Bt-corn is a type of genetically modified organism, termed GMO. A GMO is a plant or animal
that has been genetically modified through the addition of a small amount of genetic material
from other organisms through molecular techniques. Currently, the GMOs on the market today
have been given genetic traits to provide protection from pests, tolerance to pesticides, or
improve its quality. Examples of GMO field crops include Bt-potatoes, Bt-corn, Bt-sweet corn,
Roundup Ready soybeans, Roundup Ready Corn, and Liberty Link corn.
Genetically modified foods are foods derived from GMO crops. For example, corn produced
through biotechnology is being used in many familiar foods, including corn meal and tortilla
chips. In addition, corn is used to make high fructose corn syrup, which is used as a sweetener in
many foods such as soft drinks and baked goods. While the FDA (U.S. Food and Drug
Administration) regulates genetically modified foods, it considers Bt-corn to be nutritionally
equivalent to traditional corn.
To transform a plant into a GMO plant, the gene that produces a genetic trait of interest is
identified and separated from the rest of the genetic material from a donor organism. Most
organisms have thousands of genes, a single gene represents only a tiny fraction of the total
genetic makeup of an organism.
A donor organism may be a bacterium, fungus or even another plant. In the case of Bt corn, the
donor organism is a naturally occurring soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis, and the gene of
interest produces a protein that kills Lepidoptera larvae, in particular, European corn borer. This
protein is called the Bt delta endotoxin. Growers use Bt corn as an alternative to spraying
insecticides for control of European and southwestern corn borer.
Bt Delta Endotoxin
The Bt delta endotoxin was selected because it is highly effective at controlling Lepidoptera
larvae, caterpillars. It is during the larval stage when most of the damage by European corn borer
occurs. The protein is very selective, generally not harming insects in other orders (such as
beetles, flies, bees and wasps). For this reason, GMOs that have the Bt gene are compatible with
biological control programs because they harm insect predators and parasitoids much less than
broad-spectrum insecticides. The Bt endotoxin is considered safe for humans, other mammals,
fish, birds, and the environment because of its selectivity. Bt has been available as a commercial
microbial insecticide since the 1960s and is sold under many trade names. These products have
an excellent safety record and can be used on many crops until the day of harvest.
To kill a susceptible insect, a part of the plant that contains the Bt protein (not all parts of the
plant necessarily contain the protein in equal concentrations) must be ingested. Within minutes,
the protein binds to the gut wall and the insect stops feeding. Within hours, the gut wall breaks
down and normal gut bacteria invade the body cavity. The i.
Highly descriptive and illustrative presentation based on Biotechnology chapter 12 of NCERT class XII.
This is an important topic especially from biological research point of view.
This is to help students thoroughly understand the topic for exams as well as for future practical applications.
Genetic Engineering in Insect Pest management Mohd Irshad
gene incorporation is gaining attention across the globe with the aim of improving plant health, crop protection, and sustainable crop production. This versatile method of Scientific cultivation should be adopted by the growers as it has been investigated and assessed by experts and environmentalists. There is not any kind of toxic effect on mammalian.
Introduction: Biotechnology is an emerging field of research as it has the potential to solve many biological problems which could not be solved till now with conventional techniques.
The use of biology to develop technologies and products for the welfare of human beings is known as Biotechnology. It has various applications in different fields such as Therapeutics, Diagnostics, Processed Food, Waste Management, Energy Production, Genetically Modified Crops etc.
Biotechnology means 'applications of scientific and engineering principles to biological processes to provide goods and services'. Full understanding of biological processes is possible with detailed analysis of gene structure and function i.e. the Genetic Engineering means the introduction of manipulated genetic material (DNA) into a cell in such a way as to replicate and be passed on to progeny cells'. The outcome is attractive and promising.
Highly descriptive and illustrative presentation based on Biotechnology chapter 12 of NCERT class XII.
This is an important topic especially from biological research point of view.
This is to help students thoroughly understand the topic for exams as well as for future practical applications.
