building_theories
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- Theories are explanations for psychological phenomena that summarize and organize observations and allow predictions to be made, though theories in psychology are not certain like laws in natural science. - Self-efficacy theory predicts that one's belief in their ability to succeed will determine how hard they try, based on past experiences. - Carol Dweck's theory shows that people's mindsets about intelligence being fixed or changeable can explain success, with a growth mindset believing intelligence can develop leading to different behaviors than a fixed mindset. - An experiment by Carol Dweck and Lisa Blackwell found that low-achieving students who received a session about developing intelligence through exercise improved more in math than a control
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Learning Theory Behaviorism Essay example
THE LEARNING THEORY
BEHAVIORISM:
BEHAVIORIST GORDON ALLPORT
AND BURRHUS SKINNER
INTRODUCTION
The behavoristic approach has exerted a strong influence on American Psychology. The basic ideas of behaviorism are: human behavior is a product of the Stimulus Response interaction and that behavior is modifiable. It has triggered scientific experiments and the use of statistical procedures. Most importantly, it has turned the attention of psychology to solving real behavior related problems. The behavorist believe behavior should be explained in terms of environmental stimuli. It is not necessary to go into the postulating of inner mechanisms or traits because it creates additional mysteries that need to be explained. Though with...show more content...(Boeree 98) This experience led him to his theory, it made his realize that depth psychology sometimes digs too deep, in the same way that he had earlier realized that most importantly Behaviorism often doesn t dig deeply enough. His career was spent developing his theory, examining social issues as prejudice, and developing personality tests.
ALLPORT S THEORY
Allport was against opportunistic functioning. His belief of this term was characterized as reactive, past oriented, and of course biological. He felt it was unimportant when trying to understand most of human behavior. He believed most human behavior, is motivated by functioning in a manner expressive of the self which he called propriate functioning. (Allport 37) Propriate functioning can be characterized as proactive, future oriented, and psychological.
Propriate comes from the word proprium. Allport s name, for essential concep
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The PPT set describes the psycho-physiology of stress and its management through Yoga, Meditation and Hypnosis. What is science
The document discusses different views of scientific method, including:
1) The simplistic view that unbiased observation precedes theory is incorrect, as what we observe depends on our existing knowledge and theories.
2) Induction is problematic because there are multiple possible generalizations from any set of facts.
3) Falsificationism holds that theories should aim to disprove, not prove, themselves through falsifiable predictions. However, it is difficult to definitively falsify theories.
4) Scientism claims science can explain all human aspects, but this is self-refuting and ignores aspects beyond scientific quantification.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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building_theories
- 1. Buildingtheories Prepared by: Paula Pilarska Based on: Psychology Course Companion; John Crane, Jette Hannibal
- 2. THEORY Theory– isanexplanataion for a psychologicalphenomenon. It is a statmentused to summarize, organize, and explainobservations. Theorycanalso be used to makepredictionsaboutobservedevents. Theoriesarebuilt on cencepts – whicharehypothetical, sotheymust be defined and afterthattheymust be tested.
- 3. THEORY Theories in psychologyae not likelaws in natural science. ThetheoreticalexplenationsarePROBABLEratherthancertain, and thereforetheyarealways open to somedegree of doubt. Thatiswhytheoriesmust be evaluate, and psychologistsmustexaminetheoriesstrangths and limitations.
- 4. Self-efficacy Self-efficacy– issomeone’sbeliefthatshe / he willsucceed in something, and itisbased on previousexperiences. Albert Bandura theorypredictsthatself-efficacywilldetermineifand how hard someonewilltry to do a certainthing. Albert Bandura born 4.12.1925
- 5. Do youbelieve in hard workor talent?
- 6. CarolDweck’stheory showsimportance of people’smindsetin explainingsuccess peopletend to thinkthatintelligenceor talent arefixedorchangeable CarolDweck born 17.10.1946)
- 7. CarolDweck’stheory People with fixedmindsetbelievedthatinteligenceisstatic (avoidchallanges, giveup, effordis a waste of time, ignoreusefulnegativefeedback, threatened by the success of others) People with growthmindsetbelievedthatinteligencecan be developed (aren’tafraid of challenges, effortis a part of process of mastering, learn from criticism, findinspiration in the success of others)
- 8. Doesthistheorycorrespond to real life? Try to evaluate the theoryusingsome of yourownexperiences. To whatextentdoesthistheoryofferinsightintopossibledifferences in terms of whatpeopleachieve in education, sport or the arts?
- 9. CarolDweckand Lisa Blackwell’sexperiment (2007) 2 groups – lowachievingstudentsaged 12-13 Both groupshad a lecture: introducing to the brain and studyskills First group – neutralsession on memory Secendgroup – howintelligencecan be developed by exercise Whichgroupimprove in maths?
- 10. How canyouuseresearch to improve real-life situations?
- 11. CRITICAL THINKING Thisisskillwhichyoucanlearn Critical – doesn’tmean to be negative Whenscientistsreadanarticleaboutnewexperimenttheyhave to assessifconlclusions (interpretations) weresupported by data
- 12. CRITICAL THINKER profile: Evaluates available evidence and relates it to a theory oropinion. Considers alternative interpretations. Avoids emotional reasoning. Does not jump to oversimplified conclusions. Knows that plausible conclusions are based on evidence. Is willing to reassess conclusions if new information appears. Is able to tolerate some uncertainty.