The document provides information on dimensioning and laying buried plastic pipes, specifically polyethylene (PE) pipes. It discusses calculating the total vertical load on a buried pipe from soil, traffic, and water pressure. It provides formulas and examples for determining pipe deformation, strain in the pipe wall, and allowed pressure before risk of buckling. Diagrams show relationships between factors like soil modulus, pipe properties, and burial depth. Recommendations include minimum pipe wall thickness, class based on depth and expected traffic, and using sand or gravel backfill.
Organize your photos, movies, and music by tagging media and adding descriptions. Lock selected media for privacy. View media in different albums and categories. Select multiple items to tag, move between albums, or lock for privacy with a few taps. Add tags and descriptions to photos directly in the photo viewer for easy organization.
This document provides instructions for creating a science fair project. It outlines the key components of a science fair project, including developing a question, conducting research to form a hypothesis, designing an experiment plan with variables to test the hypothesis, collecting and reporting results, drawing a conclusion, and presenting the project. The main steps are developing a question, researching background information, making a prediction in the form of a hypothesis, carrying out an experiment to test the hypothesis, analyzing the results, stating a conclusion, writing a full report, creating a display board, and giving an oral presentation about the project.
Computers and more information about them. Really powerful machines.JCLINDA
The document discusses Universal Music Group (UMG), one of the "Big Three" record labels. UMG represents artists across many genres of music and owns Def Jam Recordings, Geffen Records, and Interscope Records among its labels. It is a global company with operations in over 60 countries worldwide.
Nifedipine is the active ingredient in PROCARDIA XL, which is an extended release tablet used to treat hypertension and chest pain called angina. It works by blocking calcium channels and relaxing blood vessels. PROCARDIA XL tablets have an osmotic pump system that slowly releases nifedipine over 24 hours for continuous effect. Common side effects include headache, dizziness, and ankle swelling. It can be used alone or combined with other blood pressure medications and is generally started at a low dose that is increased gradually based on the patient's response.
Jawaban dari soal tersebut adalah B. View
Alt-N adalah shortcut untuk mengaktifkan View tab pada ribbon di PowerPoint. View tab digunakan untuk mengatur tampilan slide, misalnya mengatur tampilan slide show, zoom slide, dan lain sebagainya.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan informasi mengenai cara-cara menambahkan tabel, grafik, animasi, musik/video, link, dan contoh soal pada presentasi PowerPoint. Langkah-langkah dasarnya meliputi memilih tab insert, kemudian memilih jenis objek yang diinginkan seperti tabel, grafik, atau media, lalu mengatur propertinya.
TAP has organized it’s manufacturing facilities in away that is friendly to the environment and surround communities. To maintain the position at the forefront of the PE pipe industry, TAP is committed to continuous product development, employing the latest technology in is manufacturing process. TAP has been producing HDPE pipes and fittings since 1984 and has established itself as a pioneer and leading producer through continuous innovation and a commitment to quality.
Organize your photos, movies, and music by tagging media and adding descriptions. Lock selected media for privacy. View media in different albums and categories. Select multiple items to tag, move between albums, or lock for privacy with a few taps. Add tags and descriptions to photos directly in the photo viewer for easy organization.
This document provides instructions for creating a science fair project. It outlines the key components of a science fair project, including developing a question, conducting research to form a hypothesis, designing an experiment plan with variables to test the hypothesis, collecting and reporting results, drawing a conclusion, and presenting the project. The main steps are developing a question, researching background information, making a prediction in the form of a hypothesis, carrying out an experiment to test the hypothesis, analyzing the results, stating a conclusion, writing a full report, creating a display board, and giving an oral presentation about the project.
Computers and more information about them. Really powerful machines.JCLINDA
The document discusses Universal Music Group (UMG), one of the "Big Three" record labels. UMG represents artists across many genres of music and owns Def Jam Recordings, Geffen Records, and Interscope Records among its labels. It is a global company with operations in over 60 countries worldwide.
Nifedipine is the active ingredient in PROCARDIA XL, which is an extended release tablet used to treat hypertension and chest pain called angina. It works by blocking calcium channels and relaxing blood vessels. PROCARDIA XL tablets have an osmotic pump system that slowly releases nifedipine over 24 hours for continuous effect. Common side effects include headache, dizziness, and ankle swelling. It can be used alone or combined with other blood pressure medications and is generally started at a low dose that is increased gradually based on the patient's response.
Jawaban dari soal tersebut adalah B. View
Alt-N adalah shortcut untuk mengaktifkan View tab pada ribbon di PowerPoint. View tab digunakan untuk mengatur tampilan slide, misalnya mengatur tampilan slide show, zoom slide, dan lain sebagainya.
Dokumen tersebut memberikan informasi mengenai cara-cara menambahkan tabel, grafik, animasi, musik/video, link, dan contoh soal pada presentasi PowerPoint. Langkah-langkah dasarnya meliputi memilih tab insert, kemudian memilih jenis objek yang diinginkan seperti tabel, grafik, atau media, lalu mengatur propertinya.
