1. The Sanchi Stupa in Madhya Pradesh, India was originally constructed during the time of Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE and was later rebuilt and enlarged during the Sunga period around 150 BCE.
2. Key features of the reconstructed Sanchi Stupa included encasing the original brick structure in stone, adding a terrace and stairway, and carving elaborate gateways and reliefs.
3. The design elements of the railing that surrounds the stupa, such as its octagonal posts and crossbars, were derived from traditional wooden designs despite being constructed out of stone.
The document discusses Buddhist stupas and their architectural features. It begins by defining a stupa as an earthen mound enclosing Buddhist relics, similar in form to Egyptian pyramids. It then classifies stupas into three types and describes the key structural elements of a typical stupa including the harmika, anda, medhi, and ambulatory paths. A significant portion of the document then focuses on describing the famous Great Stupa at Sanchi, including its dome, terraces, gateways, and ornamentation. It concludes by briefly mentioning the Dharmaksha stupa at Sarnath and key features of chaityas or prayer halls often found near stupas.
1. The document summarizes the salient features and development phases of Late Gupta temple architecture between 350-600 CE in central India.
2. Key temples from this period included the Dasavatara temple at Deogarh, the Bhitargaon temple, and temples at Sanchi, Tigawa, and Bhumara.
3. Late Gupta temples are characterized by features like the establishment of temples on high platforms, ornate door columns, depictions of Ganga and Yamuna on doorjambs, and the addition of pinnacles over sanctums.
Hindu Temple Architecture | History of ArchitecturePranay Kumar Tode
The Gupta and Early Chalukyan periods saw developments in Hindu temple architecture in India. Under the Guptas, temples transitioned from rock-cut cave structures to free-standing structures, with early styles consisting of a sanctuary and porch. The Chalukyas established their rule in the 6th century and made Aihole, Badami, and Pattadakal centers of architectural experimentation, combining North and South Indian elements into their distinctive Vesara style with features like ornate doorframes and octagonal towers. Rock-cut structures from this period can still be seen at sites like Ajanta, Ellora, Junagarh, and the cave temples of Badami.
The document discusses various architectural features of ancient Buddhist architecture in India, which originated under Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. It began with the development of symbols representing Buddha's life and teachings. Principal structures were built with a wide base tapering gradually upward for stability. Notable architectural forms discussed include stupas, viharas, chaityas, edicts, and stambhas (pillars). The Great Stupa at Sanchi is described as a well-preserved example from the 3rd century BCE containing sculptures of Buddha. Ashoka used edicts and pillars displaying the Wheel of Law to spread Buddhism across his empire.
The document discusses key aspects of Buddhist architecture including stupas, viharas, and chaitya halls. Stupas were mound structures containing Buddhist relics used for worship. The Great Stupa at Sanchi, India is described as having a hemispherical brick dome, a balustrade, and four carved gateways. Viharas were monasteries for Buddhist priests with main halls, assembly halls, dining chambers, and cells. Notable examples include the caves at Ajanta and Ellora. Chaitya halls had a small entrance opening to a vaulted hall with an apsidal end and columns dividing the space into a nave and aisles. The chaitya hall at Karli is
The document summarizes the history and architecture of the Sanchi Stupa located in Madhya Pradesh, India. It describes the Sanchi Stupa as one of the oldest Buddhist monuments in India, originally built in the 3rd century BCE and later enlarged during the Sunga period in the 1st century BCE. The document outlines the key architectural features of the Sanchi Stupa, including its circular plan and structure, symbolic meaning of its different sections, and sculpted gateways depicting Buddhist stories and symbols.
The Pallavas contributions to temple architecture are many, of which conceiving temples sculpted out of single blocks of stone would remain the most important. There are as many as eight in Mamallapuram, each of which has certain special features. The Panch-pandava group is the most important, in which the Dharmaraja Ratha stands out as the best, containing some exquisite sculptures never found later in this part of India.
A presentation by Prof.Subramanian Swaminathan
The document discusses Buddhist stupas and their architectural features. It begins by defining a stupa as an earthen mound enclosing Buddhist relics, similar in form to Egyptian pyramids. It then classifies stupas into three types and describes the key structural elements of a typical stupa including the harmika, anda, medhi, and ambulatory paths. A significant portion of the document then focuses on describing the famous Great Stupa at Sanchi, including its dome, terraces, gateways, and ornamentation. It concludes by briefly mentioning the Dharmaksha stupa at Sarnath and key features of chaityas or prayer halls often found near stupas.
1. The document summarizes the salient features and development phases of Late Gupta temple architecture between 350-600 CE in central India.
2. Key temples from this period included the Dasavatara temple at Deogarh, the Bhitargaon temple, and temples at Sanchi, Tigawa, and Bhumara.
3. Late Gupta temples are characterized by features like the establishment of temples on high platforms, ornate door columns, depictions of Ganga and Yamuna on doorjambs, and the addition of pinnacles over sanctums.
Hindu Temple Architecture | History of ArchitecturePranay Kumar Tode
The Gupta and Early Chalukyan periods saw developments in Hindu temple architecture in India. Under the Guptas, temples transitioned from rock-cut cave structures to free-standing structures, with early styles consisting of a sanctuary and porch. The Chalukyas established their rule in the 6th century and made Aihole, Badami, and Pattadakal centers of architectural experimentation, combining North and South Indian elements into their distinctive Vesara style with features like ornate doorframes and octagonal towers. Rock-cut structures from this period can still be seen at sites like Ajanta, Ellora, Junagarh, and the cave temples of Badami.
