This document discusses analog and digital signals and data conversion between the two. It explains that analog signals can take on a continuous range of values while digital signals are discrete. It then discusses analog and digital circuits, with analog circuits having analog inputs and outputs and digital having digital. Digital circuits offer advantages like reliability, easy design and storage. The document goes on to discuss digital signals on aircraft, which take on discrete binary values, and examples like whether the plane is on the ground. It also discusses different types of computers on aircraft like interactive, reference, storage and controlling computers. It finishes with explanations of analog to digital and digital to analog converters, their specifications and examples like temperature sensors.
This third webinar discusses the fundamentals of LTE Carriers and how LTE mobiles communicate with the network including what factors affect performance.
Partial fraction decomposition for inverse laplace transformVishalsagar657
This document discusses partial fraction decomposition for inverse Laplace transforms. It begins with an introduction to partial fraction decomposition and why it is useful for integration. It then covers various cases for partial fraction decomposition of inverse Laplace transforms, including when the denominator is a quadratic with two real roots, a double root, or complex conjugate roots. It also covers the case when the denominator is a cubic with one real and two complex conjugate roots. The goal is to decompose the function into simpler forms that can be easily inverted using the Laplace transform table.
1. The document discusses transmission lines and their characteristics including different types of transmission lines, distributed circuit models, transmission line equations, and phasor analysis.
2. It also covers topics such as impedance matching, transmission line parameters, wavelength, wave velocity, and signal propagation on transmission lines.
3. Examples of wavelength and wave velocity for different materials at frequencies of 1 GHz and 10 GHz are provided.
The document discusses VoLTE optimization services including RAN and EPC analysis using various tools. It details accomplishments like optimizing sites for carriers and analyzing problems like VoLTE drop issues. The key services described are VoLTE parameter audits, drive log analysis, UETR analysis, and end-to-end VoLTE call tracing. Case studies provided examine issues like QCI profile not defined, RRC drops without VoLTE drops, and improvements gained from features like ICIC and parameter changes.
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
1) The open-loop transfer function is given as:
G(s) = Kv/s
2) To reduce overshoot, we need to add a compensator to increase the damping. A lag compensator is suitable here.
3) A lag compensator has the transfer function:
Gc(s) = (s+z)/(s+p)
4) To reduce overshoot to less than 20%, we choose z=0.1 and p=0.05
5) The closed-loop transfer function is:
T(s) = Kv(s+0.1)/(s(s+0.05))
Sigtran and SS7 over IP technologies allow the transport of SS7 signaling over an IP network. Sigtran defines protocols like SCTP and M3UA that encapsulate SS7 and ensure reliable delivery over IP. A phased deployment strategy migrates SS7 links onto IP in stages to test performance before full conversion. Testing focuses on priority, failure handling, latency, and interoperability to ensure equivalent functionality over IP.
Verilog HDL (Hardware Description Language) Training Course for self-taught instructional. User should be familiar with basic digital and logic design. Helpful to have a Verilog simulator while going through examples.
This document describes a project to design a PRBS (pseudo-random binary sequence) generator module using PSpice. A group of 4 students submitted the project, which involved implementing a 4-bit linear feedback shift register (LFSR) to generate pseudo-random sequences. Theoretical calculations were shown for different feedback configurations. Simulation results demonstrated the output sequences for feedback from different bit combinations. The project also discussed applications of PRBS and potential extensions, such as generating desired sequences using a parallel-to-serial converter.
Laplace transform is used to solve ordinary differential equations, analyze electrical circuits, and process signals in communication systems and digital signal processing. It can also be used to model control systems, analyze heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, conduct nuclear physics, model road bumps in traffic engineering for speed control of vehicles, and has applications in spectrum frequency response, moment generating functions, economics, and network analysis mixing problems.
This document summarizes four problems completed in a lab using a Tiva C Series microcontroller. Problem 1 introduced the microcontroller and Code Composer Studio software. Problem 2 described header files used in the code. Problem 3 explored adjusting clock speeds. Problem 4 provided an overview of the microcontroller platform, peripheral drivers library, and GPIO module. The code caused three LEDs to blink by writing pin values using delays timed based on clock speed.