Genetic Engineering in Insect Pest management Mohd Irshad
gene incorporation is gaining attention across the globe with the aim of improving plant health, crop protection, and sustainable crop production. This versatile method of Scientific cultivation should be adopted by the growers as it has been investigated and assessed by experts and environmentalists. There is not any kind of toxic effect on mammalian.
Introduction: Biotechnology is an emerging field of research as it has the potential to solve many biological problems which could not be solved till now with conventional techniques.
The use of biology to develop technologies and products for the welfare of human beings is known as Biotechnology. It has various applications in different fields such as Therapeutics, Diagnostics, Processed Food, Waste Management, Energy Production, Genetically Modified Crops etc.
Biotechnology means 'applications of scientific and engineering principles to biological processes to provide goods and services'. Full understanding of biological processes is possible with detailed analysis of gene structure and function i.e. the Genetic Engineering means the introduction of manipulated genetic material (DNA) into a cell in such a way as to replicate and be passed on to progeny cells'. The outcome is attractive and promising.
Introduction
Definition of an Insect Resistant Plant
What is the Bt gene?
History
The crystal ( cry)Proteins
Definition of cry protein
How does Bt work?
Mechanism of Bt toxicity
Mode of Action of Insecticidal Crystal Protein
Bt Technology
The Insect Resistance Problem
Advantages
Limitations
Conclusion
References
THIS PRESENTATION IS MAINLY ON THE EFFECTS, AVAILABILITY, STATUS, SAFETY, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF GM CROPS IN MODERN LIFE. IT WILL HELP MANY STUDENTS TO STUDY ON THIS TOPIC IN FUTURE.
Now days Biotech Era, What is application of biotechnology in Agriculture, Plantation and fertilizer. If we want to Improve qualitative and quantitative of Agri & Plantation then we definitely need of applying Biotechnological application.
The biotic stresses are caused by insects, pathogens (viruses, fungi, bacteria), and wounds. The abiotic stresses are due to herbicides, water deficiency (caused by drought, temperature, and salinity), ozone and intense light.
Insect-resistant transgenic crops were first commercialized in the mid-1990s with the introduction of GM corn (maize), potato and cotton plants expressing genes encoding the entomocidal δ-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt; also known as Cry proteins). In 2010, 148 million ha of biotech crops were grown in 29 countries, representing 10% of all 1.5 billion hectares of cropland in the world. The global value of this seed alone was valued at US $11.2 billion in 2010, with commercial biotech maize, soybean grain and cotton valued at approximately US $150 billion per year. In recent years, it has become evident that Bt-expressing crops have made a significant beneficial impact on global agriculture, not least in terms of pest reduction and improved quality. However, because of the potential for pest populations to evolve resistance, and owing to lack of effective control of homopteran pests, alternative strategies are being developed. Some of these are based on Bacillus spp., e.g. vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIPs) or other insect pathogens.
a. The alleles are as followsaa - AlbinismAa AA - Normal pigm.pdfanurag1231
a. The alleles are as follows:
aa - Albinism
Aa / AA - Normal pigmentation
rr - Red hair
Rr / RR - Brown hair
b. The albino parent is homozygous recessive for hair color as her both parents had red hair. So
her genotype for hair color is \"rr\".
c. As the brown haired parent had one red haired parent, so he is heterozygous for hair color. So
his genotype for hair color is \"Rr\".
Since he had a child having albinism which is a recessive trait, this means he is heterozygous for
skin pigmentation too. So his genotype regarding skin pigmentation is \"Aa\".
d. The genotype of first child with respect to hair color is: \"Rr\" and with respect to skin
pigmentation is: \"Aa\".
Solution
a. The alleles are as follows:
aa - Albinism
Aa / AA - Normal pigmentation
rr - Red hair
Rr / RR - Brown hair
b. The albino parent is homozygous recessive for hair color as her both parents had red hair. So
her genotype for hair color is \"rr\".
c. As the brown haired parent had one red haired parent, so he is heterozygous for hair color. So
his genotype for hair color is \"Rr\".