The document discusses various architectural features of ancient Buddhist architecture in India, which originated under Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. It began with the development of symbols representing Buddha's life and teachings. Principal structures were built with a wide base tapering gradually upward for stability. Notable architectural forms discussed include stupas, viharas, chaityas, edicts, and stambhas (pillars). The Great Stupa at Sanchi is described as a well-preserved example from the 3rd century BCE containing sculptures of Buddha. Ashoka used edicts and pillars displaying the Wheel of Law to spread Buddhism across his empire.
The document discusses key aspects of Buddhist architecture including stupas, viharas, and chaitya halls. Stupas were mound structures containing Buddhist relics used for worship. The Great Stupa at Sanchi, India is described as having a hemispherical brick dome, a balustrade, and four carved gateways. Viharas were monasteries for Buddhist priests with main halls, assembly halls, dining chambers, and cells. Notable examples include the caves at Ajanta and Ellora. Chaitya halls had a small entrance opening to a vaulted hall with an apsidal end and columns dividing the space into a nave and aisles. The chaitya hall at Karli is
The document summarizes the history and architecture of the Sanchi Stupa located in Madhya Pradesh, India. It describes the Sanchi Stupa as one of the oldest Buddhist monuments in India, originally built in the 3rd century BCE and later enlarged during the Sunga period in the 1st century BCE. The document outlines the key architectural features of the Sanchi Stupa, including its circular plan and structure, symbolic meaning of its different sections, and sculpted gateways depicting Buddhist stories and symbols.
The Pallavas contributions to temple architecture are many, of which conceiving temples sculpted out of single blocks of stone would remain the most important. There are as many as eight in Mamallapuram, each of which has certain special features. The Panch-pandava group is the most important, in which the Dharmaraja Ratha stands out as the best, containing some exquisite sculptures never found later in this part of India.
A presentation by Prof.Subramanian Swaminathan
Buddhist architecture in ancient India included structures like stupas, chaityas, viharas, and stambhas. Stupas housed sacred Buddhist relics and had a rounded dome-like shape. Chaityas were prayer halls with a stupa at one end and were made in rock-cut caves. Viharas were monasteries that provided living quarters for monks. Stambhas were tall, polished stone pillars sometimes topped with sculptures. These structures developed under emperors like Ashoka who built many early Buddhist monuments to spread the religion across India.
The document summarizes the key differences between Dravidian and Nagara styles of Hindu temples in India. Dravidian temples, more common in South India, emphasize horizontality with one or more stories and a stepped pyramidal tower. Nagara temples of North India emphasize verticality with a tall spire and suppression of horizontal lines. Some examples of architectural features described include the Kailasanatha Temple at Ellora, Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur, and Kandariya Mahadeva Temple at Khajuraho.
History of Architecture - Evolution of temples - Chalukyan ArchitectureSachith Pagidi
The following gives a brief introduction about the chalukyan architecture and the style they used based on the social context and there adaptation towards the versara style.
The document provides details about the Khajuraho temples located in Madhya Pradesh, India. The temples were built between the 9th and 12th centuries by the Chandela dynasty and are known for their erotic sculptures. 25 temples remain today belonging to Hinduism and Jainism. The temples showcase the perfect fusion of architecture and sculpture in the Nagara style and are adorned with sculptures of deities, celestial beings, and secular scenes.
The Sanchi Stupa is located in Sanchi, India and was originally commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. It is one of the oldest stone structures in India and was built to house Buddhist relics. The stupa has undergone several phases of construction, with Ashoka building the original structure and later additions including four ornately carved toranas or gateways around the 1st century BCE. The stupa complex contains numerous sculptures depicting Buddhist art and symbolism from its various periods of construction and was an important early center of Buddhism, until it fell into disrepair with the decline of the religion in India.
The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple was built in 1030 AD in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh as part of the Khajuraho Group of Monuments. It is the largest temple within the western group and is famous for its elaborate stone carvings and erotic sculptures. The temple follows the Hindu symbolic mandala design principle and was built by the Chandela dynasty during the reigns of kings Yashovarman and Dhanga between 950-1050 CE.
The document discusses the origins, evolution, and architectural elements of stupas and viharas in ancient India. It provides details on some key early stupas like the Great Stupa at Sanchi and the Dhamekh Stupa at Sarnath. It also describes the rock-cut viharas at Ajanta and Ellora that served as monasteries for Buddhist monks, as well as chaitya halls used for worship that were elaborately decorated with sculptures and paintings.
The document provides details about Chalukyan architecture found in temples located in Aihole, Pattadakal, and Badami in Karnataka, India. The Chalukyan style originated in the 6th century and blended northern Indian and southern Indian architectural elements. Key features included curved towers, pilastered walls, and elaborate carvings. Important early Chalukyan sites included the Ladkhan Temple and the Durga Temple in Aihole, which featured sloping roofs and richly carved ceilings. In Pattadakal, the Virupaksha Temple and Jambulinga Temple exhibited both Dravidian and Nagara styles. Badami was the Chalukyan capital, with rock
The document discusses key features of Buddhist architecture that developed in India. It began with symbolic structures representing Buddha's life, promoted by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Major architectural forms included stupas to house Buddhist relics, pillars (stambhas) bearing inscriptions, and chaityas/viharas that were temples and monastery halls carved into rock. The Great Stupa at Sanchi and reliefs at sites like Amaravati and the caves/temples at Ellora and Elephanta are highlighted as iconic examples that demonstrate the evolution of Buddhist architectural styles and motifs over centuries.
