This document provides information about cell classification and the structures and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It describes the two main cell types as prokaryotic and eukaryotic and provides examples of each. Key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are outlined, such as genetic material location and internal membranes. Common cellular components like the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and cytoskeleton are introduced. Structures specific to prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells like flagella, organelles, and cell walls are defined along with their functions. Comparisons are made between animal and plant cells.

1. Cells Classification
Course: B.Tech BiotechCourse: B.Tech Biotech
Subject: Basic of Life ScienceSubject: Basic of Life Science
Unit: IIUnit: II

2. Two Major Cell Types
Cell TypeCell Type ExampleExample
ProkaryoticProkaryotic BacteriaBacteria
EukaryoticEukaryotic ProtistsProtists
FungiFungi
PlantsPlants
AnimalsAnimals

3. Prokaryotic CellProkaryotic Cell
1.1.

4. Prokaryotic Cells• Simplest organisms
– Cytoplasm is surrounded by plasma membrane and
encased in a rigid cell wall composed of peptidoglycan.
• no distinct interior compartments
–gram-positive – thick single layer wall that retains
a violet dye from Gram stain procedure
–gram-negative – multilayered wall does not retain
dye
»Susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics depends
on cell wall structure.

5. Prokaryotic Cells
• Some use flagellum for locomotion
– threadlike structures protruding from cell surface
Bacterial cell wallBacterial cell wall
FlagellinFlagellin
RotaryRotary
motormotor
SheathSheath
2.2.

6. Eukaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell
(protist, animal)(protist, animal)
3.3.

7. Eukaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell
(plant)(plant)
4.4.

8. 5.5.

9. Differences Between Cell Types
Prokaryotic CellProkaryotic Cell Eukaryotic CellEukaryotic Cell
Single circularSingle circular
chromosomechromosome
Multiple linearMultiple linear
chromosomeschromosomes
Chromosome foundChromosome found
in a cytoplasmicin a cytoplasmic
region called theregion called the
nucleoid.nucleoid.
Chromosomes foundChromosomes found
in a membrane-in a membrane-
bound nucleus.bound nucleus.
No internalNo internal
membranesmembranes
Some infoldedSome infolded
plasma membraneplasma membrane
Extensive network ofExtensive network of
internal membranesinternal membranes

10. Common Components
and Cellular Organization
• Plasma Membrane
– boundary surrounding the cell
• Genetic material: DNA
– located in a membrane-bound nucleus
for eukaryotic cells
• Cytoplasm
– Semi-fluid matrix containing enzymes
and organelles
(enzyme = biological catalyst)
• Cytoskeleton
– network of filaments and tubules in cytoplasm that
maintains cell shape, allows movement

11. Features of
Prokaryotic Cells
All prokaryotic cells contain
StructureStructure FunctionFunction
PlasmaPlasma
MembraneMembrane
Regulates flow ofRegulates flow of
substances into and outsubstances into and out
of cellof cell
NucleoidNucleoid Cytoplasmic regionCytoplasmic region
containing geneticcontaining genetic
materialmaterial
CytoplasmCytoplasm Cytosol: fluidCytosol: fluid
RibosomesRibosomes
EnzymesEnzymes

12. Features of
Prokaryotic Cells
Other possible prokaryotic structures
StructureStructure FunctionFunction
Cell WallCell Wall Supports cellSupports cell
Maintains shapeMaintains shape
CapsuleCapsule Protects from dryingProtects from drying
Protects againstProtects against
white blood cellswhite blood cells
Infolded PlasmaInfolded Plasma
MembranesMembranes
MetabolismMetabolism
Cell divisionCell division

13. Features of
Prokaryotic Cells
Other possible prokaryotic structures
StructureStructure FunctionFunction
BacterialBacterial
FlagellumFlagellum
MovementMovement
PlasmidPlasmid Small circular DNASmall circular DNA
ReplicatesReplicates
independentlyindependently

14. Applying Your Knowledge
In bacterial cells
• where is the genetic material located?
• which one is used for movement?
• which one provides structural support for
the cell?
1. Cell Wall
2. Flagellum
3. Capsule
4. Plasmid
5. Nucleoid

15. Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
StructureStructure Function(s)Function(s)
PlasmaPlasma
MembraneMembrane
1. Regulates passage of1. Regulates passage of
materials into and out of cellmaterials into and out of cell
2. Cell-Cell Recognition2. Cell-Cell Recognition
6.6.

16. Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
StructureStructure Function(s)Function(s)
Cell WallCell Wall
(protists,(protists,
fungi, plants)fungi, plants)
1.1. Controls cell shape,Controls cell shape,
protects, supportsprotects, supports
7.7.

17. Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features
StructureStructure Function(s)Function(s)
NucleusNucleus 1.1. Carrier of genetic materialCarrier of genetic material
DNA + protein = chromatinDNA + protein = chromatin
2. Governs cell activities2. Governs cell activities
3. Directs cell reproduction3. Directs cell reproduction
4.4. Surrounded bySurrounded by
Membrane = nuclearMembrane = nuclear
envelopeenvelope
5.5. Contains nucleolus—Contains nucleolus—
produces ribosomesproduces ribosomes
which synthesize proteinswhich synthesize proteins
8.8.

18. Nucleus
9.9.

19. Functions of
Eukaryotic
Cell Features
StructureStructure Function(s)Function(s)
RoughRough
EndoplasmicEndoplasmic
Reticulum (RER)Reticulum (RER)
1.1. Associated ribosomes produceAssociated ribosomes produce
proteinsproteins
2.2. Prepares proteins for exportPrepares proteins for export
SmoothSmooth
EndoplasmicEndoplasmic
Reticulum (SER)Reticulum (SER)
1.1. Lipid SynthesisLipid Synthesis
2.2. Drug detoxificationDrug detoxification
3.3. Transport of proteins from RERTransport of proteins from RER
RERRER SERSER
10.10.

20. Functions of Eukaryotic
Cell Features
StructureStructure Function(s)Function(s)
GolgiGolgi
ApparatusApparatus
Collects, modifies, packages andCollects, modifies, packages and
distributes proteins and lipids from ERdistributes proteins and lipids from ER
11.11.

21. Functions of
Eukaryotic
Cell Features
StructureStructure Function(s)Function(s)
LysosomeLysosome Contains digestive enzymesContains digestive enzymes
to digest food in protists orto digest food in protists or
destroy aging organellesdestroy aging organelles
12.12.

22. Endomembrane System
RoughRough
EndoplasmicEndoplasmic
ReticulumReticulum
SmoothSmooth
EndoplasmicEndoplasmic
ReticulumReticulum
VesicleVesicle
GolgiGolgi
ApparatusApparatus
VesicleVesicle
LysosomeLysosome
VesicleVesicle
PlasmaPlasma
MembraneMembrane
13.13.

23. Functions of
Eukaryotic
Cell Features
StructureStructure FunctionFunction
PeroxisomePeroxisome Removes harmful oxidantsRemoves harmful oxidants
from cellsfrom cells
14.14.

24. Functions of
Eukaryotic Cell
Features
StructureStructure FunctionFunction
MitochondrionMitochondrion Captures energy fromCaptures energy from
organic molecules,organic molecules,
producing ATPproducing ATP
15.15.

25. Functions of
Eukaryotic Cell
Features
StructureStructure FunctionFunction
ChloroplastChloroplast
(protists, plants)(protists, plants)
Photosynthesis: Uses lightPhotosynthesis: Uses light
energy to produce organicenergy to produce organic
moleculesmolecules
16.16.

26. Functions
of Eukaryotic
Cell Features
StructureStructure Function(s)Function(s)
CytoskeletonCytoskeleton 1.1. Maintains cell shapeMaintains cell shape
2.2. Anchors organelles and proteinsAnchors organelles and proteins
3.3. Allows for organelle movementAllows for organelle movement
and cellular movement in someand cellular movement in some
cell typescell types
17.17.

27. Functions of
Eukaryotic Cell
Features
StructureStructure FunctionFunction
CentrioleCentriole Gives rise to basal bodies thatGives rise to basal bodies that
produce cilia or flagellaproduce cilia or flagella
18.18.

28. Functions of
Eukaryotic Cell
Features
StructureStructure Function(s)Function(s)
VacuoleVacuole 1.1. Central vacuole (plants) storesCentral vacuole (plants) stores
waste, maintains turgidity.waste, maintains turgidity.
2.2. Contractile vacuole (protists)Contractile vacuole (protists)
maintains water balance.maintains water balance.
3.3. Food vacuole (protists) fuses withFood vacuole (protists) fuses with
lysosome for digestion.lysosome for digestion.
19.19.

29. Functions of Eukaryotic
Cell Features
StructureStructure Function(s)Function(s)
Cilia andCilia and
FlagellaFlagella
1.1. Move substances acrossMove substances across
cell surface in lungs,cell surface in lungs,
fallopian tubesfallopian tubes
2.2. Cell movement in sperm,Cell movement in sperm,
protistsprotists
20.20.