This document describes experiments with analog to digital converters (ADCs) using an 8-bit and 10-bit converter to read voltage input and display the results on a 7-segment LED display. It provides algorithms and code for initializing the ADC, taking samples, and performing conversions to extract the digital values for display. Procedures are outlined for 8-bit and 10-bit conversions using interrupts or polling and arithmetic operations to handle the 10-bit values.
The document summarizes a technical workshop on wireless sensor networks. It provides an overview of the hardware and software used, including the Tmote Sky and EE sensor nodes, the iNode embedded PCs, and the TinyOS software platform. It also describes the Job scheduling system and iPlatform that are used to define and run experiments on the testbed.
Embedded C is a subset of the C programming language used for embedded systems that excludes large features and focuses on efficiency; it uses preprocessor directives, handles variables in local and global scopes, and can pass parameters by value or reference. Embedded C++ further restricts C++ for embedded use by removing features like multiple inheritance and runtime type identification. The document discusses optimizing embedded C and C++ code, common patterns like super loop architectures, and guidelines for writing embedded C code.
This document summarizes a project to design a speed control system for a DC motor using a microcontroller. The system controls the motor speed at a desired speed regardless of load changes. It uses an AT89C52 microcontroller programmed using KEIL uVision to control the motor speed based on input from an optical encoder. The microcontroller code interfaces with an LCD display and keypad for input/output. An application software in Visual Basic collects and logs temperature data received from the microcontroller system via serial communication.
This document provides instructions for building a simple weather station demo using a QuecPython board. The demo measures temperature, humidity, and light intensity using sensors. It displays the readings on an LCD and automatically switches the LCD between light and dark themes based on the ambient light level. The demo code imports sensor libraries, initializes the sensors, prints readings, handles measurement units for display, and includes logic to switch the LCD theme when the light level crosses a threshold. Users need a QuecPython board, sensors, an LCD, jumper wires and the demo code to replicate this project.
The document discusses C programming for PIC microcontrollers. It covers the standard structure of a C program, including comments, header files, configuration bits, functions, and function bodies. It also discusses various C data types like unsigned char, signed char, unsigned int, and signed int. Examples are provided to illustrate how to use these data types and write C programs that toggle ports on a PIC microcontroller. The outcomes are for students to understand C programming languages for PIC18, the structure of C programs for PIC18, and common C data types used for PIC microcontrollers.
The document discusses C programming for PIC microcontrollers. It covers the reasons for using C over assembly, the standard structure of a C program including comments, header files, configuration bits, functions, and function bodies. It also discusses various C data types like unsigned char, signed char, unsigned int, signed int, and others; and provides examples of using these data types in programs.
This document is a project report on a temperature controller and display circuit created by students at Ganpat University. The circuit uses an AT89S52 microcontroller to interface with an ADC0804 analog-to-digital converter and LCD display to measure temperature from a LM35 sensor, display the current temperature, and control a relay and buzzer based on a setpoint temperature entered by the user. The circuit and programming allow the user to increment and decrement the setpoint temperature using switches and trigger an alarm if the current temperature exceeds the setpoint.
This document contains Arduino code to log accelerometer and gyroscope sensor data to an SD card. It initializes the SD card, sets up the gyroscope sensor with I2C communication, and takes readings from the accelerometer and gyroscope in a loop. The readings are appended to a string and written to an SD card file and serial port for logging. It converts the accelerometer data to g-forces and calculates the gyroscope rotation rate and angle from the readings.
Function pointers allow a function to be passed as an argument to another function. The document discusses different types of function pointers in C like near pointers, far pointers, and huge pointers. It also discusses how function pointers allow implementing operations like search and sort using callbacks rather than switch statements. Passing functions as arguments provides flexibility and replaces long repetitive code with jump tables.
This presentation discusses an embedded system project to control a fan based on temperature. It includes:
- An overview of Skyphi Technologies, an organization that provides training in embedded systems and other domains.
- A definition of embedded systems and examples like ATMs, aircraft systems, and more.
- An introduction to the AVR microcontroller and its features like the ATmega8, programming tools, and pin diagram.