The document summarizes the temple architecture of the Early Chalukyas located in Pattadakal, India. It describes the 10 temples located there representing both the Dravidian and Nagara styles. Two important temples highlighted are the Virupaksha Temple built in 740 CE, known for its perfect architectural balance, and the Sangmeshwara Temple, the earliest temple in the Dravidian style. The temples showcase sculptures depicting Hindu religious texts and stories of gods and goddesses, representing the fusion of northern and southern architectural styles during the Early Chalukyan period.
The document provides information on three important stupas located at Sarnath:
1) The Dharamrajika Stupa was built by Ashoka to enshrine Buddha's relics and was rebuilt several times, attaining a diameter of 110 feet.
2) The Dhamekh Stupa, also built by Ashoka, stands 143 feet tall and has intricate carvings on its stone base.
3) The Chaukhandi Stupa consists of multiple terraced platforms and originally stood at 200 feet tall, marked by an octagonal tower added in 1585.
The document discusses Buddhist architecture from the time of Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE to later periods. It notes that Ashoka promoted Buddhism throughout his empire by erecting stone pillars with edicts, as well as commemorating important Buddhist sites. Stupas originated as burial mounds but later came to symbolize various Buddhist concepts. The stupa complex at Sanchi featuring three main stupas, including the Great Stupa, as well as carved gateways and monastic structures, became a major pilgrimage site. Rock-cut cave monasteries also emerged as places for meditation and residence for monks.
The document describes Chaitya halls, which are Buddhist shrines or prayer halls found in ancient Indian rock-cut architecture. It focuses on the Chaitya hall located at the Karli caves in Maharashtra. The Karli Chaitya hall dates back to around the 3rd century BC and has architectural features typical of Chaitya design, including a vaulted ceiling supported by columns, with an apse at the end containing a stupa for devotees to circumambulate. The hall was carved out of solid rock using a process that began from the ceiling down, and contains intricately carved details and sculptural elements representative of ancient Indian wooden architecture.
The document provides information about the Ajanta and Ellora caves located in Maharashtra, India. It discusses the Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain caves found at both sites, describing some of the most prominent ones. The Ajanta caves contain paintings depicting Buddha's life and the Ellora caves feature elaborate carvings of Hindu gods as well as the impressive Kailasanatha Temple carved out of solid rock. Both sites provide historical insights into religion and art from ancient India.
Vedic architecture originated after the decline of the Indus Valley civilization. The Aryans who entered India around 1500 BC established settlements and built villages. Their early structures were circular and rectangular huts made of timber and thatch, as the Aryans were still nomadic. Over time, the settlements grew and cities developed with rectangular plans divided into sectors. The concept of Vastupurusa, which determined the placement of buildings based on the imagined pinning of a demon to the ground, influenced traditional Hindu architecture.
The PPP is on Kandariya Mahadeva temple, Kahjuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India for the students of UG on its architecture and art with its historical background.
The slide is not for my API, It is for the students. .
Buddhism originated from the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha. The two main branches are Theravada and Mahayana. Theravada is prominent in Southeast Asia while Mahayana is found in East Asia. Early Buddhist architecture included stupas to house relics and mark important sites. The Great Stupa at Sanchi, built in the 3rd century BC, exemplifies the architectural elements of stupas including a hemispherical dome, circular terraces, and carved gateways. Monasteries like Takht-i-Bahai featured courtyards, stupas, chapels, and residential quarters for monks. Chaitya halls provided worship spaces
Buddhist architecture in ancient India included structures like stupas, chaityas, viharas, and stambhas. Stupas housed sacred Buddhist relics and had a rounded dome-like shape. Chaityas were prayer halls with a stupa at one end and were made in rock-cut caves. Viharas were monasteries that provided living quarters for monks. Stambhas were tall, polished stone pillars sometimes topped with sculptures. These structures developed under emperors like Ashoka who built many early Buddhist monuments to spread the religion across India.
The document summarizes the key differences between Dravidian and Nagara styles of Hindu temples in India. Dravidian temples, more common in South India, emphasize horizontality with one or more stories and a stepped pyramidal tower. Nagara temples of North India emphasize verticality with a tall spire and suppression of horizontal lines. Some examples of architectural features described include the Kailasanatha Temple at Ellora, Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur, and Kandariya Mahadeva Temple at Khajuraho.
History of Architecture - Evolution of temples - Chalukyan ArchitectureSachith Pagidi
The following gives a brief introduction about the chalukyan architecture and the style they used based on the social context and there adaptation towards the versara style.
The document provides details about the Khajuraho temples located in Madhya Pradesh, India. The temples were built between the 9th and 12th centuries by the Chandela dynasty and are known for their erotic sculptures. 25 temples remain today belonging to Hinduism and Jainism. The temples showcase the perfect fusion of architecture and sculpture in the Nagara style and are adorned with sculptures of deities, celestial beings, and secular scenes.
