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Rapid industrialization in the late 19th century was driven by technological innovations like the Bessemer process and Edison's inventions. Inventors like Edison, Bell, and the Wright brothers patented important innovations. New business entities like trusts and pools formed and businesses vertically and horizontally integrated. The ideology of laissez-faire encouraged free competition but trusts were eventually regulated by acts like the Sherman Antitrust Act. The economy experienced boom and bust cycles, and the Panic of 1893 was the worst economic downturn until the Great Depression.
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3. Abundant resources, a growing population and workforce, capital investment, and a laissez-faire government policy further enabled rapid industrialization and growth
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3. New large-scale business models emerged like trusts, which consolidated industries through horizontal and vertical integration, reshaping corporations and the economy.
Topic 4-corporations
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Topic 4-corporations-Industrial-Revolution-Ohio-content-standard-10
The rise of large corporations in the late 19th century transformed the US economy from agrarian to industrial:
- Entrepreneurs formed huge companies in industries like oil, steel, and railroads through mergers and acquisitions, gaining monopolies.
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- These large corporations operated within a laissez-faire market economy without government regulation, leading to inequality as owners grew very rich while workers lived in poverty.
- Some viewed corporate leaders as "robber barons" who destroyed competitors and exploited workers, while others saw them as "captains of industry" strengthening the economy.
Goal 5 Industrialization and the Gilded Age
The document discusses the major industrial developments in the United States from the late 19th century through the early 20th century. It describes how technological innovations like the Bessemer steel process, use of electricity, and inventions like the light bulb and telephone drove industrial growth. It also discusses the rise of large corporations, growth of cities, labor issues, immigration, and political corruption during this period of rapid industrialization and urbanization in American history.
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Rise ofbigbusiness
Industrialization in the late 19th century led to rapid economic growth in the United States, but also came with social costs. New technologies like steam power and railroads, along with an abundance of natural resources and labor, fueled industrial expansion. Large businesses consolidated power through trusts and mergers, with iconic figures like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Morgan amassing great wealth. While proponents argued this system rewarded hard work and innovation, critics saw the rise of monopolies and the exploitation of workers as evidence of corruption. Debates continued over the roles of government, wealth, and social responsibility in the new industrial economy.
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At the end of the 19th century, abundant natural resources and new technologies fueled rapid industrial growth in the United States, transforming it into the world's leading industrial power. New inventions like the telephone and typewriter changed communication and work. Railroads connected the nation but also led to abuses until regulated. Large companies like Standard Oil dominated industries, while labor unions emerged to improve workers' lives amid the rise of big business.
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1) In the late 19th century, the U.S. government commissioned the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads to build the first transcontinental railroad across the country.
2) The railroad was completed in 1869, connecting workers and settlers to the West and transforming the nation through increased trade and new industries.
3) During this period of industrialization, known as the Gilded Age, large businesses consolidated power through monopolies and trusts, workers faced difficult conditions, and immigrants populated urban areas. Reform movements sought to address these issues through regulation and social change.
Chapter 19: The Industrial Age
The document summarizes key developments during the Second Industrial Revolution from 1876-1900 in the United States. It describes how new technologies like the Bessemer process for steel production and the rise of oil and electricity as power sources drove industrial growth. Mass production led to the rise of large corporations in industries like steel, oil, and railroads. This period also saw important inventions in communication and transportation. However, industrialization resulted in difficult working conditions and low wages for laborers, prompting the rise of labor unions to advocate for workers' rights.
Goal 5 the gilded age
This document provides an overview of industrialization in the United States from 1877-1900. It discusses key factors that drove rapid industrialization such as technological innovations, abundant natural resources, and a growing population. New business leaders like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Morgan accumulated vast wealth through trusts and monopolies in industries like oil, steel, and railroads. Labor unions struggled to improve conditions for workers against this concentration of wealth and power by business elites. Overall industrialization increased standards of living but also inequality and the power of large corporations over both the economy and government.
Industrialization
1) The document discusses the industrialization of America following the Civil War, including the rise of large corporations and changing working conditions.
2) It examines how farming transitioned from independent to commercial operations and how various innovations like the telephone and typewriter drove industrial growth.
3) Major industrialists like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Morgan are profiled, as well as labor issues like the Homestead Strike and the response of early unions like the Knights of Labor.
9 industrial revolution
By the early 1900s, the US had become the world's leading industrial nation due to its abundant natural resources, improved transportation infrastructure like railroads, a large and growing workforce, and government policies that supported industrialization through loans, subsidies and tariffs. Major industrialists like Rockefeller, Carnegie, Morgan, Ford and Vanderbilt built vast fortunes and monopolies in industries like oil, steel, railroads and automobiles. While industrialization increased overall national wealth, the lives of many factory workers were difficult, with unsafe conditions, long hours and low pay leading to major labor strikes throughout the late 19th century.