TAP has organized it’s manufacturing facilities in away that is friendly to the environment and surround communities. To maintain the position at the forefront of the PE pipe industry, TAP is committed to continuous product development, employing the latest technology in is manufacturing process. TAP has been producing HDPE pipes and fittings since 1984 and has established itself as a pioneer and leading producer through continuous innovation and a commitment to quality.
This document discusses strategies to improve metacognition and reading comprehension. It describes metacognition as thinking about one's own thinking and lists comprehension strategies like teacher think alouds, accessing prior knowledge, close reading, questioning the author, and summarizing. These strategies encourage students to monitor their understanding and engage actively with texts. The document emphasizes embedding metacognition into self-assessment so students can evaluate their own learning progress. Overall, it provides tools and resources to help teachers develop independent readers who thoughtfully engage with informational texts.
Anthonym is referred to the OPPOSITE meaning, while Synonym is referred to the SAME meaning. The document provides examples of words and their antonyms and synonyms. It lists words in English and their Bahasa Malaysia translation and opposite or same meaning word.
Advertising media refers to the various channels or vehicles through which promotional content is communicated in various forms such as text, speech, images, videos etc.
El documento describe las teorías del desarrollo cognitivo de Piaget y Freud. Piaget propuso que el desarrollo cognitivo ocurre a través de etapas sensoriomotriz, preoperacional, de operaciones concretas y de operaciones formales. Freud describió las etapas oral, anal, fálica, de latencia y genital en su teoría del desarrollo psicosexual. También se mencionan las teorías de Erikson sobre el desarrollo psicosocial y los principios del constructivismo como enfoque del aprendizaje
Assistive technology (AT) refers to devices and services that help individuals with disabilities perform tasks. AT includes talking books, calculators, computers, noise cancelling headphones, screen magnifiers, and voice recognition software. For students with auditory disabilities, effective strategies include using personal FM systems, limiting classroom noise, minimizing distance between teachers and students, and ensuring good room acoustics. Additional accommodations involve enhancing note taking, utilizing technology in writing, and providing multimedia tools for learning.
The document discusses how effective the combination of a horror trailer and accompanying film poster and magazine cover were. Photos for the poster and cover were taken first, featuring the main actresses in glamorous but serious poses, with added mud effects. The poster showed the actresses looking into a grave to hint at their buried secret, matching a scene in the trailer of burying a body. Both the poster and cover featured the same dresses and actresses to link the products and hint that appearances can be deceiving. Behind-the-scenes photos in the magazine complemented the trailer. Together, the products provided clues without revealing too much, intriguing audiences about the "Twisted" truth behind the schoolgirls' dark secrets.
This document provides instructions for properly supporting pressure pipes. Pipes need supports at fittings, valves, and ends to prevent stress peaks. Supports are made of reinforced concrete and are designed to withstand pressures 1.5 times the design pressure. Fittings like bends and tees must be completely surrounded by concrete. Pipes must be supported before pressure testing on site. Tables provide dimensions for pipe supports based on pipe diameter and type of fitting. The design should consider soil properties and pipe depth to ensure structural limits are not exceeded.
This document provides information about financial services offered by Global Opportunities Network, including credit restoration, credit building, debt payoff programs, wills and trusts, identity theft protection, and financial education services. It details the various packages and pricing models, from standalone services starting at $199 to a full partner package for $87 per month. The opportunity includes direct commissions as well as a multi-level revenue sharing program. Services are designed to help customers improve their credit scores and finances through credit repair, education, and debt management tools.
The document provides a directory of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe products and prefabricated butt-fusion fittings. It lists over 50 products, including HDPE pipes of various diameters and specifications according to Thai industrial standards, as well as elbows, tees, reducers, caps, flanges, and other common piping fittings. Tables are also included that specify the standard wall thicknesses (T) and weights (W) for HDPE pipes of different outside diameters, pressure ratings, and SDR values according to the Thai standard for HDPE drinking water pipes (TIS. 982-2548).
This document discusses the design and operation of oil and gas pipelines and storage facilities. It covers key equations for calculating gas flow rates in pipelines, including the Weymouth, Panhandle A, and Modified Panhandle equations. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use these equations to determine pipeline diameter and pressure drop given flow rates, temperatures, pressures, and other parameters. The document also addresses low pressure piping systems and provides equations for calculating pressure drop in plant piping.
When water flows through a pipe, pressure drop occurs due to energy losses from friction along the pipe walls. The pressure drop can be determined using equations that account for factors like flow rate, pipe diameter and roughness, fluid properties, and pipe length. Common methods for calculating pressure losses include using the Darcy-Weisbach equation with the Moody chart or Colebrook-White equation to find the friction factor, or using the Hazen-Williams equation which relates head loss to flow rate, pipe diameter, and a roughness coefficient. Minor losses from components like valves and fittings are also considered.