- Explanations of embedded C programming structure, I/O ports, registers, and programming the AVR microcontroller.
- Details of the temperature controlled fan project including components, working principle, circuit diagram, and code overview.
- Applications of the temperature controlled fan
This document discusses analog and digital signals and data conversion between the two. It explains that analog signals can take on a continuous range of values while digital signals are discrete. It then discusses analog and digital circuits, with analog circuits having analog inputs and outputs and digital having digital. Digital circuits offer advantages like reliability, easy design and storage. The document goes on to discuss digital signals on aircraft, which take on discrete binary values, and examples like whether the plane is on the ground. It also discusses different types of computers on aircraft like interactive, reference, storage and controlling computers. It finishes with explanations of analog to digital and digital to analog converters, their specifications and examples like temperature sensors.
Analysis of Haiku Operating System (BeOS Family) by PVS-Studio. Part 2PVS-Studio
The document summarizes analysis of the Haiku operating system using the PVS-Studio static analyzer. Various bugs and issues were detected, including: incorrect string handling, bad loops, improper use of variables with the same name, array overruns, unsafe memory handling, and other logical errors. The analyzer identified multiple areas for improvement to enhance code quality and eliminate potential bugs.
PLEASE HELP!Modify the source code to implement the followingCh.pdfforecastfashions
The code is modified to change the LED color based on button presses. Pushing the left button changes the LED to red. Pushing the right button changes the LED to green. Pushing both buttons together changes the LED to blue. Additional functionality is added to sample an analog signal and display the value and digital input on the UART.
1. Embedded C requires compilers to create files that can be downloaded and run on microcontrollers, while C compilers typically generate OS-dependent executables for desktop computers.
2. Embedded systems often have real-time constraints and limited memory/power that are usually not concerns for desktop applications.
3. Programming for embedded systems requires optimally using limited resources and satisfying real-time constraints, which is done using the basic C syntax and function libraries but with an embedded/hardware-oriented mindset.
The document describes various functions available for the Nano 5 card including I2C communication, LCD display control, analog and digital I/O, ADC, DAC, timers, PWM, flash memory, real-time clock, and interfacing with a Raspberry Pi. It provides code examples to initialize and use functions for I2C, LCD, analog input, digital I/O, UART communication, flash memory reading and writing, and real-time clock time setting and reading. Diagrams depict the hardware setup and connections for testing various functions.
This document provides an overview and agenda for a presentation on the ARM Cortex-M4 embedded system and the Tiva TM4C123GH6PM microcontroller. The presentation covers the microcontroller overview, general purpose input/outputs, bitwise operators, the system timer SysTick, delay libraries, and interfacing with the 74595 chip. The agenda includes slides on each of these topics.
This document provides an overview of CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machining. It discusses the basic components and control functions of a CNC machine, including machine codes, spindle control, tooling, axis control, drilling cycles, linear and circular interpolation. Key points:
- CNC machines use G-code commands to control automated machining along programmed paths at specified feed rates and spindle speeds.
- Common codes control functions like spindle rotation, tool changes, axis motion in absolute or incremental modes, drilling cycles, and linear/circular interpolation.
- Linear interpolation moves multiple axes simultaneously to cut along a straight path. Circular interpolation performs arc cuts by controlling step rates based on the arc center point and radius
1. Embedded C requires compilers to create executable files that can be downloaded and run on microcontrollers, while C compilers typically generate code for operating systems on desktop computers.
2. Embedded systems often have real-time constraints and limited memory and other resources that require more optimization, unlike most desktop applications.
3. Programming for embedded systems focuses on optimally using limited resources and satisfying timing requirements using basic C constructs and function libraries.
Similar to C programming of an ARM microcontroller and writing UART serial communication protocol. (20)
Dahua provides a comprehensive guide on how to install their security camera systems. Learn about the different types of cameras and system components, as well as the installation process.
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Automotive Engine Valve Manufacturing Plant Project Report.pptxSmith Anderson
The report provides a complete roadmap for setting up an Automotive Engine Valve. It covers a comprehensive market overview to micro-level information such as unit operations involved, raw material requirements, utility requirements, infrastructure requirements, machinery and technology requirements, manpower requirements, packaging requirements, transportation requirements, etc.
