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Beyond Zero Carbon Housing - Mark Gillott
The document discusses various aspects of sustainable housing, specifically focusing on the Creative Energy Homes project at the University of Nottingham. It highlights the design features, energy efficiency measures, and the use of renewable energy sources such as biomass and solar panels to minimize carbon emissions. It concludes with the need for improved performance evaluation and building practices to achieve greater sustainability in housing.
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Beyond Zero Carbon Housing - Mark Gillott
- 1. Beyond Zero Carbon Housing exploringsolutions to sustainability issues beyond the zero carbon agenda 2 4 th O c t o b e r 2 0 1 2 a t T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f N o t t i n g h a m Department of Architecture and Built Environment
- 2. © Copyright Notice A l l t h e m a te r i a l i n t h e s e s l i d e s m ay n o t b e u s e d o r re p ro d u c e d w i t h o u t t h e ex p re s s p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e a u t h o rs
- 3. Creative Energy Homes Mark Gillott University of Nottingham Creative Energy Homes Professor Mark Gillott | May 2012
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- 5. The Creative EnergyHomes Site George Green (1793-1841) Nottingham Scientist & Physicist & user of wind power as a miller
- 6. The Creative EnergyHomes
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- 9. Tarmac Masonry Homes CreatIve Energy Homes - the site CODE 4 C0DE 6
- 10. Design Information Code 4 Code 6 • Total heated floor area (m2) 88.7 88.7 • Air permeability (m3/(m2.h) @50Pa 4 2 • Heat loss parameter 1.2 <0.8 • Party wall E-WM-11 (dB Dntw +Ctr) 53 53 • Low e lighting (%) 100 100 • Water usage (l/p/day) 105 80 • Storage space for cycles 2 2 • Considerate contractor scheme • Secured by design (Part 2) • Lifetime homes compliant N/A • NHBC approved
- 11. The wall constructions? Typical current Code Level 4 Code level 6 Building Regs (44% C02 reduction) (Zero CO2) (2006) U-value 0.19 W/m2K U-value 0.15 W/m2K U-value 0.30 W/m2K 298mm 353mm 365mm 103mm 100mm 103mm 100mm 150mm EPS 215mm Durox Facing Hemelite Facing Hemelite insulation & Supabloc brick brick render finish 50mm clear Plasterboard 50mm clear Plasterboard 13mm cavity & 45mm on dabs cavity & 100mm on dabs Lightweight Kingspan Kingspan Plaster TW50 TW50
- 12. Wall constructions –external walls U-value 0.19 W/m2K. U-value 0.15 W/m2K.
- 13. Wall constructions –separating wall Separating wall – modified E-WM-11. 2 x 100mm Tarmac Hemelite blocks (1360 kg/m3), Isover 100mm RD Wall Roll. Results of Acoustic test (PCT) Upstairs bedroom 60 dB Dntw +Ctr Downstairs lounge 57 dB Dntw +Ctr Health & Wellbeing – 4 credits i.e. greater than 53 dB
- 14. Roof construction • Asymmetricpitch trussed roof designed with an with the long south facing elevation at a 22 degree angle • Traditional roof coverings – felt, battens and concrete tiles • Incorporates sun pipe for daylight to stair wells • U-value = 0.11 W/m2K
- 15. Heating - biomasswood pellet boiler • Heat to both dwellings is provided by a highly efficient shared biomass boiler capable of generating up to 10 kW output. • Fuel source is renewable, C02 neutral, indigenous wood pellets • Individual controls and monitoring is designed to simulate a development with a district heating system. • Boiler has a fully automated vacuum feed system requiring little operating knowledge or maintenance.
- 16. Heating - biomasswood pellet boiler
- 17. Renewable Energy–solar hotwater • Hot water is provided by 2 roof mounted flat plate solar thermal panels – 3.05m2 aperture area. • Cylinder capacity of 210 litres
- 18. Renewable Energy –photovoltaic’s • 22m2 of solar photovoltaic panels which convert sunlight directly into electricity via advanced semi conductors • Mounted on South facing elevation at 22 degrees to the horizon. • Generate an output capability 3.75 kW peak of electricity. • The output is designed to offset the total energy requirement for lighting, pumps and domestic appliances.