Since he had a child having albinism which is a recessive trait, this means he is heterozygous for
skin pigmentation too. So his genotype regarding skin pigmentation is \"Aa\".
d. The genotype of first child with respect to hair color is: \"Rr\" and with respect to skin
pigmentation is: \"Aa\"..
Introduction
Definition of an Insect Resistant Plant
What is the Bt gene?
History
The crystal ( cry)Proteins
Definition of cry protein
How does Bt work?
Mechanism of Bt toxicity
Mode of Action of Insecticidal Crystal Protein
Bt Technology
The Insect Resistance Problem
Advantages
Limitations
Conclusion
References
THIS PRESENTATION IS MAINLY ON THE EFFECTS, AVAILABILITY, STATUS, SAFETY, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF GM CROPS IN MODERN LIFE. IT WILL HELP MANY STUDENTS TO STUDY ON THIS TOPIC IN FUTURE.
Now days Biotech Era, What is application of biotechnology in Agriculture, Plantation and fertilizer. If we want to Improve qualitative and quantitative of Agri & Plantation then we definitely need of applying Biotechnological application.
The biotic stresses are caused by insects, pathogens (viruses, fungi, bacteria), and wounds. The abiotic stresses are due to herbicides, water deficiency (caused by drought, temperature, and salinity), ozone and intense light.
Insect-resistant transgenic crops were first commercialized in the mid-1990s with the introduction of GM corn (maize), potato and cotton plants expressing genes encoding the entomocidal δ-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt; also known as Cry proteins). In 2010, 148 million ha of biotech crops were grown in 29 countries, representing 10% of all 1.5 billion hectares of cropland in the world. The global value of this seed alone was valued at US $11.2 billion in 2010, with commercial biotech maize, soybean grain and cotton valued at approximately US $150 billion per year. In recent years, it has become evident that Bt-expressing crops have made a significant beneficial impact on global agriculture, not least in terms of pest reduction and improved quality. However, because of the potential for pest populations to evolve resistance, and owing to lack of effective control of homopteran pests, alternative strategies are being developed. Some of these are based on Bacillus spp., e.g. vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIPs) or other insect pathogens.
Similar to Bt-corn is a type of genetically modified organism, termed GMO. A GM.pdf (20)
a. The alleles are as followsaa - AlbinismAa AA - Normal pigm.pdfanurag1231
a. The alleles are as follows:
aa - Albinism
Aa / AA - Normal pigmentation
rr - Red hair
Rr / RR - Brown hair
b. The albino parent is homozygous recessive for hair color as her both parents had red hair. So
her genotype for hair color is \"rr\".
c. As the brown haired parent had one red haired parent, so he is heterozygous for hair color. So
his genotype for hair color is \"Rr\".
Since he had a child having albinism which is a recessive trait, this means he is heterozygous for
skin pigmentation too. So his genotype regarding skin pigmentation is \"Aa\".
d. The genotype of first child with respect to hair color is: \"Rr\" and with respect to skin
pigmentation is: \"Aa\".
Solution
a. The alleles are as follows:
aa - Albinism
Aa / AA - Normal pigmentation
rr - Red hair
Rr / RR - Brown hair
b. The albino parent is homozygous recessive for hair color as her both parents had red hair. So
her genotype for hair color is \"rr\".
c. As the brown haired parent had one red haired parent, so he is heterozygous for hair color. So
his genotype for hair color is \"Rr\".
Since he had a child having albinism which is a recessive trait, this means he is heterozygous for
skin pigmentation too. So his genotype regarding skin pigmentation is \"Aa\".
d. The genotype of first child with respect to hair color is: \"Rr\" and with respect to skin
pigmentation is: \"Aa\"..
49) sensation is what we receive through senses and perception is wh.pdfanurag1231
49) sensation is what we receive through senses and perception is what we review those senses
and come to a conclusion based on our review.