The Sanchi Stupa is located in Sanchi, India and was originally commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. It is one of the oldest stone structures in India and was built to house Buddhist relics. The stupa has undergone several phases of construction, with Ashoka building the original structure and later additions including four ornately carved toranas or gateways around the 1st century BCE. The stupa complex contains numerous sculptures depicting Buddhist art and symbolism from its various periods of construction and was an important early center of Buddhism, until it fell into disrepair with the decline of the religion in India.
The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple was built in 1030 AD in Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh as part of the Khajuraho Group of Monuments. It is the largest temple within the western group and is famous for its elaborate stone carvings and erotic sculptures. The temple follows the Hindu symbolic mandala design principle and was built by the Chandela dynasty during the reigns of kings Yashovarman and Dhanga between 950-1050 CE.
The document discusses the origins, evolution, and architectural elements of stupas and viharas in ancient India. It provides details on some key early stupas like the Great Stupa at Sanchi and the Dhamekh Stupa at Sarnath. It also describes the rock-cut viharas at Ajanta and Ellora that served as monasteries for Buddhist monks, as well as chaitya halls used for worship that were elaborately decorated with sculptures and paintings.
The document provides details about Chalukyan architecture found in temples located in Aihole, Pattadakal, and Badami in Karnataka, India. The Chalukyan style originated in the 6th century and blended northern Indian and southern Indian architectural elements. Key features included curved towers, pilastered walls, and elaborate carvings. Important early Chalukyan sites included the Ladkhan Temple and the Durga Temple in Aihole, which featured sloping roofs and richly carved ceilings. In Pattadakal, the Virupaksha Temple and Jambulinga Temple exhibited both Dravidian and Nagara styles. Badami was the Chalukyan capital, with rock
The document discusses key features of Buddhist architecture that developed in India. It began with symbolic structures representing Buddha's life, promoted by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Major architectural forms included stupas to house Buddhist relics, pillars (stambhas) bearing inscriptions, and chaityas/viharas that were temples and monastery halls carved into rock. The Great Stupa at Sanchi and reliefs at sites like Amaravati and the caves/temples at Ellora and Elephanta are highlighted as iconic examples that demonstrate the evolution of Buddhist architectural styles and motifs over centuries.
The document summarizes the temple architecture of the Early Chalukyas located in Pattadakal, India. It describes the 10 temples located there representing both the Dravidian and Nagara styles. Two important temples highlighted are the Virupaksha Temple built in 740 CE, known for its perfect architectural balance, and the Sangmeshwara Temple, the earliest temple in the Dravidian style. The temples showcase sculptures depicting Hindu religious texts and stories of gods and goddesses, representing the fusion of northern and southern architectural styles during the Early Chalukyan period.
The document provides information on three important stupas located at Sarnath:
1) The Dharamrajika Stupa was built by Ashoka to enshrine Buddha's relics and was rebuilt several times, attaining a diameter of 110 feet.
2) The Dhamekh Stupa, also built by Ashoka, stands 143 feet tall and has intricate carvings on its stone base.
3) The Chaukhandi Stupa consists of multiple terraced platforms and originally stood at 200 feet tall, marked by an octagonal tower added in 1585.
The document discusses Buddhist architecture from the time of Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE to later periods. It notes that Ashoka promoted Buddhism throughout his empire by erecting stone pillars with edicts, as well as commemorating important Buddhist sites. Stupas originated as burial mounds but later came to symbolize various Buddhist concepts. The stupa complex at Sanchi featuring three main stupas, including the Great Stupa, as well as carved gateways and monastic structures, became a major pilgrimage site. Rock-cut cave monasteries also emerged as places for meditation and residence for monks.
The document describes Chaitya halls, which are Buddhist shrines or prayer halls found in ancient Indian rock-cut architecture. It focuses on the Chaitya hall located at the Karli caves in Maharashtra. The Karli Chaitya hall dates back to around the 3rd century BC and has architectural features typical of Chaitya design, including a vaulted ceiling supported by columns, with an apse at the end containing a stupa for devotees to circumambulate. The hall was carved out of solid rock using a process that began from the ceiling down, and contains intricately carved details and sculptural elements representative of ancient Indian wooden architecture.
The document provides information about the Ajanta and Ellora caves located in Maharashtra, India. It discusses the Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain caves found at both sites, describing some of the most prominent ones. The Ajanta caves contain paintings depicting Buddha's life and the Ellora caves feature elaborate carvings of Hindu gods as well as the impressive Kailasanatha Temple carved out of solid rock. Both sites provide historical insights into religion and art from ancient India.
Vedic architecture originated after the decline of the Indus Valley civilization. The Aryans who entered India around 1500 BC established settlements and built villages. Their early structures were circular and rectangular huts made of timber and thatch, as the Aryans were still nomadic. Over time, the settlements grew and cities developed with rectangular plans divided into sectors. The concept of Vastupurusa, which determined the placement of buildings based on the imagined pinning of a demon to the ground, influenced traditional Hindu architecture.
The PPP is on Kandariya Mahadeva temple, Kahjuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India for the students of UG on its architecture and art with its historical background.
The slide is not for my API, It is for the students. .
