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Cell Structures
 and Functions
Presented by: Joevani S. Peñol
1. Plasma Membrane
Outermost   component of the
 cell.
Encloses the cytoplasm and
 forms the boundary between
 material inside and materials
 outside the cell.
Structure of the Plasma
 Membrane
 The  plasma membrane is a double layer
  (bilayer) of proteins and phospholipids
  and is fluid rather than solid.
 This can be interpreted by the fluid
  mosaic model developed by Jonathan
  Singer and Garth Nicolson in 1972.
Cell structures and functions
Function of the Plasma
Membrane
 Regulate  material moving into and out
  of the cell.
 Separate the internal and external
  part of the cell.
 Provide a large surface area on which
  specific chemical reactions can
  occur.
Functions of the Plasma
Membrane
 Separate    cells from one another.

 Site   for the receptors containing
 specific cell identification markers
 that differentiate one cell type from
 the other.
2. Cytoplasm
 Semifluid   enclosed within plasma
 membranes and are consist of
 organelles, cytosol and other
 structures.
Animal Cell
Function of the Cytoplasm
Dissolvessubstances and
 houses organelles and vesicles.
3. Nucleus
 Controlcenter of the cell.
 Contains nucleolus and DNA.
4. Endoplasmic Reticulum
 an  extensive membranous
  network continuous with the
  outer nuclear membrane.
 Contains series of channels and is
  storage unit for enzymes and
  other proteins.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
2 Types of ER
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Attached   to it is the ribosomes.
Microscopic view of Rough ER
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
 Sitefor lipid
  production, detoxification of a
  wide variety of organic
  molecules and storage of
  calcium ions in muscle cells.
 Don’t have ribosomes
  attached on it.
Microscopic View of the
Smooth ER
5. Golgi Apparatus
Collection of membranes
 associated physically and
 functionally with the ER in the
 cytoplasm.
Named after Camillio Golgi,
 1998.
Structure
 Composedof flattened stacks of
 membrane bound cisternae
Function
 Sorts,packages, and secretes proteins
  and lipids.
Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Bodies
6. Mitochondrion
Double-membrane     bound
 organelles that are spherical to
 elongate in shape.
Powerhouse of the cell.
Contains its own DNA.
Cell structures and functions
7. Lysosomes
Membrane    bound spherical
 organelles that contain
 enzymes called acid
 hydrolases, which are capable
 of digesting organic molecules
 under acidic conditions.
Microscopic view of the
Lysosome
Cell structures and functions
8. Centrioles
 Located   within microtubule-organizing
  center.
 Contains nine triplet microtubules
 Forms basal body of cilia and flagella.
 Function in mitotic spindle fiber
  formation.
Cell structures and functions
Microscopic view of the
Centriole
9. Chloroplast
Found   only in plant cells
Site of photosynthesis.
Contains its own DNA.
Chloroplast
10. Ribosomes
Site   of protein synthesis.
11. Cilia/Flagella
Threadlike processes.
Move small particles past fixed
 cells and are a major form of
 locomotion in some cells.
Cilia and Flagella
12. Vacuoles
Membrane     surrounded, often
 large sac in the cytoplasm.
Storage site of food and other
 compounds, also pump water
 out of a cell.
Cell structures and functions
13. Cytoskeleton
Interconnecting   microfilament
 and microtubules; flexible
 cellular framework.
Assist in cell movement;
 provides support; site for
 binding of specific enzymes.
Cytoskeleton
14. Peroxisomes
Small membrane bound
 vesicles containing enzymes
 that break down fatty acids,
 amino acids, and hydrogen
 peroxide (H2O2).
Cell structures and functions
15. Cell Wall
Rigid  (up to many micrometers
 in thickness) and gives plant
 cells a very defined shape.
Composed of cellulose fiber,
 polysaccharides, and proteins.
Function

1.   Cell stability
2.   Determines its shape,
3.   Influences its development,
     protects the cell against
     pathogens
4.   Counterbalances the osmotic
     pressure.
Structure
Composed of primary and secondary cell
 walls.
References
 http://www.phschool.com/science/biolo
  gy_place/biocoach/cells/intro.html
 http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301note
  s1.htm
 http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/
  summer2002/lect05.htm

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Cell structures and functions

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