50) Usually, sodium, calcium, and potassium ions are transported across membranes against a
concentration gradient. The transport of water immediately after the sodium ion transport is to
balance the volume upon ion transport. The Oral dehydration therapy involves administration of
water along with salt and sugar. The aim is to supply the body with required water that was lost
by dehydration and salts helps increase the uptake of water molecules in the blood, based on the
above said principle. That is when an excess amount of salt is available, a concentration gradient
is created which initiates ion transport across the membrane and water is also transferred along
with the salt to maintain the volume deficit.
Solution
49) sensation is what we receive through senses and perception is what we review those senses
and come to a conclusion based on our review.
50) Usually, sodium, calcium, and potassium ions are transported across membranes against a
concentration gradient. The transport of water immediately after the sodium ion transport is to
balance the volume upon ion transport. The Oral dehydration therapy involves administration of
water along with salt and sugar. The aim is to supply the body with required water that was lost
by dehydration and salts helps increase the uptake of water molecules in the blood, based on the
above said principle. That is when an excess amount of salt is available, a concentration gradient
is created which initiates ion transport across the membrane and water is also transferred along
with the salt to maintain the volume deficit..
1. INTRODUCTIONWe are currently living in the so-called informatio.pdfanurag1231
1. INTRODUCTION
We are currently living in the so-called information age which can be described as an era were
economic activities are mainly information based (an age of informationalization). This is due to
the development and use of technology. The main characteristics of this era can be summarized
as a rise in the number of knowledge workers, a world that has become more open - in the sense
of communication (global village/Gutenberg galaxy) and internationalization (trans-border flow
of data).
This paradigm shift brings new ethical and juridical problems which are mainly related to issues
such as the right of access to information, the right of privacy which is threatened by the
emphasis on the free flow of information, and the protection of the economic interest of the
owners of intellectual property.
In this paper the ethical questions related to the right to privacy of the individual which is
threatened by the use of technology will be discussed. Specific attention will be given to the
challenges these ethical problems pose to the information professional. A number of practical
guidelines, based on ethical norms will be laid down.
2. ETHICS
The ethical actions of a person can be described in general terms as those actions which are
performed within the criterium of what is regarded as good. It relates thus to the question of what
is good or bad in terms of human actions. According to Spinello (1995, p. 14) the purpose
of ethics is to help us behave honorably and attain those basic goods that make us more fully
human.
3. THE CONCEPT OF PRIVACY
3.1. Definition of Privacy
Privacy can be defined as an individual condition of life characterized by exclusion from
publicity (Neetling et al., 1996, p. 36). The concept follows from the right to be left alone (Stair,
1992, p. 635; Shank, 1986, p. 12)1 . Shank (1986, p. 13) states that such a perception of privacy
set the course for passing of privacy laws in the United States for the ninety years that followed.
As such privacy could be regarded as a natural right which provides the foundation for the legal
right. The right to privacy is therefore protected under private law.
The legal right to privacy is constitutionally protected in most democratic societies. This
constitutional right is expressed in a variety of legislative forms. Examples include the Privacy
Act (1974) in the USA, the proposed Open Democracy Act in South Africa (1996) and the Data
Protection Act in England. During 1994 Australia also accepted a Privacy Charter containing 18
privacy principles which describe the right of a citizen concerning personal privacy as effected
by handling of information by the state (Collier, 1994, p. 44-45). The Organization for Economic
and Coordination and Development (OECD) also accepted in 1980 the Guidelines for the
Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flow of Personal Data (Collier, 1994, p. 41).
Privacy is an important right because it is a necessary condition for other rights such as freedo.
1. d.) Organisms using oxygenic photosynthesis release oxygen into t.pdfanurag1231
1. d.) Organisms using oxygenic photosynthesis release oxygen into the atmosphere, causing an
increase in the oxygen in the atmosphere and allowing for the development of aerobes.