Buddhism originated from the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha. The two main branches are Theravada and Mahayana. Theravada is prominent in Southeast Asia while Mahayana is found in East Asia. Early Buddhist architecture included stupas to house relics and mark important sites. The Great Stupa at Sanchi, built in the 3rd century BC, exemplifies the architectural elements of stupas including a hemispherical dome, circular terraces, and carved gateways. Monasteries like Takht-i-Bahai featured courtyards, stupas, chapels, and residential quarters for monks. Chaitya halls provided worship spaces
The document discusses Buddhist architecture from its origins in India to specific architectural features. It began with symbols representing Buddha's life under Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Major architectural features developed like stupas, pillars, and chaitya temples. The Great Stupa at Sanchi is described along with its dome, gateways, and railings. Specific examples like the Amaravati Stupa and the rock-cut chaitya hall and caves at Karli and Elephanta are also summarized. Buddhist architecture played an important role in spreading Buddhism across India and developed various regional styles over centuries.
The document discusses the origins and key features of Buddhist architecture in India. It begins with the emergence of Buddhist architecture in India in the 3rd century BCE, with structures like monasteries (viharas), places to venerate relics (stupas), and prayer halls (chaityas). Some of the most prominent examples include the Great Stupa at Sanchi, with its elaborate gateways, and the cave complexes at Ajanta and Ellora. The major features of Buddhist architecture discussed include stupas, pillars (stambhas), cave prayer halls (chaityas), and monasteries (viharas).
Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism: monasteries (viharas), places to venerate relics (stupas), and shrines or prayer halls (chaitya halls, also called chaitya grihas)
The Konark Sun Temple is a 13th-century Hindu temple dedicated to the Sun God. Shaped like a giant chariot, the temple is known for the exquisite stone carvings that cover the entire structure. It is the best-known tourist destination in Orissa and has been a World Heritage Site since 1984.
#architectur #history #temple #india
Buddhist monuments_ sanchi, amaravathi & monolithic pillars.Jeevan Lal
The document summarizes several important Buddhist monuments in India, including stupas at Sanchi, Amaravati, and monolithic pillars erected by Emperor Ashoka. It describes the key architectural features of stupas, such as the dome structure, railing, and gateways. Reliefs at Sanchi depict stories from Buddha's life and the Jataka tales. The Amaravati stupa contained elaborate carvings but most were removed and are now in museums. Ashoka's pillars served to spread his ethical edicts and had inscriptions describing Buddhism; some were crowned with lions and erected near important Buddhist sites.
The document provides an overview of temple architecture in India, focusing on northern, southern, and eastern Indian styles. It describes the key architectural elements and evolution over time, with examples including the Khajuraho group of temples, Lingaraj temple in Bhubaneswar, Jagannath temple in Puri, and the Sun Temple in Konark. The styles are characterized by elements such as shikhara towers, mandapas, and sculptural details that varied regionally under religious and geographic influences.
This document provides an overview of Buddhist architecture in India, beginning with the origins and spread of Buddhism under Emperor Ashoka. It describes several architectural forms that developed during this period, including rock edicts, stupas, monolithic pillars, and monasteries. Specific details are given about the design of monolithic pillars, including their circular shafts, divided capitals, and animal motifs. Key elements of stupas like the Sanchi Stupa are defined, such as the toranas, anda, harmika, and medhi. The purposes of early rock-cut structures like chaityas and viharas are also summarized.
Hinduism originated in India and remained influential there. Important Hindu art includes rock cut cave temples and sculptures from the Pallava dynasty in southern India between the 7th-8th centuries. Northern Indian temples from the 10th-11th centuries tended to be more compact with tall towers. Buddhism also spread from India, influencing art in places like Afghanistan with giant Buddha statues, Tibet with painted thangkas, and Sri Lanka where Buddhism was established.
Buddhist religious architecture developed in the Indian subcontinent.
Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism:
monasteries , places to venerate relics , and shrines or prayer halls , also called , which later came to be called temples in some places.
A Presentation on Swayambhunath Stupa.
Swayambhunath Stupa is enlisted in the UNESCO's World Heritage Site.
It is in the capital city of Nepal and a major shrine for both Hindu and Buddhist followers.
This presentation helps you understand about Stupa architecture and Swayambhunath shrine and its areas nearby.
The Gupta Empire ruled northern India between 320-600 CE. It was a time of political stability and economic prosperity, considered a golden age of Hindu culture. The empire expanded under rulers like Samudragupta and Chandragupta II to control most of the subcontinent. Architecture flourished with the construction of ornate Hindu temples in brick and stone. Sculpture and paintings at sites like Ajanta depicted scenes from Hindu epics and myths. Scholars like Aryabhata and Kalidasa also thrived during this period of learning and cultural achievements.
Buddhist architecture began around 400 CE in India and was well established by the time of the Mauryan period. One of the earliest and most famous examples is the Sanchi Stupa, built in the 3rd century BCE by King Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty. Stupas held great importance in Buddhist architecture as structures used for meditation, usually taking the form of a hemispherical mound surrounded by a fence and circumambulatory path. They originated from burial mounds and some of the most notable include those built to house Buddha's relics at sites connected to his life.
The Maurya and Gupta periods saw the rise and fall of two large empires in ancient India.