Top-Quality AC Service for Mini Cooper Optimal Cooling PerformanceMotor Haus
Ensure your Mini Cooper stays cool and comfortable with our top-quality AC service. Our expert technicians provide comprehensive maintenance, repairs, and performance optimization, guaranteeing reliable cooling and peak efficiency. Trust us for quick, professional service that keeps your Mini Cooper's air conditioning system in top condition, ensuring a pleasant driving experience year-round.
C programming of an ARM microcontroller and writing UART serial communication protocol.
1. AENG 505 – INTRO TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Dr. Jaerock Kwon
Experiment-3
Serial Communication, C Programming
Nipun Kumar – 31440148
2. Objectives:
● To gain experience in C-Programming of an ARM microcontroller
● To gain experience the CCS ARM development environment and debugging
features.
● To gain experience writing UART serial communication protocol.
Experiment Result:
Q1) Show your solution, (i) your implementation of convertToFahrenheit(), (ii) your
implementation of PrintTemps(), and (iii) a screenshot of the terminal output.
Ans:
//This function converts the 32bit unsigned value representation of Celsius
//Temperature from the ADC and converts it to Farenheit
uint32_t convertToFahrenheit ( uint32_t TempC)
{
//Conversion from Celsius to Fahrenheit
uint32_t TempF=(TempC*(9.0/5.0))+32;
return TempF;
}
The ‘convertToFahrenheit’ function takes input as temperature in Celsius and converts it into
temperature value in Fahrenheit by using the formula TempF=(TempC*(9.0/5.0))+32’. Then
it returns the calculated value from function.
//This function prints the temperatures in both Celsius and Fahrenheit to the
console in an easy human readable format.
void PrintTemps (uint32_t TempC)
{
UARTprintf("Temperature in Celsius = %3d*Cn", TempC);
UARTprintf("Temperature in Fahrenheit = %3d*Fn", convertToFahrenheit(TempC));
}
The ‘PrintTemps’ function takes input as temperature in Celsius and prints the value in first
line. In second line it prints the value returned after calling the function
‘convertToFahrenheit(TempC)’ i.e., temperature in Celsius. The output in Terminal window
after calling ‘PrintTemps’ function is shown as below.
3. Q2) Show and discuss your software function that decodes the received character and
reacts accordingly. Also, record a video demonstration for this part.
Ans: When a character is inputted in terminal window, it is saved in UART0_BASE address.
So, if there is any input, it enters the first if loop and saves the character into InputChar variable.
When ‘C’ or ‘F’ is entered , temperature is calculated by averaging four values and converts
into digital and calls PrintTemps function. Based on the letter ‘C’ or ‘F’ input, it prints the
temperature value in Celsius or Fahrenheit respectively by taking two inputs of TempC and
Input character.
If character ‘G’ is received, it enters the third If loop which calls toggleGreenLED() function
to turn on or off the green led. Prototypes for newly added functions ‘toggleGreenLED()’ and
‘InitPortF()’ in main.c file must be entered.
OUTPUT
4. • Recorded video for the same is present in below link
https://youtube.com/shorts/eEJTT30kyF4?feature=share
• Code inside the while infinite loop with above discussed logic is shown below:
while(1)
{
// Check whether UART0_BASE is nonzero which happens when any character is
input in terminal window.
if(UARTCharsAvail(UART0_BASE)){
// Store the character as InputChar variable
InputChar = UARTCharGetNonBlocking (UART0_BASE);
// Check for reading from temperature sensor only when C or F is entered
if (InputChar == 'C' || InputChar == 'F'){
// Trigger the ADC conversion.
ADCProcessorTrigger(ADC0_BASE, 1);
// Wait for conversion to be completed.
while(!ADCIntStatus(ADC0_BASE, 1, false))
{
}
// Clear the ADC interrupt flag.
ADCIntClear(ADC0_BASE, 1);
// Read ADC Values.