The document discusses the selection of asbestos-cement pipes for use in buried pressure conduits. It covers several key points:
1) Asbestos-cement pipes can withstand internal pressures up to 1.4 MPa and are unaffected by corrosion, but proper design is needed to prevent damage.
2) The Marston-Schlick combined loading theory is used to determine internal and external pressures on pipes and properly select pipe strength. This theory accounts for both internal hydrostatic pressure and external loads.
3) External loads on buried pipes include weight of backfill material and potential superimposed loads. Marston's equations are provided to calculate external load values.
1) The document describes using SEEP/W software to model seepage through an earth dam in four scenarios: a homogeneous dam with downstream seepage, the same dam with a toe drain, and dams with a clay core where the core's hydraulic conductivity is reduced by factors of 10 and 100.
2) The first scenario models a homogeneous dam and shows a seepage face developing on the downstream slope. Adding a toe drain in the second scenario prevents a seepage face by directing all seepage into the drain.
3) Introducing a clay core with hydraulic conductivity 10 times lower than the shell materials in the third scenario causes most potential energy to dissipate in the core, as
The document summarizes an experiment investigating flow around a 90-degree bend in a rectangular duct. Pressure measurements were taken along the inner and outer curved walls and across a radial section of the bend. The measurements showed that pressure decreases around the inner wall and increases around the outer wall, as predicted by assuming a free vortex velocity distribution in the bend. The pressure distribution across the radial section also closely matched the calculated values. The loss coefficient for pressure loss around the bend was determined to be 0.15 based on the change in pressure coefficient from the inlet to outlet sections.
This document contains instructions for a management and entrepreneurship exam. It has two parts, A and B, and students must answer any 5 full questions selecting at least 2 from each part. Part A includes questions about management functions, roles, planning, decision making, organizational principles, selection processes, motivation theories, and control systems. Part B includes questions about defining entrepreneurs vs intrapreneurs, entrepreneurial processes, setting up small scale industries, objectives of organizations like WTO, NSIC and KSFC, preparation of project reports, network analysis techniques, and applications of solar energy. The document provides guidance on time duration, marks distribution and expectations for answers.
Ch08 10 combined loads & transformationsDario Ch
This document contains a table of contents for a textbook on mechanical engineering. The table of contents lists 14 chapters, beginning with "Stress" and ending with "Buckling of Columns". Each chapter is numbered and given a page range. The document provides an outline of the topics that will be covered in the textbook.
This document contains a table of contents for a textbook on mechanical engineering. The table of contents lists 14 chapters, beginning with "Stress" and ending with "Buckling of Columns". Each chapter is numbered and given a page range. The document provides an outline of the topics that will be covered in the textbook.
This document discusses the flexural analysis and design of reinforced concrete T-beams. It addresses key aspects of T-beam analysis including effective flange width, the location of the neutral axis, and different analysis methods depending on if the neutral axis is within the flange or web. Example problems are provided for both analyzing and designing T-beams to resist a given bending moment. Geometries of common T-beam configurations are also shown.
This document discusses strategies to improve metacognition and reading comprehension. It describes metacognition as thinking about one's own thinking and lists comprehension strategies like teacher think alouds, accessing prior knowledge, close reading, questioning the author, and summarizing. These strategies encourage students to monitor their understanding and engage actively with texts. The document emphasizes embedding metacognition into self-assessment so students can evaluate their own learning progress. Overall, it provides tools and resources to help teachers develop independent readers who thoughtfully engage with informational texts.
Anthonym is referred to the OPPOSITE meaning, while Synonym is referred to the SAME meaning. The document provides examples of words and their antonyms and synonyms. It lists words in English and their Bahasa Malaysia translation and opposite or same meaning word.
Advertising media refers to the various channels or vehicles through which promotional content is communicated in various forms such as text, speech, images, videos etc.
El documento describe las teorías del desarrollo cognitivo de Piaget y Freud. Piaget propuso que el desarrollo cognitivo ocurre a través de etapas sensoriomotriz, preoperacional, de operaciones concretas y de operaciones formales. Freud describió las etapas oral, anal, fálica, de latencia y genital en su teoría del desarrollo psicosexual. También se mencionan las teorías de Erikson sobre el desarrollo psicosocial y los principios del constructivismo como enfoque del aprendizaje
Assistive technology (AT) refers to devices and services that help individuals with disabilities perform tasks. AT includes talking books, calculators, computers, noise cancelling headphones, screen magnifiers, and voice recognition software. For students with auditory disabilities, effective strategies include using personal FM systems, limiting classroom noise, minimizing distance between teachers and students, and ensuring good room acoustics. Additional accommodations involve enhancing note taking, utilizing technology in writing, and providing multimedia tools for learning.
The document discusses how effective the combination of a horror trailer and accompanying film poster and magazine cover were. Photos for the poster and cover were taken first, featuring the main actresses in glamorous but serious poses, with added mud effects. The poster showed the actresses looking into a grave to hint at their buried secret, matching a scene in the trailer of burying a body. Both the poster and cover featured the same dresses and actresses to link the products and hint that appearances can be deceiving. Behind-the-scenes photos in the magazine complemented the trailer. Together, the products provided clues without revealing too much, intriguing audiences about the "Twisted" truth behind the schoolgirls' dark secrets.