3. Type of fermentation. Salmonella are methyl red positive, VP negative, positive for H2S
production, negative for gelatin liquefaction, whereas Serratia is methyl red negative, VP
positive, negative for H2S production, and positive for gelatin liquefaction.
4. Mycoplasmas are fastidious organisms that require nutrient supplementation in the medium.
They require fetal or now born calf serum, heart infusion, salts, glucose and/or arginine. Their
growth rate is slow. Since they lack a cell wall, they cannot take up typical Gram stain. Also,,
their extremely small size makes it difficult to visualize them.
Solution
1. d.) Organisms using oxygenic photosynthesis release oxygen into the atmosphere, causing an
increase in the oxygen in the atmosphere and allowing for the development of aerobes.
3. Type of fermentation. Salmonella are methyl red positive, VP negative, positive for H2S
production, negative for gelatin liquefaction, whereas Serratia is methyl red negative, VP
positive, negative for H2S production, and positive for gelatin liquefaction.
4. Mycoplasmas are fastidious organisms that require nutrient supplementation in the medium.
They require fetal or now born calf serum, heart infusion, salts, glucose and/or arginine. Their
growth rate is slow. Since they lack a cell wall, they cannot take up typical Gram stain. Also,,
their extremely small size makes it difficult to visualize them..
1. All RTKs have a similar molecular architecture, with a ligand-bin.pdfanurag1231
1. All RTKs have a similar molecular architecture, with a ligand-binding region in the
extracellular domain, a single transmembrane helix, and a cytoplasmic region that contains the
protein tyrosine kinase (TK) domain plus additional carboxy (C-) terminal and juxtamembrane
regulatory regions. In general, growth factor binding activates RTKs by inducing receptor
dimerization, (Ullrich, 1990). Further, extracellular matrix proteins and certain surface proteins
on neighboring cells can also bind to and activate RTKs. The down stream effect is:molecules
direct cell differentiation by determining patterns of gene transcription.
2.The dominant negative receptor mutants which atlow concentrations, are capable of blocking
the intracellular activity of wild type e.g estrogen receptor (ER) mutants as reported by(Ince,
1993). Such mutants are useful in studying the pathway of signal transduction after receptor
activation.
3. Allostery is the process by which biological macromolecules (mostly proteins) transmit the
effect of binding at one site to another, often distal, functional site, allowing for regulation of
activity. Hence by allostery the components of the signal transduction pathway may be inhibited
or activated depending on the status of the cell i.e. regulated
Solution
1. All RTKs have a similar molecular architecture, with a ligand-binding region in the
extracellular domain, a single transmembrane helix, and a cytoplasmic region that contains the
protein tyrosine kinase (TK) domain plus additional carboxy (C-) terminal and juxtamembrane
regulatory regions. In general, growth factor binding activates RTKs by inducing receptor
dimerization, (Ullrich, 1990). Further, extracellular matrix proteins and certain surface proteins
on neighboring cells can also bind to and activate RTKs. The down stream effect is:molecules
direct cell differentiation by determining patterns of gene transcription.
2.The dominant negative receptor mutants which atlow concentrations, are capable of blocking
the intracellular activity of wild type e.g estrogen receptor (ER) mutants as reported by(Ince,
1993). Such mutants are useful in studying the pathway of signal transduction after receptor
activation.
3. Allostery is the process by which biological macromolecules (mostly proteins) transmit the
effect of binding at one site to another, often distal, functional site, allowing for regulation of
activity. Hence by allostery the components of the signal transduction pathway may be inhibited
or activated depending on the status of the cell i.e. regulated.
1)we can see the universe mostly in the form hydrogen and helium. .pdfanurag1231
1)
we can see the universe mostly in the form hydrogen and helium. So it is protonic.
2)
a) Light from when the Universe became transparent very soon after the Big bang.
3)
The cosmological principle limits the faintness of distant objects.
4)
These group elementys are made by adding oxygen nuclei which is the third most commen
element in the universe.
Solution
1)
we can see the universe mostly in the form hydrogen and helium. So it is protonic.