The Maurya Empire, founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BCE, united much of the Indian subcontinent under Ashoka's rule. Ashoka promoted Buddhism and ethical rule after converting following a bloody battle. The empire declined after his death as it split into separate kingdoms.
The Gupta Empire, founded by Chandragupta I in 320 CE, also covered much of India. It saw economic and cultural growth in the arts, literature, science, and mathematics during this "Golden Age of India." The empire declined due to corrupt governors and decentralization, falling to invaders by
The document discusses the history and evolution of Buddhist architecture from its origins in India. Key elements of Buddhist architecture discussed include stupas, stambhas, viharas, and chaityas. Stupas evolved over time, changing shapes across different regions while maintaining symbolic meanings. Viharas began as simple wood or bamboo structures before standardized rock-cut designs emerged with cells and courts. Chaityas were cave temples carved from rock displaying influences from Roman architecture. While declining in India, Buddhist architectural styles continue to influence design in countries like China, Japan, and Sri Lanka through structures like the eco-friendly quarry hotel in China.
Bishnupur, located in Bankura, West Bengal, was once the capital of the Malla kings from the 17th-18th centuries. It is known for its unique terracotta Hindu temples built during the Malla dynasty, decorated with terracotta tiles depicting religious and mythological scenes. The earliest and most distinctive temple is the Ras Mancha built in 1587-1600 with a stepped pyramid roof and curved Bengal hut roof around its base. Bishnupur is also known for its terracotta pottery, sculptures, and baluchari sarees woven with scenes from the Mahabharata on their borders. Major festivals celebrated in Bishnupur include the
The document provides information about Hoysala temples and Pala sculptures. It describes key features of Hoysala temples such as their star-shaped layout, intricate carvings, and use of soapstone. It highlights two major Hoysala temples - the Channa Kesava temple built in 1117 CE which features 48 pillars with carvings, and the Hoysaleswara temple at Halebid dated to 1121-1160 CE that has twin shrines. It also briefly introduces Pala sculptures from the 8th-12th century Pala Empire centered in Bengal and Bihar.
Un viaje a Buenos Aires y sus alrededoresJudy Hochberg
A travelogue of my recent trip to Argentina, most to Buenos Aires, but including excursion to Iguazú waterfalls, Tigre, and Colonia del Sacramento in Uruguay
Golden Gate Bridge: Magnificent Architecture in San Francisco | CIO Women Mag...CIOWomenMagazine
The famous suspension bridge connects the city of San Francisco to Marin County in California. Golden Gate Bridge carries both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait and is about one mile wide. In this article, we will explore the history and significance that have shaped the iconic monument it is known as today.
Ibiza, situated in the Balearic Islands, stands out as a destination that encompasses everything: stunning landscapes, hidden gems to explore, a vibrant social scene, rich cultural life, and exceptional gastronomy. Opting for ‘Ibiza Rent A Boat’ to experience an unforgettable vacation on the White Island is certainly worthwhile, prompting a deeper exploration of the unique and fascinating aspects of Ibiza.
Prepare for cold weather rafting with proper gear: layering for warmth, insulated headgear, gloves, waterproof footwear, and essential accessories like sunglasses and sunscreen. Prioritize safety with a life jacket and maintain gear for optimal performance. Stay warm, dry, and ready for adventure on the rapids!
Discovering Egypt A Step-by-Step Guide to Planning Your Trip.pptImperial Egypt
Travelling to Egypt is like stepping into a time capsule where the past and present coexist, offering a unique blend of history, culture, and stunning landscapes.
See more: https://imperialegypt.com/tour-packages/
Nature of the task 1. write a paragraph about your trip to dubai and what ar...solutionaia
1. write a paragraph about your trip to dubai and what are the facts responsible for the heavy rainfall in dubai that caused havec ?
2. mention any five major tourist attaction of dubai
Mathematics: a student a visit her family her father converted Rs. 1,15,000 inr currency for dubai airport theexpedite in the trip is given below
1. Curreny name of India and dubai
2. Conversions amount
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Buddhist architecture 1-1.ppt
1. BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE
Buddhist School under Asoka
Mauryan Pillars
Lion Pillar at Sarnath
Evolution of the Stupa during the Sungas and Andhras 185BC-
150AD
Sanchi Stupa
2. MAURYAN PILLARS
INTERACTION OF HELLENIC AND INDIAN IDEAS IN NORTH INDIA
Like Egyptian pharaohs they built everlasting monuments in honor of the gods
Ashoka showed THE ENDURANCE OF THE GOOD LAW
· Thus arose the pillar for a beginning which was 50' high which carried the Buddhist emblem
· Other monolithic productions were
• Railings
• Stupa finials- umbrellas
• Lion thrones
• Colossal figures
• Hypostyle halls at the royal palaces of Pataliputra
· Most important aspect of these stone structures was the smooth enamel finish
· This was the infancy of stone architecture and yet it reached its peak immediately after wood
· Stone art developed even without a background and traces of Greek, Persian and Egyptian
· Influence in the method of usage of stone could be seen.