This document provides instructions for properly supporting pressure pipes. Pipes need supports at fittings, valves, and ends to prevent stress peaks. Supports are made of reinforced concrete and are designed to withstand pressures 1.5 times the design pressure. Fittings like bends and tees must be completely surrounded by concrete. Pipes must be supported before pressure testing on site. Tables provide dimensions for pipe supports based on pipe diameter and type of fitting. The design should consider soil properties and pipe depth to ensure structural limits are not exceeded.
This document provides information about financial services offered by Global Opportunities Network, including credit restoration, credit building, debt payoff programs, wills and trusts, identity theft protection, and financial education services. It details the various packages and pricing models, from standalone services starting at $199 to a full partner package for $87 per month. The opportunity includes direct commissions as well as a multi-level revenue sharing program. Services are designed to help customers improve their credit scores and finances through credit repair, education, and debt management tools.
The document provides a directory of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe products and prefabricated butt-fusion fittings. It lists over 50 products, including HDPE pipes of various diameters and specifications according to Thai industrial standards, as well as elbows, tees, reducers, caps, flanges, and other common piping fittings. Tables are also included that specify the standard wall thicknesses (T) and weights (W) for HDPE pipes of different outside diameters, pressure ratings, and SDR values according to the Thai standard for HDPE drinking water pipes (TIS. 982-2548).
This document discusses the design and operation of oil and gas pipelines and storage facilities. It covers key equations for calculating gas flow rates in pipelines, including the Weymouth, Panhandle A, and Modified Panhandle equations. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use these equations to determine pipeline diameter and pressure drop given flow rates, temperatures, pressures, and other parameters. The document also addresses low pressure piping systems and provides equations for calculating pressure drop in plant piping.
When water flows through a pipe, pressure drop occurs due to energy losses from friction along the pipe walls. The pressure drop can be determined using equations that account for factors like flow rate, pipe diameter and roughness, fluid properties, and pipe length. Common methods for calculating pressure losses include using the Darcy-Weisbach equation with the Moody chart or Colebrook-White equation to find the friction factor, or using the Hazen-Williams equation which relates head loss to flow rate, pipe diameter, and a roughness coefficient. Minor losses from components like valves and fittings are also considered.
The document discusses the selection of asbestos-cement pipes for use in buried pressure conduits. It covers several key points:
1) Asbestos-cement pipes can withstand internal pressures up to 1.4 MPa and are unaffected by corrosion, but proper design is needed to prevent damage.
2) The Marston-Schlick combined loading theory is used to determine internal and external pressures on pipes and properly select pipe strength. This theory accounts for both internal hydrostatic pressure and external loads.
3) External loads on buried pipes include weight of backfill material and potential superimposed loads. Marston's equations are provided to calculate external load values.
1) The document describes using SEEP/W software to model seepage through an earth dam in four scenarios: a homogeneous dam with downstream seepage, the same dam with a toe drain, and dams with a clay core where the core's hydraulic conductivity is reduced by factors of 10 and 100.
2) The first scenario models a homogeneous dam and shows a seepage face developing on the downstream slope. Adding a toe drain in the second scenario prevents a seepage face by directing all seepage into the drain.
3) Introducing a clay core with hydraulic conductivity 10 times lower than the shell materials in the third scenario causes most potential energy to dissipate in the core, as
The document summarizes an experiment investigating flow around a 90-degree bend in a rectangular duct. Pressure measurements were taken along the inner and outer curved walls and across a radial section of the bend. The measurements showed that pressure decreases around the inner wall and increases around the outer wall, as predicted by assuming a free vortex velocity distribution in the bend. The pressure distribution across the radial section also closely matched the calculated values. The loss coefficient for pressure loss around the bend was determined to be 0.15 based on the change in pressure coefficient from the inlet to outlet sections.
This document contains instructions for a management and entrepreneurship exam. It has two parts, A and B, and students must answer any 5 full questions selecting at least 2 from each part. Part A includes questions about management functions, roles, planning, decision making, organizational principles, selection processes, motivation theories, and control systems. Part B includes questions about defining entrepreneurs vs intrapreneurs, entrepreneurial processes, setting up small scale industries, objectives of organizations like WTO, NSIC and KSFC, preparation of project reports, network analysis techniques, and applications of solar energy. The document provides guidance on time duration, marks distribution and expectations for answers.
Ch08 10 combined loads & transformationsDario Ch
This document contains a table of contents for a textbook on mechanical engineering. The table of contents lists 14 chapters, beginning with "Stress" and ending with "Buckling of Columns". Each chapter is numbered and given a page range. The document provides an outline of the topics that will be covered in the textbook.