Chapter 19 Growth Of Industry
The document provides an overview of the growth of industry and industrialization in the United States from the late 1800s to early 1900s. It describes how the expansion of railroads connected the country and stimulated economic growth. New technologies like the telegraph, telephone, and electric power transformed communication and manufacturing. Large corporations like Standard Oil and U.S. Steel dominated industries through consolidation and vertical integration. Industrialization led to population growth in cities and poor working conditions that spurred the rise of labor unions fighting for workers' rights.
American History Chapter 18 Sections 1-5
Industrialization and urbanization led to rapid changes in American society in the late 19th century. There was a new wave of immigration as millions came to the US for opportunities. Cities grew substantially in size and population, bringing both economic opportunities and social problems. New mass communication technologies like the telephone connected people. Public schooling expanded to educate more children and help immigrants assimilate to American culture. Overall this was a period of significant transformation in industry, cities, immigration patterns, and society.
The industrial revolution
The Industrial Revolution in the US allowed it to become the world's leading industrial power by the 1880s due to government investment in business, private investment, and liberal immigration laws. The government invested in railroads and did not regulate business. Private companies formed monopolies and trusts. Immigration provided cheap labor despite poor working conditions and urban poverty. Workers organized unions to demand better treatment, striking and joining groups like the Knights of Labor, while companies resisted changes through lockouts and blacklists.
American expansion
The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869, connecting the Union Pacific Railroad from Omaha, Nebraska to the Central Pacific Railroad from Sacramento, California. Workers faced poor conditions due to harsh weather and difficult terrain. The railroad facilitated westward expansion and increased demand for industries like steel and coal. It also led to the establishment of time zones to coordinate train schedules. The railroad era marked the rise of "robber barons" like Vanderbilt and powerful corporations, and the beginnings of big business in America through trusts and monopolies.
Fed 45
This document summarizes and responds to concerns about whether the mass of power granted to the federal government by the proposed Constitution poses a threat to the authority of state governments. It argues that the federal government has been granted few and defined powers that are necessary to provide for the common defense and general welfare, while state governments retain numerous and indefinite powers over most issues that directly concern citizens. The federal government will also rely on the cooperation of the state governments, giving states some advantage. Therefore, the proposed Constitution does not endanger state governments or the balance of power between federal and state authority.
Fed 44
Federalist No. 44 discusses two classes of federal powers granted by the Constitution: restrictions placed on states, and provisions giving efficacy to federal powers. Regarding restrictions on states, Madison examines clauses prohibiting states from entering treaties, coining currency, and imposing duties. He argues these restrictions preserve national authority and prevent economic discord between states. The essay also defends the "necessary and proper" clause, rejecting claims it grants overly broad powers, instead arguing it simply means powers incidental to express authorities are also authorized.
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The document summarizes several key causes and developments of rapid industrialization in the United States in the late 19th century, including:
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2. New business titans emerged like Edison, Bell, Westinghouse, the Wright Brothers, and Henry Ford. New business structures arose including trusts, monopolies, and mergers led by titans like Rockefeller and Carnegie.
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2. An abundant workforce, capital, natural resources, and business entrepreneurs supported industrial expansion. The government and ideology of laissez-faire also encouraged economic growth.
3. New large-scale business models emerged like trusts, which consolidated industries through horizontal and vertical integration, reshaping corporations and the economy.
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The rise of large corporations in the late 19th century transformed the US economy from agricultural to industrial. Corporations like Standard Oil formed through mergers and acquisitions that eliminated competition, allowing them to control entire industries. This concentration of economic power benefited corporate leaders but hurt many workers and small businesses, raising concerns about monopolies and leading to calls for government regulation of big business.
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The rise of large corporations in the late 19th century transformed the US economy from agrarian to industrial:
- Entrepreneurs formed huge companies in industries like oil, steel, and railroads through mergers and acquisitions, gaining monopolies.
- John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil dominated the oil industry through horizontal and vertical integration, controlling 90% of the market.
- These large corporations operated within a laissez-faire market economy without government regulation, leading to inequality as owners grew very rich while workers lived in poverty.
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The document discusses the rapid industrialization of the United States in the late 19th century. Key factors that contributed to this growth included technological innovations like the Bessemer process, an abundant workforce including many immigrants, and a large capital market. The railroad industry was particularly important, connecting markets across the country and fueling other sectors of the economy. However, this period also saw the rise of large trusts that dominated industries and growing inequality between the wealthy industrialists and the working class.
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Industrialization in the late 19th century led to rapid economic growth in the United States, but also came with social costs. New technologies like steam power and railroads, along with an abundance of natural resources and labor, fueled industrial expansion. Large businesses consolidated power through trusts and mergers, with iconic figures like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Morgan amassing great wealth. While proponents argued this system rewarded hard work and innovation, critics saw the rise of monopolies and the exploitation of workers as evidence of corruption. Debates continued over the roles of government, wealth, and social responsibility in the new industrial economy.
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1) In the late 19th century, the U.S. government commissioned the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads to build the first transcontinental railroad across the country.