2)
a) Light from when the Universe became transparent very soon after the Big bang.
3)
The cosmological principle limits the faintness of distant objects.
4)
These group elementys are made by adding oxygen nuclei which is the third most commen
element in the universe..
1)D. Bacteria.2)B. Nuclear envelope3)A. Similar in function and .pdfanurag1231
1)D. Bacteria.
2)B. Nuclear envelope
3)A. Similar in function and evolved independently.
4)B. Prezygotic isolating mechanism.
Solution
1)D. Bacteria.
2)B. Nuclear envelope
3)A. Similar in function and evolved independently.
4)B. Prezygotic isolating mechanism..
1) Pen R contains penicillin resistance gene .Usually + or - is not .pdfanurag1231
1) Pen R contains penicillin resistance gene .Usually + or - is not denoted for antibiotics.
therefore the answer is option e.
2) a) conjugation is the exchange of genetic material by cell-cell contact via sex-pili.
3)a) High-Frequency recombination bacteria have F plasmid integrated into its chromosome and
transfers part of the chromosome along with F+ gene ,thereby resulting in F\' cells.
4) e) an F\' lac- E.coli when mates with F- Lac cell, the result will be F+, Lac-(from F\'),
Lac+(already present in recipient cell)
5) a) true, transformation is the transfer of an exogenous genetic material(DNA).
Solution
1) Pen R contains penicillin resistance gene .Usually + or - is not denoted for antibiotics.
therefore the answer is option e.
2) a) conjugation is the exchange of genetic material by cell-cell contact via sex-pili.
3)a) High-Frequency recombination bacteria have F plasmid integrated into its chromosome and
transfers part of the chromosome along with F+ gene ,thereby resulting in F\' cells.
4) e) an F\' lac- E.coli when mates with F- Lac cell, the result will be F+, Lac-(from F\'),
Lac+(already present in recipient cell)
5) a) true, transformation is the transfer of an exogenous genetic material(DNA)..
(1) CA genetic model organism needs to have all the above features.pdfanurag1231
(1) C
A genetic model organism needs to have all the above features to facilitate the genetic research
on it, like small genome, short generation time, large number of progeny, should adapt to lab
environment, propagation and maintaining them should be inexpensive.
(2) B
On chromosomes, we can find genes and these are nothing but long pieces of DNA associated
with histone. For every gene we will have two alleles and will be located on different
chromosomes but at the same place or loci and these are an alternate form of a gene.
(3) D
Blending inheritance theory is considered as the current theory of genetic inheritance as it states
that the egg and sperm from two parents will combine to form zygote and here the genetic
material from both parents will blend and will have an influence on genetic makeup of the
developing of offspring.
(4) C
C. elegans is traditionally considered as a classical genetic organism and it has been used to
study the gene function and variety mutagens were used on it to study the effect of different
mutations and their effect on protein function.
(5) A.
The number of chromosomes will be the same in the G1 phase, but in S phase only the number
of chromatids will double in its number.
Solution
(1) C
A genetic model organism needs to have all the above features to facilitate the genetic research
on it, like small genome, short generation time, large number of progeny, should adapt to lab
environment, propagation and maintaining them should be inexpensive.
(2) B
On chromosomes, we can find genes and these are nothing but long pieces of DNA associated
with histone. For every gene we will have two alleles and will be located on different
chromosomes but at the same place or loci and these are an alternate form of a gene.
(3) D
Blending inheritance theory is considered as the current theory of genetic inheritance as it states
that the egg and sperm from two parents will combine to form zygote and here the genetic
material from both parents will blend and will have an influence on genetic makeup of the
developing of offspring.
(4) C
C. elegans is traditionally considered as a classical genetic organism and it has been used to
study the gene function and variety mutagens were used on it to study the effect of different
mutations and their effect on protein function.
(5) A.
The number of chromosomes will be the same in the G1 phase, but in S phase only the number
of chromatids will double in its number..