This document contains a table of contents for a textbook on mechanical engineering. The table of contents lists 14 chapters, beginning with "Stress" and ending with "Buckling of Columns". Each chapter is numbered and given a page range. The document provides an outline of the topics that will be covered in the textbook.
This document discusses the flexural analysis and design of reinforced concrete T-beams. It addresses key aspects of T-beam analysis including effective flange width, the location of the neutral axis, and different analysis methods depending on if the neutral axis is within the flange or web. Example problems are provided for both analyzing and designing T-beams to resist a given bending moment. Geometries of common T-beam configurations are also shown.
- Water is flowing from tank A to tank B through a pipe system as shown in the figure. The vertical distance between the surfaces of the two tanks is 10 m.
- The pipe diameters are 90.9 mm and 165.2 mm. Total pipe lengths are 55 m and 30 m respectively.
- The problem is to determine the volumetric flow rate of water given the system dimensions and properties.
This document summarizes a problem involving the analysis of a centrifugal pump system. The pump impels 300 L/min of water at 20°C through 500m of piping with elbows. The following key values are given: pump speed of 1490 rpm, total head of 56.79 m, total efficiency of 75%, and outlet pressure of 5.5 bar. The problem involves calculating: (1) the power imparted to the water, (2) the drive power required by the pump, (3) the drive torque, and (4) the pressure at a point 24m after the piping. A series of fluid mechanics equations are used, including Bernoulli's equation and equations for friction loss, to
The document discusses the design of retaining walls. It begins by defining retaining walls and their main uses and types, including gravity walls, cantilever walls, counterfort walls, and others. It then covers general design considerations like soil and load conditions. The bulk of the document provides details on the design of different wall types, focusing on gravity walls, cantilever walls, and counterfort walls. It discusses structural stability, drainage, sizing initial dimensions, and calculating forces for design. Diagrams are provided to illustrate wall components, pressure distributions, and methods for analyzing forces and moments.
This document discusses mechanical properties of materials and manufacturing processes. It covers topics like types of strain, tensile testing, true stress-strain curves, strain hardening, and effects of temperature and strain rate on properties. Figures and tables show stress-strain behaviors of various materials and typical strain rates for different metalworking processes like forging, rolling, and machining.
The document contains several examples of calculating weld sizes and bolt sizes for different welded and bolted joints. The examples involve calculating shear stresses in welds due to direct loads and bending moments and determining necessary weld sizes. They also involve calculating bolt sizes for different bolted joints based on allowable shear stresses and safety factors. The final example calculates the necessary bolt size for connecting a steam engine cylinder head based on the steam pressure, cylinder dimensions, bolt material properties, and a preload on the bolts.
1) The document presents a fluid mechanics problem involving the calculation of the volumetric flow rate of kerosene flowing through a pipe system.
2) The pipe system consists of 30 meters of copper pipe with two 90-degree elbows, connecting a tank A (at 150 kPa pressure) to tank B.
3) An iterative method is used to calculate the average flow velocity based on equations for pressure loss due to friction and fittings, and Bernoulli's equation.
4) The final calculated volumetric flow rate is approximately 493 liters per minute.
This document contains 8 questions related to mechanics of fluids for an aeronautical engineering exam. The questions cover topics like Darcy's formula for head loss in pipes, Bernoulli's equation, boundary layers, stagnation properties, viscosity, venturimeters, and more. Students are asked to solve problems and derive equations related to fluid flow concepts.
The document discusses flow of fluids in pipelines including:
1. Laminar and turbulent flow and the factors that determine the transition between the two such as Reynolds number.
2. Methods for calculating head losses and pressure drops in pipes due to friction including the Darcy-Weisbach equation.
3. Factors that affect friction losses such as pipe roughness, geometry, and flow characteristics.
4. Analysis of flow in non-circular pipes using concepts like hydraulic diameter.
5. Examples of problems calculating flow characteristics like velocity and pressure changes in series and parallel pipe networks.
1. The document provides questions for a geotechnical engineering exam, with two main parts (A and B) containing multiple choice and descriptive questions.
2. Part A asks about objectives of soil exploration, methods for controlling groundwater during excavation, stress distribution theories, use of flownets, earth pressure theories, and locating phreatic lines.
3. Part B covers causes of slope failure, stability analysis methods, factors affecting bearing capacity, and terms related to settlement of foundations. Descriptive questions address topics like selection of boring depths, Newmark's method, seepage calculations, and stability of canal slopes.
1. The document describes an experiment to calculate the loss coefficient (K) for different pipe components, including pipe bends, branches, and changes in cross-section.
2. Tests were conducted to measure the minor losses through pipe elbows at various angles, double elbows, and a single elbow.
3. The loss coefficients were calculated based on measurements of pressure difference, flow velocity, and component geometry. Loss coefficients ranged from 0.548 to 2.345 depending on the pipe component.