- 19. Tarmac Homes –Front Elevation Code 4 Code 6 Boiler flue Monodraught Sun pipes over the stairs Solid aircrete wall, external insulation & render Cavity brick and blockwork with Biomass pellet partial fill cavity boiler room
- 20. Tarmac Homes -Rear Elevation Code 6 Code 4 Solar hot 22.0m2 water panels photovoltaic panels Solid aircrete Over-hanger wall, roof to provide external solar shading insulation & render Biomass pellet Sunspace for winter store Cavity brick & blockwork passive solar gain with partial fill
- 21. Air Tightness Test Initial pressure test results – Green Close 10: 1.71 m3/m2/h @50Pa Green Close 12: 2.95m3/m2/h @ 50Pa Green Close 10 Average q50 q50 Result M³ Test Pressurise Mechanical Mechanical Input Result M³ Test Date (hr*m²) @ 50 Number /Depressurise Extracts Sealed Vents Sealed (hr*m²) @ 50 Pa Pa 1 27/05/2011 Pressurise Y Y 1.37 1.45 2 27/05/2011 De-Pressurise Y Y 1.53 Green Close 12 Average q50 q50 Result M³ Test Pressurise Mechanical Mechanical Input Result M³ Test Date (hr*m²) @ 50 Number /Depressurise Extracts Sealed Vents Sealed (hr*m²) @ 50 Pa Pa 3 27/05/2011 Pressurise Y Y 1.74 1.97 4 27/05/2011 De-Pressurise Y Y 2.2
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- 23. Heat Flux (W/m2) -10.00 -6.00 0.00 2.00 8.00 -8.00 -4.00 -2.00 4.00 6.00 10.00 12/03/2011 14/03/2011 16/03/2011 18/03/2011 20/03/2011 22/03/2011 24/03/2011 26/03/2011 28/03/2011 30/03/2011 01/04/2011 03/04/2011 05/04/2011 07/04/2011 09/04/2011 11/04/2011 13/04/2011 Date 15/04/2011 17/04/2011 19/04/2011 21/04/2011 23/04/2011 25/04/2011 27/04/2011 29/04/2011 01/05/2011 03/05/2011 05/05/2011 07/05/2011 Mean Daily Heat Flux - Tarmac 10 & 12 09/05/2011 11/05/2011 13/05/2011 15/05/2011 Heat Flux Monitoring 17/05/2011 Heat Flux Heat Flux Tarmac 12 Tarmac 10 Mean Daily Mean Daily
- 24. COMPARABLE HEAT FLUXDATA Wingfield, J., Miles-Shenton, D., and Bell, M., 2009, Evaluation of the Party Wall Thermal Bypass in Masonry Dwellings, Centre for the Built Environment, Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds
- 26. CO-HEATING TESTS MVHR UNIT Tarmac 10 Co Heat Test Data (December 2010) 3500 3000 y = 108.35W/K 2500 Total Power (W) 2000 y = 93.878 W/K 1500 Tarmac 10 Co Heat - No MVHR 1000 Tarmac 10 Co Heat - With MVHR 500 14.5 W/K associated with MVHR 0 0 5 Temperature Difference (Internal/External) 10 15 20 25 30
- 27. Tarmac 12 Energy Tarmac 10 Energy Consumption Wh Consumption Wh POWER DATA: JUNE–AUGUST 2010
- 28. Tarmac 10 PVEnergy Tarmac 10 Energy Generation Wh Consumption Wh TARMAC 10: JUNE - AUGUST 2010
- 29. BIOMASS BOILER System failure March 2011 Pellet quality is critical to performance Debris in hopper led to issues
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- 32. The BASF PrototypeHouse: Energy Efficiency + Affordability
- 33. The BASF HouseDesign Brief • Energy efficient and to have as near as possible carbon zero emissions • Affordable and economical design • Address the issue of shortage in skilled labour • Address the issue of lack of available building land • Offer heating and cooling solutions to ensure comfortable living
- 34. Key Features • CompactForm – detached, semi or terrace • Low cost for first time buyers • MMC – construction speed with less labour Concept ICF Ground Floor SIPS first floor & roof Official Opening
- 35. Key Features PCM Plaster Board PCM Thermal Mass Energy & Environmental Monitoring Solar Thermal Biomass ASHP Smart Home Controls Ground Air Heat Exchanger
- 36. The BASF House: terraceor semi detached units
- 37. The BASF House:Plans
- 38. The BASF House:Materials (Rodrigues, 2009)
- 39. Images from BASF(www.house.basf.co.uk)
- 40. Performance Matters Modelling Measurement Certification Monitoring TAS Energy Modelling Air Tightness Test Below 15KWhr/m2/yr 3.7 m3/hr/m2 @50Pa
- 41. Annual Power Profile lighting 27% 35% Heating Ancillary Power White Goods Cooking 17% 11% Sockets 10% % March 2010 – February 2011 Total Power Consumption – 3,816 kWh
- 42. Annual Power Profile Bedroom Sockets Living & Dining Room Sockets 437, 11% KWh, % Kitchen mid-height Sockets Fridge 1026, 27% Dishwasher 783, 21% Washing Machine Cooker Hob Oven 217, 6% 80, 2% Immersion Heater 114, Solar Kit 91, 2% 253, 7% 3% Biomass Boiler 172, 4% 266, 0.07 144, 4% Earth-Air Heat Exchanger 68, 2% 163, 4% Lighting Overall March 2010 – February 2011 Total Power Consumption – 3,816 kWh
