introduction to lithology in a bilingual subject of geography

1. Lithosphere
ROCKS
Juan AntonioGarcía González
University of Castilla La Mancha
Geographying in the clouds ; -)
orcid.org/0000-0001-7049-1085

2. ROCK CYCLE
Rock cycle is a
continuous
process through
which old rocks
are transformed
into new ones.

3. About 98 per cent of the total
crust of the earth is composed of
eight elements like oxygen,
silicon, aluminum, iron,
calcium, sodium, potassium and
magnesium
MINERALS AND ROCKS
The elements in the earth’s
crust are rarely found
exclusively but are usually
combined with other elements
to make various substances.
These substances are
recognised as minerals. There
are at least 2,000 minerals

4. Pumice stone
The basic source of all minerals is the hot magma in
the interior of the earth. When magma cools,
crystals of minerals appear, and a systematic
series of minerals are formed in sequence to
solidify so as to form rocks

5. • External crystal form — determinedby internal arrangementof the molecules
• Cleavage — tendency to break in given directions producing relatively plane
surfaces
• Fracture — internal molecular arrangement so complex there are no planes of
molecules
• Lustre — appearance of a material like metallic, silky, glossy etc
• Colour
• Streak — colour of the ground powder of any mineral
• Transparency — transparent:light rays pass through
• Structure — particular arrangement of the individualcrystals
• Hardness — relative resistance being scratched
• Specific gravity — the ratio between the weight of a given object and the weight of
an equal volume of water
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
https://www.wikiwand.com/ast/Diaclasa
Diaclases

6. TYPES OF MINERALS
Metallic Minerals
• Precious metals : gold, silver, platinum, etc.
• Ferrous metals : iron and other metals often mixed with iron to
form various kinds of steel
• Non-ferrous metals : include metals like copper, lead, zinc, tin,
aluminium etc.
Non-Metallic Minerals
Sulphur, phosphates and nitrates are examples of non-metallic
minerals. Cement is a mixture of non-metallic minerals
https://www.etsy.com/dk-en/listing/612573773/natural-copper-mineral
Copper

7. TYPES OF ROCKS
on the basis of their mode of formation
Igneous Rocks — solidified from magma and lava
Sedimentary Rocks — the result of deposition of
fragments of rocks by exogenous processes
Metamorphic Rocks — formed out of existing
rocks undergoing recrystallisation
https://www.laneslandscaping.ca/product/aggregates/aggregates-2-4inch-river-rock/

8. https://clarkscien
ce8.weebly.com/
rock-cycle.html

9. IGNEOUS ROCKS
As igneous rocks form out of magma and lava from the interior of the
earth, they are known as primary rocks. The igneous rocks (Ignis –in
Latin means ‘Fire’)
Igneous rocks are classified based on texture. Texture depends upon
size and arrangement of grains or other physical conditions of the
materials
If molten material is cooled slowly at great depths, mineral grains may
be very large. Sudden cooling (at the surface) results in small and
smooth grains

10. Plutonic Rocks
They come from the slow cooling of magma inside
the earth's crust
SYENITE

11. Volcanic Rocks
Come from the slow cooling of magma (lava) outside the
earth's surface

12. The word ‘sedimentary’ is derived from the Latin word
sedimentum, which means settling. Rocks (igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic) of the earth’s surface
are exposed to denudational agents, and are broken
up into various sizes of fragments. These deposits
through compaction turn into rocks. This process is
called lithification
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

13. PROCESSES OF DIAGENESIS
Compactation
Dewatering
Cementation
Crystallization
Sedimentary rocks usually form strata that show variations in sedimentation.

14. Depending upon the mode of formation, sedimentary rocks are
classified into three major groups:
(i) mechanically formed — sandstone, conglomerate,
limestone, shale, loess etc. are examples
(ii)organically formed — geyserite, chalk, limestone, coal etc.
are some examples
(iii)chemically formed — chert, limestone, halite, potash etc
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

15. ROCAS SEDIMENTARIAS
DETRÍTICAS
• PROCEDEN DE LA
COMPACTACIÓN Y
CEMENTACIÓN DE
FRAGMENTOS DE
OTRAS ROCAS.
• EJEMPLOS:
• CONGLOMERADO, ARENISCA,
ARGILITA…
CONGLOMERADO
ARENISCA
ARGILITA

16. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS OF CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION
Come from the precipitation of mineral salts dissolved in
water when it evaporates: gypsum, halite,https://www.spinneybeck.com/index.php?/about-gypsum

17. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS OF ORGANIC ORIGIN
Come from the transformations undergone by the remains of
living beings: Coal and oil https://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/south-africa-days-coal-mines-are-numbered-eskom-shifts-focus

18. Granular appearance
Marble
quartzite
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
The word metamorphic means ‘change of form’. These rocks
form under the action of pressure, volume and temperature
(PVT) changes
Metamorphism is a process by which already consolidated
rocks undergo recrystallisation and reorganization of materials
within original rocks

19. SHALE
Strip appearance
Mechanical disruption and reorganisation of the original minerals within
rocks due to breaking and crushing without any appreciable chemical
changes is called dynamic metamorphism. The materials of rocks
chemically alter and recrystallise due to thermal metamorphism.
There are two types of thermal metamorphism — contact meta-
morphism and regional metamorphism.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS

20. METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Metamorphic rocks come from other rocks that have been
subjected to high pressures and high temperatures inside the
earth's crust without melting.
They may be:
Strip appearance
Granular appearance
Slate Stone
Types of metamorphic rocks depend upon original rocks that were
subjected to metamorphism. Metamorphic rocks are classified into two
major groups — foliated rocks and non-foliated rocks. Gneissoid,
granite, syenite, slate, schist, marble, quartzite etc. are some examples
of metamorphic rocks.

21. https://clarkscience8.weebly.com/rock-cycle.html

22. http://www.keepcalmstudio.com
/gallery/poster/16Q3acf

23. https://nios.ac.in/online-course-material/sr-secondary-courses/Geography-(316).aspx
https://www.pmfias.com/
https://pixabay.com/
http://www.physicalgeography.net/
http://www.slideshare.net
THANKS TO….

24. Thanks for your attention, you can follow us in
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