This document presents the design of an optimized water pipeline to transport water between two reservoirs located 415 km apart with a change in elevation from 300m to 500m. The optimized design uses a twinned 0.9m diameter pipe for the first 384 km to reduce head losses, and a single 0.9m pipe for the remaining distance. This design, with 7 pumps rather than 8, lowers total costs by $3.2 million compared to the initial single pipeline design. The optimized solution meets all design requirements to deliver 1m3/s of water while minimizing expenditures.
The document provides guidelines for butt-fusion welding of polyethylene pipes. It describes the butt-fusion process as a heat and pressure welding method that melts and fuses the ends of two pipes together. It emphasizes that proper welding requires qualified welders, suitable equipment, and adherence to welding standards. The guidelines specify welding machine components, parameters like temperature and pressure over time, and quality checks like maximum misalignment and gap widths.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and well-being.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help regulate emotions and stress levels.
This document discusses allowable working pressures for pipes made from polyethylene (PE100) used for conveying water. PE100 pipes have a wide range of allowable working pressures depending on factors like pipe dimension, material properties, joint type, and installation conditions. The document provides tables that specify the maximum allowable working pressure in bars for different diameter PE100 pipes under various installation conditions, taking these factors into account.
This document provides technical information about pipe friction factors, Manning numbers, and pressure losses for polyethylene and polypropylene pipes of various diameters. It includes a flow monogram that lists the average water quantity, flow velocity, and pressure loss for different pipe diameters from 35 mm to 100 mm. Additional pressure losses that must be added are also specified for elbows, tees, reducers, and bends in the piping depending on the radius of the elbow.
The document provides instructions for laying HDPE pipes. The key steps include:
1. Digging a trench at least 40cm wide and checking the depth and slope. The trench bottom must be even and stone-free.
2. Adding a 15cm thick bed of sand or gravel without compaction to support the pipe.
3. Laying the pipe while checking for proper slope and alignment, and compacting initial backfill around the pipe in 10cm layers to support it without damage.
1. *=srE
ART
208
1989 02/2
Chemicals
:HNICAL INFOMATION
F.RMATT.N
TEKN$F*ED.T
POIYETHYLENE,*,o*ro}3[i[H,::X??llH',?[r*o*
DIMENSIONING PRINCIPLES AND LAYING
INSTRUCTIONS FOR BURIEDPLASTIC PIPES
GENERAL
Plaslic pipes have specific properties and therebyotherdemandson dimensioning calculations and
laying instructions than lor example concrete and steel pipes. ln general the plastic pipes are
flexibte, that is they are deformed under load. This is positive in the rleaning that lhe pipe has the
abilily together with the back-{illing material to cause a horisontal earthpressure lowards lhe side
wall of the pipe, which increase the ability of the pipe to carry the load.
VERTICAL LOAD ON A BURIED PIPE
The important dimensions for a buried pipe are explained in Figure 1. The total vertical load, O, on
the buried pipe is the sum o{ 3 different loads.
O
O
Os
Qr
=Qs+Qr+O",MPa
O,v
= Total vertical load
= Soil load, see Figure 2
= Tralfic load, see Figure 3
= Water load, see Figure 4
The first step is to calculate lhe total vertical load, O, on the pipe. This can be done using the
diagrams in Figure 2 - 4.
Example
1
Consider a llexible pipe ol PEHD that is to be layed at a depth of 6.0 meter. The ground water level
is 4.0 meter below ground level. Determine the totalvertical load on lhe pipe.
Figure 2 gives:
Figure 3 gives:
Figure 4 gives:
Qs = 0.021 + 0.075 = 0.096 MPa
Or= 0
Q* = 0.020 MPa
That is:
Q = 0.096 + 0.020 = 0.1 16 MPa
Neste Chemicals lnt SA/NV
Neste Oy Chemicals
l, Avenue de Bile/Bazellaan,
Neste Polyeten AB
Pr 320
I
PoRVoo
B.I I40 BRUSTLS
sF-06101
Belgium
Finland
Tel. +32 22 44 42 ll
Telex 62270 NCC B
Tel. +358 !5 lB712
Telex l72l neste sf
5-444 86 STENUNGSUND
Sweden
Tei. +45 303 86 000
Telex 2402 nestepe s
2. DEFORMATION OF A BURIED PIPE
by the lollowing lormula:
a buried pipe can be calculated
The vertical deformation, 8", o{
o
,6v
D
-=
-a
0.083
Es s+uue
mm
= Vertical PiPe delormation'
&,
mm
= Original PiPe diameter,
load, MPa
= Total vertical
supporting soit' MPa' see Figure 5
= S.*nr todulus ol
D
o
Es
,S = Stiffnessfactor =
:t@
T
.
E"
D
/
see Figure 6
Modulus ol elasticity o{ lhe pipe, MPa'
Wallthickness' mm
E
e
is assumed to be
the verticalpipe deformation'
to roSit iiiri''gi' Deiermine
aiproximatety 80 % t*ni"n-.orr.sponds
taved under *,u
,"rnr-.oniition,
i,
e*"ttipiti' frtu-1*i"i" ol compaction
in
6v.