· The Graeco-Persian culture influence in Indian art could be seen from above examples
Source of inspiration-
· Pharoic-Hellenic-Iranian elements
· Spread by Alexander's conquest of Persia together with the downfall of Achaemenid Empires
· Downfall in 330 BC, which ensured the rise of the Macedonian empire by the extension
of Greek colonies to east till the borders of the Mauryan Empire
· This was the time when Ashoka wanted to build, so he used the workmen already proficient in
· the palaces of the Persian kings
· · Ashokan pillars similar to the columned hall of Achaemenid Kings
· various inscriptions from Behistun
· Stone was native at Chunar quarry in Bihar
3. MAURYAN PILLARS
Originally there were 30 in number of which only 10 exist
· 2 lion capitals in Bihar
· erected at sites sanctified by Buddha and routes to holy sites
· line of pillars at Champaran and Muzzaffarpur districts are classic examples
· No pillar is isolate, there is always a stupa in the vicinity
Each pillar consisted of
· a plain ornamental shaft circular in section 30' - 40' high
· No base, straight from the ground and tapering towards top
· Top of the shaft was 2' in dia
· On top is the campaniform capital ( Bell shaped) its abacus acting as a
· A base for the Buddha symbol.
· total height was 50 '
In due course of time it was worshipped, which existed even before-
shown by the bas relief’s of barhut- 150 BC
· columns were gods in early days and the forerunner of temples
Aesthetic quality-
concentrated on the superstructure
· around 7' in height
· made of a single piece of stone with the shaft in another piece
· Both fitted by a copper bolt by tenon joint without cement
· the bolt was barrel in shape 2' long
· iron was not used because they probably knew the rusting property of iron
· Capitals are 3' in dia-campaniform in shape
· fluted petals falling down taking the shape of a bell
· The one at Nandan garh was stunted-probably the 1st one on an experimental basis
4. MAURYAN PILLARS
Fluting is of foreign origin from the Persian and Greek pillars
Palace of Artaxerxes at Susa built in 404-358 BC contains fluting
• Ionic temples of Apollo at Diona at Ephesus- 560 BC
• · Above the capital is a circular abacus with a broad edge
• · carved with ornamental border of a special character
• · On this the repetition of Buddhist emblems like
goose-hamsa
honey suckle
palmette
bead and fillet
cable molding
all derivatives of Hellenistic ideas, even though they
· Above the abacus mostly animals adorned the pillar
· Symbolizing the four quarters of the universe.
Elephant guardian of the east
Horse -south
Bull- west
Lion- North
• The Lion capital is a polished sandstone carving of four lions
atop an abacus (the slab forming the top of a column).
• The lions are facing in four directions and on the abacus are eight
images.
• Immediately below each lion is a dharmachakra, or wheel, with
twenty-four spokes.
• This wheel has been incorporated into the national flag of India.
• Between the wheels are four animals – a lion, a horse, an elephant
and a bull.
• Falling from the abacus is an upturned, bell-shaped lotus
flower.
• The pillar at Sarnath was 50’ tall and carried a Schism Edict
addressed to the mahamattas at the monastery at Sarnath, which
LION CAPITAL - SARNATH
5. LION CAPITAL - SARNATH
· The monks and the monastery have long since disappeared, but Sarnath remains an important place
for Buddhists, as it is the place where the Buddha gave his first sermon.
· Modern scholars argue about the provenance of the pillar, with some claiming that its design may
have been influenced by Alexander the Great.
· Because lions are not generally part of Indian culture, it is suggested that there is a Hellenistic
influence at work in the design.
· There is a wheel on top of the animals
· The animals were an inspiration from the Vedic period
· the Rig-Veda places
the lion in the 1st Place
Horse- sun
Bull-Indra God/Dyaus/Sky god
Thus it is a continuation of the Vedic mythology.
· It was boldly designed
· Finely proportioned
· Well balanced conception
· Satisfying the purpose being
Monumental
It was not a part of any architectural composition
· The wheel was of metal at Sarnath
· The limbs and tense muscular anatomy depict Greek Hellenistic achievements
· Lion head spouts of Greek
· Detailing is remarkable
LION PILLARS AT SANCHI
6. BUDDHIST STUPA - 250 BC
· Evolution of the Stupa
The first Buddhist 'shrines' were mere piles
of stone or rubble containing relics of the Buddha.
· Over time it became necessary to 'upgrade'
these structures, in conformity with Buddhism's
rising status.
· For structural reasons it was necessary to have
a wide base, tapering towards the top.
· The form chosen for the Buddhist Stupa was
that of a sphere - as much for the shape's
metaphysical associations as for the fact that it was
an antipode to the square/rectangular form of Hindu
temples.
· "The embryo of the most powerful
architectural form of Buddhism, the famous Stupa,
thus emerged for the first time under the
architectural patronage of Ashoka".
Characteristic features of a Stupa
The Stupa was the most sacred symbol of the
Buddha
These were tumuli of brick with a great spiritual
significance
Normally consisted of:
•Masonry hemisphere 70’ 0” dia.,35’0” high
•Solid of large unburnt bricks each around
16”x10”x3”
•In the center of this mound or Anda was a small
space for a receptacle containing the relic of the
Buddha
•On the summit was an honorific umbrella –
wooden parasol Chattrayashti
•The brickwork of the stupa was finished of with
a thick layer of plaster in which recesses were
left at intervals for small lamps to be lit during
festivals
•A certain amount of colour and gilding was also
applied, furnished with festoons of flowers and
drapery with banners and flags
•The buddhist practice of circumambulation was in the
form of a processional passage or Pradakshina Patha
•It was enclosed in a wooden railing- Vedika leaving a
space for promenading with an entrance at each of the
cardinal points
•Surmounted by a finial or the Harmika The harmika on
top represented the Bodhi Tree under which the
Buddha first gained enlightenment.