ADCSequenceDataGet(ADC0_BASE, 1, ui32ADC0Value);
//Average the 4 Samples
ui32TempAvg = (ui32ADC0Value[0] + ui32ADC0Value[1] +
ui32ADC0Value[2] + ui32ADC0Value[3] + 2)/4;
//Convert Raw Data to Temp Celsius
ui32TempValueC = (1475 - ((2475 * ui32TempAvg)) / 4096)/10;
// Display the temperature value on the console.
PrintTemps(ui32TempValueC,InputChar);
}
// Enter into the if loop only when G is received and toggle the Green LED
if (InputChar == 'G'){
toggleGreenLED();
}
}
// This function provides a means of generating a constant length
// delay. The function delay (in cycles) = 3 * parameter. Delay
// 250ms arbitrarily.
//
SysCtlDelay(SysCtlClockGet() / clkscalevalue);
Below shown is the code for PrintTemps function:
//This function prints the temperatures in Celsius or Fahrenheit based on Char
variable value, to the console in an easy human readable format.
void PrintTemps (uint32_t TempC, uint8_t Char)
{
5. if(Char=='C'){
UARTprintf("Temperature = %3d*Cn", TempC);
}
if(Char=='F') {
UARTprintf("Temperature = %3d*Fn", convertToFahrenheit(TempC));
}
}
Q3) Show the GPIO initialization routine. Comment on how this compared to the
assembly GPIO initialization functions used in experiments 1 and 2.
Ans:
1. The first step is to set the clock bit related to Port F (5th
bit in SYSCTL_RCGC2_R)
• . Using Tivaware it can be done with the help of inbuilt function
SysCtlPeripheralEnable(SYSCTL_PERIPH_GPIOF);
• The same functionality was done with the help of registers and ORR operation
manually in assembly code.
2. Wait until the clock gets activated with the help of while loop in C language code.
while(!SysCtlPeripheralReady(SYSCTL_PERIPH_GPIOF))
{}
3. Set the LEDs as output(One-Positive Logic) and switches as input(Zero bit-Negative
Logic)which needs the GPIO_PORTF_DIR_R bits to be set accordingly. Below two
functions are used in Tivaware to set the direction of switches and LED.
//Sets pins 1,2,3 as outputs
GPIOPinTypeGPIOOutput(GPIO_PORTF_BASE,GPIO_PIN_1|GPIO_PIN_2|GPIO_PIN_3);
//Sets pins 4,0 as inputs
GPIODirModeSet(GPIO_PORTF_BASE, GPIO_PIN_4|GPIO_PIN_0, GPIO_DIR_MODE_IN);
• In assembly language, GPIO_PORTF_DIR_R address value is set to 0x0E to set
the direction for switches and LEDs
4. Set the drive strength and enable weak pull up resistors for switches using the below
function in TivaWare.
GPIOPadConfigSet(GPIO_PORTF_BASE, GPIO_PIN_4|GPIO_PIN_0, GPIO_STRENGTH_4MA,
GPIO_PIN_TYPE_STD_WPU);
• In assembly language, GPIO_PORTF_PUR_R address value is set to 0x11 to
enable the pull up resistors for switches.
6. Q4) Discuss how the compiled assembly code compares to the code written in C? How
many assembly instructions does the conversion from Celsius to Fahrenheit require?
Ans:
Below is the assembly code written by the compiler for the function convertToFahrenheit():
• Since assembly code uses registers to perform any kind of arithmetic operation,
compiler dedicates certain registers in this case, r0,r1,r2,r3,LR by saving their
previous values into stack pointer.
• TempC value is saved initially loaded into r0 register from [r13] address.
• After calculating the value of TempF, its value is saved into address [r13+4] for
usage.
• At the end r1,r2,r3 register values were restored from stack pointer for usage. LR
location is saved into PC for continuation of program.
Total 14 lines of assembly code (excluding the code inside labels) is written by the compiler
for the function convertToFahrenheit().
Conclusion:
• Communicating the data from and to Micro controller with the help of terminal
window and UART ports is understood.
• Simplification of port initialization is done with the help of library functions inside
TivaWare.
• Understood the difference in programming codes between assembly language and
any high-level language to perform the same functionality with micro controller.