- 43. BIOMASS BOILER replacedwith ASHP (spring 2011) Hoval’s Soilkit® 7.5m2 Solar Thermal Hoval Solar Panasonic’s 9kW Air-to- Thermal water Store Aquarea monobloc unit System configuration of combined ASHP and STC heating system
- 44. Temperatures Monitoring period July2011 to Feb 2012
- 45. The Sunspace Mean Sunspace Temperature Data 25 20 Temperature (C) 15 Sunspace Temperature - Ground Floor 10 Sunspace Temperature - First Floor Sunspace Temperature - Upper Level 5 External Temperature 0 Month
- 46. Temperatures SolarThermal Monitoring period July 2011 to Feb 2012
- 47. Hot Water Monitoring periodJuly 2011 to Feb 2012
- 48. ASHP (COP) Coefficient of Performance Monitoring period July 2011 to Feb 2012 Mean COP for test period = 3.99 (Manufacturer suggested COP for 9KW system: 4.1 at temperatures above 7C and than 2.5 at temperatures below -7C)
- 49. Hot Water Solar ASHP Immersion Thermal System Contribution for period July 2011 to Feb 2012 STC 40% ASHP 59% Immersion 1% N.B. Immersion only used for 6 days during the test period – on 4 days in December this was due to routine system testing not user demand.
- 50. BASF Climate ControlMicronal PCM • Microencapsulated paraffin wax in Knauf Gypsum boards • 3kg of Micronal PCM per m2 • Melting/Solidifying temperatures: 23oC or 26oC • Heat storage capacity of 110 kJ/kg (330kJ/ m2) BASF’s Micronal microencapsulated PCM mixed in a gypsum board (Source: BASF Micronal Website www.micronal.de)
- 51. Knauf PCM SmartBoard23 Enthalpy (Rodrigues, 2009)
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- 53. EAHE Pre-Assessment • Winter • Summer (Rodrigues, 2009)
- 54. The BASF House– EAHE On-site data 5th of June w (Rodrigues, 2009)
- 55. PCM and EAHE PCM follows temperature of living room (Rodrigues, 2009)
- 56. The BASF House– PCM On-site data May, June, July and August (Rodrigues, 2009)
- 57. PCM Further Investigation The four sensors were connected up to a data logger which recorded results from the four sensors every 20 minutes from the 16th July to the 2nd December 2011 Hukseflux HFP01 Heat Flux Plates
- 58. 18.00 Night and daytimeinternal temperatures for the summer months are fairly high and in the operational zone of the PCM – they do not drop below the lower end of the phase change zone (18 C) This problem can be solved by providing adequate night time ventilation to allow the temperature to drop below the solidification level in the summer Additionally the monitoring data shows that the temperature exceeded 26 deg C in the bedroom for 7.3% which means the PCM was not effective enough at reducing the internal temperatures Graph showing the day and night time temperature and the PCM and plasterboard heat flux from 16th July to 30th September Source: Ruth Howlett, Temperature Regulation through the Utilisation of Phase Change Materials, UoN, Advanced Study Dissertation, Jan 2012
- 59. The BASF Housein the Future Base Case = on-site data Case 2 = added EAHE Case 3 = house in 2020 Case 4 = house in 2050 Case 5 = house in 2080 CIBSE Overheating criteria: Bedrooms should not exceed 25oC but they do they should not be above 26oC for more than 1% of the time. Living rooms should not exceed 26oC but if they do they should not be above 28oC for more than 1% of the time. (Rodrigues, 2009)
- 60. iSEC: intelligent SmartEnergy Community electricity grid weather Green Close power utilisation micro-generation energy use monitoring & control energy storage occupancy
- 61. iSEC: intelligent SmartEnergy Community Source: Central Networks • Optimum utilisation of local energy resources • Community-wide demand-side participation • Load levelling & reduced costs • Requirement to understand occupancy patterns for control and forecasting
- 62. E.ON International ResearchInitiative 2012 SWITCH Smart Wireless Intelligent Control in Homes Responding to the national grid Responding to onsite generation
- 63. OUTREACH: PUBLIC TOURS(over 3000 visitors per year)
- 64. Conclusions • Building performanceevaluation needs to be far more widespread in order for industry to learn from their mistakes • Monitoring systems need constant monitoring! • Where there is a lack of performance it is due to multiple reasons • Need for education, training & dissemination • A requirement for better modelling predictions in regulations and in-situ testing to verify as built performance • Better control and use of demand side management technologies
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