Es = 1.25 MPa
Figure 5 gives:
Figure 6 gives:
at 50 years
E = tgO MPa for Neste NCPE 2467'BL
Now the stiflness laclor, S, can be calculated:
s: 2 .1so (:!':o.oo56
3 1.2s 110 /
6v, can be calculated'
Finally the verlical pipe delormation,
LG
o = 0'1 16 MPa' the Same agin Example
1.
^o
Ov:-
0.116..110.0.083
0.083
D
s+0.122
Eg
1.25.(0.0056+0122)
=
6.6 mm
pipe diameter is then:
The pipe delormation ino/ool originally
6.6
'110
=
60/o
ThedeformationoflhepipeafterbackfillingisrecommendednottoexceedB%,
fi
fi ;'i;;;
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Uppgirter i daobr:d,
3. NESTE
STRAIN IN THE PIPE WALL
lollowing lormulas:
The strain in the pipe wall can be calculated by the
8=6,(#'(+)
is to be used when lhe stitlness lactor,
e
e
D
6,
'w
r=
18
s, is less or equal to 0.012:
= Strain in the PiPe wall
E Wallthickness, mm
= OriginalPiPe diameter' mm
= VerticalPiPe deformalion, mm
e) (?) (+)'(025's+ooo3)
istobeusedwhenthestiflnessfactor,s,isgreaterthan0.0l2:
Es=Secantmodulusofsupportingsoil,MPa,seeFigure5
E
S
pipe, MPa' see Figure 6
= Modulus ol elasticity ol the
factor, see Page 2
= Stiflness
o/o lor HDPE and 2.0 % lor
Allowed initial strain in the pipe wall is 1 .5
M
DPE'
OF BUCK'
ALLOWED PRESSURE ON THE PIPE CONCERNING THE RISK
LING
pipe_lrom collapsing due to buckling' The
The pipe wall must have suflicienl stif{ness to prevent lhe
lormula:
allowed pressure on a flexible pipe can be calculated by the lollowing
,r'
o":
vqOa
F
Er
E
e
D
4 '/-1'E'" /:-*
o/
F 3 /
= Allowed Pressure on the PiPe, MPa
= Factor ol salety
MPa, see Figure 7
= Tangent moduius of supportinO soila
pipe, MPa, see Figure 6
= Modilus of elasticity ol the
= Walllhickness, mm
= Originalpipe diameter' mm
Example 3
ol 6'0 meter' The ground
consider a llexible pipe of NCPE 2467-8L that is to be layed at a depth
is.assumed to be
waler level is 4.0 meter below ground level. The degree of compaction
{illing). Determine the lowest required value of the ratio
io*iratu ty B0 %(correspondinf to loose
"jf and calculate the pipe deformltion 6u/D and the Strain in the pipe wall'
e/D
4. level is at
when the ground water
by the risk o{ buckring
is determined
The required wartthict(ness
it's highest Point'
t;=
at 50 vears
Fisure
ilFi Neste NCPE 2467'BL
gives:
Figure 6
t-sl f= 2.0
as in Example 1 '
b"!'o.t't 6 MPa, the same
1s:":::
i;i
",
Formula 1 gives:
0116=
+
F5'1'g0-)'"'
(J
+
=28o/o
(tJ; (#)"=oo28
0'03' This
should no be p'etow
recommended that e/d
example'
rigu" al iu to oL used in this
itis
handring or the pipe
As a security due to
ic-orresponding
means thar pipe crass
2
is calculated as in Example
The pipe delormation
,;5-;;';;;
ii
. = L.
3
6v
4"
=
D
190
(0.031)3
=
o'oo3o
1.25
0.116
1.rs
0.083
=
0.062
=
6.20/o
o.oo3o+o'122
since the stiflness ractor,
wa, c11 be carcurated.
strain in the pipe
Now linary the
page 3'
t"t"'t'i" itio Ot used' see
0.012 the lollowing
t = 6'0.031 '0'062 = 0'0115 =
1'15%
pipe wall'
initial strain in the
This is below the allowed
s' is ress
rhan
5. NESTE
Figure
Ground level
Ground water level
D:
UV:
ft=
O:
H=
Original pipe diameter, mm
Vertical piPe deformation, mm
Distance between the ground water level and
the pipe center, rn
Total vertical load, MPa
Height of fill above the PiPe, m
1
6. Figure 2
05, MPa
0.15
0.10
Ground water level
belo-w the PiPe.
r-v
-r--1
ll
0.05
/t
-/
Ground r ater level
above th pipe
I
I
I
g
B
H,M
Soil pressure vs height of backfilling
7. NESTE
Figure 3
Traffic load from 14 ton distributed
on 2 wheels with a distance of 1.g m
14 ton
Q1, MPa
0.04
1-
jQ,
0.03
4tF
I
ii
I
:
I
0.01
,
I
I
H,m
Traffic pressure vs height of backfilling.