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Goal 5 the gilded age
This document provides an overview of industrialization in the United States from 1877-1900. It discusses key factors that drove rapid industrialization such as technological innovations, abundant natural resources, and a growing population. New business leaders like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Morgan accumulated vast wealth through trusts and monopolies in industries like oil, steel, and railroads. Labor unions struggled to improve conditions for workers against this concentration of wealth and power by business elites. Overall industrialization increased standards of living but also inequality and the power of large corporations over both the economy and government.
Industrialization
1) The document discusses the industrialization of America following the Civil War, including the rise of large corporations and changing working conditions.
2) It examines how farming transitioned from independent to commercial operations and how various innovations like the telephone and typewriter drove industrial growth.
3) Major industrialists like Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Morgan are profiled, as well as labor issues like the Homestead Strike and the response of early unions like the Knights of Labor.
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The industrial revolution
The Industrial Revolution in the US allowed it to become the world's leading industrial power by the 1880s due to government investment in business, private investment, and liberal immigration laws. The government invested in railroads and did not regulate business. Private companies formed monopolies and trusts. Immigration provided cheap labor despite poor working conditions and urban poverty. Workers organized unions to demand better treatment, striking and joining groups like the Knights of Labor, while companies resisted changes through lockouts and blacklists.
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This document summarizes key civil liberties protected by the US Constitution, including rights to free speech, privacy, due process, and prohibitions on cruel and unusual punishment. It outlines how rights like free speech were initially applied only to the federal government but have since been incorporated to also apply to state laws through amendments and court rulings. Specific cases are discussed that established or refined rights around issues like abortion, same-sex relations, search and seizure, death penalty procedures, and more.
The Constitution
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Federalist 10
1) Madison discusses how factions can undermine popular governments and analyses two methods to control their effects: removing their causes or controlling their consequences.
2) Removing the causes of faction, such as destroying liberty or enforcing uniformity of opinions, is impractical or tyrannical. Controlling the effects of faction is the better approach.
3) A large, extended republic helps control faction by making it more difficult for factions to form a majority due to the greater number of citizens and parties across a larger territory. This makes it harder for factions to unite and oppress others or act against the public good.
Federalist 51
The Federalist No. 51 discusses how the structure of the US government provides checks and balances to prevent the concentration of power. It argues that each branch must have independent power to resist encroachments from the others. Ambition must counteract ambition through the branches competing for power and influence. The legislature is the strongest branch, so it is divided into two chambers to check itself. A qualified executive veto can also check the legislature without being too detached from its own powers. The compound structure of the US system, with power divided between state and federal levels, provides double security for individual rights against oppression by either government.
John locke state of nature
This document summarizes John Locke's view of the natural state of humanity in his work "Two Treatises of Government." It outlines three key points:
1) In the state of nature, prior to government, all people are born free and equal with perfect freedom to order their own actions. They are also naturally equal, with no subordination to others unless they consent to it.
2) This natural equality means people have a duty to not harm others in their life, health, liberty or possessions. People can use force proportionate to punish criminal acts in order to preserve mankind.
3) Some argue the state of nature could not exist due to self-interest and passion, but Locke responds
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Business technology
- 1. The Incorporation of America US Studies Northwest High School
- 3. Drake’s steam-powered oil drill
- 4. Edison
- 5. “Wizard of Menlo Park”
- 8. The Ediphone or Dictaphone
- 9. The Motion Picture Camera
- 10. Alexander Graham Bell Telephone (1876)
- 11. Alternate Current George Westinghouse
- 12. The Airplane Wilbur Wright Kitty Hawk, NC – December 7, 1903 Orville Wright
- 13. U. S. Patents Granted 1790s 276 patents issued. 1990s 1,119,220 patents issued.
- 14. Causes of Rapid Industrialization Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance. Abundant capital. New, talented group of businessmen [entrepreneurs] and advisors. Market growing as US population increased. Government willing to help at all levels to stimulate economic growth. Abundant natural resources.
- 17. Adapted Darwin’s ideas to humans.
- 18. Notion of “Survival of the Fittest.”
- 19. Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed or fail.
- 20. Therefore, state intervention to reward society and the economy is futile! (unnatural)Herbert Spencer
- 21. New Type of Business Entities Pool: A temporary grouping of two or more people to manipulate a businesses’ price and/or volume. Pooling resources is an example Trust: A legal organization set up for the control and management of assets and property of a business. It’s a way to manage several companies (Standard Oil)
- 22. Vertical Integration: A supply chain united by a common owner. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product but contribute to a final product (Carnegie & US Steel) Horizontal Integration: Occurs when a firm is being taken over by, or merged with, another firm which is in the same industry and in the same stage of production as the merged firm, e.g. a car manufacturer merging with another car manufacturer (a "buy out" or "take-over“) Types of Trusts
- 23. Examples
- 25. “rule of reason” loophole1895 US v. E. C. Knight Co.
- 26. Economy moves through three phases: Peak Recovery Panic (Recession; Depression—long recession) Panic of 1893: Worst until Great Depression of 1930s: Businesses cut production & fired workers (no unemployment insurance)—see Pullman Strike in next Powerpoint Jacob Coxey took unemployed men to D.C. to demand public works jobs (1st March on Washington) Laisez-faire government said no! Downside: Business Cycle