•Ashoka used wood and bricks whereas Sungas used
7. SANCHI STUPA - 150 BC
After the end of the Mauryan dynasty
in 185 BC we had the Sungas taking
over and ruling till 70 BC in the N and
W regions
The Sungas were tolerant to the
Buddhists
During the Sungan period we had the
main change being- improvement of the
stupa into a more dignified
architectural structure
Replacement of the impermanent
materials with permanent materials
such as stone
This is understood by analysing the
alterations made to surviving egs., the
chief one being Sanchi
Details
•Reconstructed around 150 BC
•Enlarged to nearly twice the size retaining the original Brick
tumulus of Asokan period
•The Stupa was hence encased within an envelope – Achchaday
•The structure was hence 120’0” dia. 54’0” high
•A terrace- Medhi was added 16’0” from the ground providing
a separate lower and upper ambulatory
•Access to the medhi was on the S side by a double stairway-
Sopana
8. SANCHI STUPA
•The whole structure is finished by means of
dry masonry of hammer dressed stones laid in
even courses
•The Anda is flattened on the top and is
surmounted by a square railing enclosing a
pedestal- Harmika which supported the shaft-
Yashti and a triple umbrella- Chattri made of
stone
•This form of the finial is seen only in the
earlier Stupas, which developed into a shape
resembling an inverted stepped pyramid or cone
in later egs.
•The work during Asoka’s period of the wooden
palisade structure is hence lost
•The structure has projections at the cardinal
points
•There are large elaborately carved gateways or
Toranas providing access to the Stupa
•The Toranas are designed in a Swastika
pattern thereby enabling privacy for the
m,monks using the Pradakshina Patha inside
•The Toranas are provided with relief work
based on tales from the Jataka or stories from
9. SANCHI STUPA
•Vedika-
•made entirely of stone
•1100” high with an entrance in each of the cardinal points
•The emblem of protection from the Vedic times
•Large in proportion and austere in treatment
•Uprights consist of octagonal posts 9’0” high placed at an interval of 2’0” in
between
•Three horizontal bars or rails connect these posts, each 2’ wide and
separated by a narrow space of 3.25”
•An immense beam was placed over this forming a coping stone to the whole
The reason for such a large barrier is not
known, might have been to keep with the
proportions and dimensions of the overall
structure
•As distinctive as the proportions of the railing
was the construction
•The railing is entirely of stone but is a copy of the wooden original it
replaced
•The shape and the joints of the railing are common to timber as seen in the
tenon of the Thaba, and the scarf jointing of the coping- Ushnisha,
•The triple cross bars- Suchi are derived from the bamboo rails of the
palisade fence
•The craftsmen were hence thinking in wood although they were working
with stone
11. SANCHI STUPA
·
Ornamentation:
•Highly carved
•It was a copy of the wooden railing
•A bit out of proportion
•Inspiration from the megalithic stone age
•Joints used are appropriate for wooden than for
stone
•Shows primitive craftsmanship
· Gateway
•Square vertical posts totaling 34' high 2 thk.
•Ornamental balusters in-between the horizontal
members
•The four gateways took 50 years
•style remained constant
•1st gate was built by Andhras in 75BC in the south
•10 years gap for the N, E and W gateways
•Best carved gateway on the south
•Less detailed gateway on the north
•South gateway bears inscriptions made by ivory
carvers of Mortise holes to hang chains and bells
• Decoration overtook construction techniques
12. SANCHI STUPA
Torana:
The entrances to religious buildings were always imposing structures with
ornamental treatment
The Torana ( tor in sanskrit is pass) was designed on the same principle as the
bamboo and wood portcullis
It was an archway accepted as a ceremonial portal
There are 5 gateways in the complex- 4 for the main Stupa and one Stupa 3
added later
•Consists of 2 square uprights 15’ high, prolonged vertically and connected by 3
separate lintels between each of which is a band of ornamental balusters
•The total ht. Is 34’ with a width of 20’ at the broadest part
•The thickness averages 2’ and it stands without support for 2000 years
•Top heavy with a jointing which is highly irrational
•Indigenous composition as there is no recognizable form of pillar or capital
•In comparison with the unadorned railing the elegant intricacy of the gateways
forms a contrast
13. OTHER STUPAS
Barhut::
•68’0” dia.with a reconstructed railing
•Half the size of the great Sanchi Stupa
•Railing was 7’0” high with rich carvings of the Jataka tales and
social life
•The torana in Barhut is the oldest surviving eg. Of 4 similar
gateways built during the Sungas- 184-72 BC
•Hellenistic influence obvious – fluted bell shaped capitals and use
of the honeysuckle motif in the large acroteria at the apex
Bodh Gaya:
•Quadrangular railing 145’ x 108’ conforming to the square plan of
the building
•Railing of 6’8” ht.
•Presence of a Chankrama or promenade – pillared passage covered
by a roof
•The pillars had a stepped pedestal and vase shaped bases,
decorated with a caryatid figure
Sarnath