With a height of backfilling above 3 m the contribution
from traffic load to the totalvertical load on the pipe
normally negligeabel.
is
8. Figure 4
1 bulo-j g',-^"1
l"uol'
Ground water pressure vs head of ground water
for ground water level above the pipe.
9. NESTE
Chemicals
Figure 5
E5, MPa
//
-t'
5:i,"J-ffi
---
--+-€
012345
67
H,M
Secant modulus of supporting soil vs height of backfilling
for non-cohesive filling material i.e' sand and grave!
r - -.
Ground water levelat ground level
Ground water levelbelow pipe
% Filling from ground levelwith shovel
80 % Corresponds loose filling and almost no compaction (dumping from truck)
75
85 oh Corresponds soft comPaction
90 % corresponds hard compaction (under areas with heavy traffic
done with a machine)
9
10. Flgure 6
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, E, FOR DIFFERENT
NESTE PIPE GRADES
NCPE
210 MPa (50 year value)
NCPE
2467-BL
190 MPa (50 year value)
NCPE
10
2467
2418
185 MPa (50 year value)
11. NESTE
Chemicals
Figure
7
E,, MPa
7
I
^"."-
_L^"{:]_
'oo'
qQ
qo'
/-t---
I
I
I
^ro(
. ?(o:-
Jr-.'
lno*ff
6
H,m
Tangent modulus of supporting soil vs height of backfilling
for non-cohesive filling material i.e. sand and gravel
Ground water level at ground level
r orQ;ound water level below pipe
- oh Filling
ground level with shovel
from
75
80 o/o Corresponds loose filling and almost no compaction
(dumping from truck)
%
Corr:asponds soft compaction
90 o/o Corresponds hard compaction (under areas with heavy traffic done with a machine)
85
11
12. Flgure 8
RECOMMENDED DIMENSIONS FOR BURIED HDPE PIPES
Ref. Swedish Slandard SS 3403
ISO PIPE SERIES
Swedsh designation
OUTER DIAMETER
s-16
L-2
s-12.5
s-10
T:4
E-16
W.ALL
,
WALL
WALL
40
3.0
3.0
50
3.0
3.0
75
3.0
3.0
90
3.0
3.5
110/ -
3.4
4.2
160
4.9
6.2
9.5
20.0
6.2
7.7
11.9
250
7.7
9.6
14.8
2<tr
9.7
12,1
18.7
404
12.3
15.3
oe -,
500
15.3
19.1
29.6
630
19.3
24.1
37.2
/
6.6
ln lhis Swedish Standard "Pipes and f itlings ot PE for buried sewers and discharge systems inside
buildings" the minimum wall thickness is 3.0 mm, due to handling of the pipe during the laying
operation.
12
13. NESTE
HDPE PIPES IN SANDYSOIL
Recommended pipe class under different
laying depths and traffic load
Local Streets
Sporadic heavy
traffic
Open areas
Carparks
Height of
backfilling
(m)
'-a
s12.
s12.5
1.0
2.0
Main roads
lntensiv heavy
tratfic
s10
s-16
3.0
s12.5
4.0
s12.5
5.0
6.0
s10
"
s10
s10
Backfilling with rnacadam, 4-16 mm
Backfillinng with excavations
lf no sand or macadam is available make the trench broader at least 2D on each
side of the pipe.
13
14. HDPE PIPES IN CTAYSOIL
Recommended pipe ctass under different
laying depths and traffic load
Height of
backfilling
Open areas
Carparks
Local streets
sporadic heavy
traffic
(m)
Main roads
lntensive heavy
traffic
'!
1.0
s10
2.0
3.0
tr,
..1
l
4.0
sl0
"ll.*
s1o
I
I
sro
5.0
6.0
-'-
'
*r
Backfiiling with macadam, 4-16 mm
Backfilling with excavations
Backfillingwithsandandgravel, 0_16mm
-,-
"
lf no sand or macadam is avairabre make the trench
broader
at least 2 D on each side of the pipe.
t4
-'-
15. NESTE
HDPE PIPES IN LOOSE CLAYSOIL
Recommended pipe class under different
laying depths and traffic load
Height of
backfilling
Open areas
carparks
(m)
Localstreets
sporadic heavy
traffic
Main roads
lntensiv heavy
traffic
s10
1.0
2.0
sl0
s10--
s10
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
'
*.
"'
Backfilling with macadam,4-16 mm
Backfilling with excavations
Backfilling with sand an gravel, 0-16 mm
lf no sand or macadam is available make the trench broader
at least 2-D on each side of the pipe.
15
16. LAYING OF PE SEWAGE PIPES
1.
Preparation of narrow trench'
2.
Sand or gravel bedding
3.
Firm bottom supporting
4.
lnilial backlilling around sides
5.
Protective backfilling. No hard compacling above the pipe
6.
Final backfilling with compacting
Proper laying is lhe last step in making a reliable sewage system.
lf no sand or gravel is available as backfilling material make the trench broader at least 2 D
on each side of the pipe
i6