30. Structure Animal cells Plant cells
cell membrane Yes yes
nucleus Yes yes
nucleolus yes yes
ribosomes yes yes
ER yes yes
Golgi yes yes
centrioles yes no
cell wall no yes
mitochondria yes yes
cholorplasts no yes
One big vacuole no yes
cytoskeleton yes Yes

31. Applying Your Knowledge
A. Which organelle produces proteins that
will be exported from the cell?
B. Which organelle contains digestive
enzymes?
C. Which site acts as a protein packaging and
distribution center?
1. Cilium
2. Rough ER
3. Golgi apparatus
4. Smooth ER
5. Lysosome

32. Thought Questions
1. What are similarities for
a. eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
b. animal and plant cells?
2. What are differences between
a. eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
b. animal and plant cells?

33. Analogy
If the cell were a factory
the ____________________ would be
(name a cell component)
a _____________________________.
(name a part of a factory)

34. Part of CellPart of Cell Part of FactoryPart of Factory
CapsuleCapsule Security GateSecurity Gate
Cell WallCell Wall Outer Fence around the factoryOuter Fence around the factory
ChloroplastChloroplast Solar PanelSolar Panel
CytoskeletonCytoskeleton Moving Belt where items are inspectedMoving Belt where items are inspected
Steel Support, Interior WallsSteel Support, Interior Walls
Cilia/FlagellaCilia/Flagella Conveyor Belt, Elevator/EscalatorConveyor Belt, Elevator/Escalator
EnzymeEnzyme Worker; Assemblage MachineryWorker; Assemblage Machinery
Golgi ComplexGolgi Complex Distribution/Packaging DepartmentDistribution/Packaging Department
MailroomMailroom
MitochondrionMitochondrion Generator, Engine Room, Power SourceGenerator, Engine Room, Power Source
NucleoidNucleoid Storage of pre-production materialStorage of pre-production material
NucleusNucleus Supervisor’s Office, BossSupervisor’s Office, Boss
Corporate Office, Central OperationsCorporate Office, Central Operations
Plasma MembranePlasma Membrane Loading/Unloading Dock, Inner Wall, DoorLoading/Unloading Dock, Inner Wall, Door
RibosomesRibosomes Assembly Line TrackAssembly Line Track
RERRER Production LineProduction Line
SERSER Shipping DockShipping Dock
VacuoleVacuole Storage AreaStorage Area

35. Web and Books references
• Book Name : Albert
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_structure
• http://nptel.ac.in/courses/102103045/download/mod2.pdf
• https://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/42-
620/handouts/BME_42_620_Lecture_02_2011.pdf
3535

36. Images References
• 1.https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/640/flashcards/1380640/jpg/bio100
1-image-prokaryote-1413A10B8386D5F0137.jpg
• 2.http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/ap/ap_prep/cem2s2_3.jpg
• 3.http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Eukaryotic_Cell_(animal
).jpg
• 4.http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plants/images/plantcell.jpg
• 5.http://www.sfu.ca/~fankbone/biol/animcell.jpg
• 6.http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/science/robertsk/biol101/Cell_Structure_and
_Function_files/image004.jpg
• 7.http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plants/images/plantcell.jpg
• 8.http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/nucleus/images/nucleusfigure1.jpg
• 9. http://thewallmachine.com/files/1347806588.jpg
• 10.http://2.bp.blogspot.com/I9artOBlgmw/UEnfqbPv_3I/AAAAAAAAAI0/lYPXS4Aq
7iQ/s1600/Rough+endoplasmic+reticulum+is+continued+with+the+smooth+one.P
NG
• 11.
http://cellsinaction1.wikispaces.com/file/view/golgi.jpg/83165353/280x278/golgi.
jpg

37. • 12.http://www.unimainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/EM/eigene
EM/Tph/Tph21Lys.jpg
• 13.https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/48/flashcards/454048/pn
g/endomembrane_system-1440CDC4A61079A2221.png
• 14. http://jcs.biologists.org/content/117/17/3995/F3.large.jpg
• 15.http://www.scientificamerican.com/media/inline/blog/Image/Mitocho
ndrion.jpg
• 16.http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/76/53076-004-
61A5272A.jpg
• 17.http://gleesonbiology.pbworks.com/f/1221958626/cytoskeleton.jpg
• 18.http://images.tutorvista.com/cms/images/123/structure-of-
centriole.jpeg
• 19.http://teachline.ls.huji.ac.il/72109/paramecium/Figa3-rev.jpg
• 20.http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flagell
um-beating.svg/2000px-Flagellum-beating.svg.png