NADPH is a reducing agent that act as an electron.pdfanurag1231
NADPH is a reducing agent that act as an electron donor and frequently as a
biochemical source of hydride (H-). so in the last step ketogroup reduce to alcohol with NADPH
(ketogroup to alcohol).
Solution
NADPH is a reducing agent that act as an electron donor and frequently as a
biochemical source of hydride (H-). so in the last step ketogroup reduce to alcohol with NADPH
(ketogroup to alcohol)..
The major shortcoming was that the electrons were.pdfanurag1231
The major shortcoming was that the electrons were thought to have fixed orbits like
planets around the sun. Now they are thought to occupy orbitals and have probabilities for being
within given distances from the nucleus. The orbitals (solutions to the Schroedinger Equation)
have shapes like hourglasses, spheres, hollowed out spheres, and more complicated shapes. As a
very distant side note Prof Carlos Stroud at the University of Rochester was able to excite atoms
and put their electrons into orbits much like those predicted by the Rutherford Model.
Solution
The major shortcoming was that the electrons were thought to have fixed orbits like
planets around the sun. Now they are thought to occupy orbitals and have probabilities for being
within given distances from the nucleus. The orbitals (solutions to the Schroedinger Equation)
have shapes like hourglasses, spheres, hollowed out spheres, and more complicated shapes. As a
very distant side note Prof Carlos Stroud at the University of Rochester was able to excite atoms
and put their electrons into orbits much like those predicted by the Rutherford Model..
The ball is an atom, the stick is a bond. You pu.pdfanurag1231
The ball is an atom, the stick is a bond. You put a stick into two balls to signify a
bond between two atoms
Solution
The ball is an atom, the stick is a bond. You put a stick into two balls to signify a
bond between two atoms.
The anion is a good leaving group because it is p.pdfanurag1231
The anion is a good leaving group because it is probably the most negative of the
anion. I assume the Xs represent an electronegative atom such as oxygen; therefore, it would
have the greatest repulision force (because it has so many electrons). Thus, it but be beneficial if
the most negative anion (the one with the most electrons) left because it would allow the
molecule to be under less stress and allow the remaining anions to spread out more (spread out
more spatially around the central C atom) (On the really long molecule with the bunch of Me
atoms) The most acidic hydrogen would be the one hanging off the second N from the left (it has
a think line pointing from the H to the N). It is the most acidic because the N is very
electronegative (more so than the carbons found in other molecules). The O atom is more
electronegative but it cannot lose the H because the OH is a polyatomic ion...u cannot split them
up! Thus the H hanging of the N is the most acidic!
Solution
The anion is a good leaving group because it is probably the most negative of the
anion. I assume the Xs represent an electronegative atom such as oxygen; therefore, it would
have the greatest repulision force (because it has so many electrons). Thus, it but be beneficial if
the most negative anion (the one with the most electrons) left because it would allow the
molecule to be under less stress and allow the remaining anions to spread out more (spread out
more spatially around the central C atom) (On the really long molecule with the bunch of Me
atoms) The most acidic hydrogen would be the one hanging off the second N from the left (it has
a think line pointing from the H to the N). It is the most acidic because the N is very
electronegative (more so than the carbons found in other molecules). The O atom is more
electronegative but it cannot lose the H because the OH is a polyatomic ion...u cannot split them
up! Thus the H hanging of the N is the most acidic!.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Bt-corn is a type of genetically modified organism, termed GMO. A GM.pdf
1. Bt-corn is a type of genetically modified organism, termed GMO. A GMO is a plant or animal
that has been genetically modified through the addition of a small amount of genetic material
from other organisms through molecular techniques. Currently, the GMOs on the market today
have been given genetic traits to provide protection from pests, tolerance to pesticides, or
improve its quality. Examples of GMO field crops include Bt-potatoes, Bt-corn, Bt-sweet corn,
Roundup Ready soybeans, Roundup Ready Corn, and Liberty Link corn.
Genetically modified foods are foods derived from GMO crops. For example, corn produced
through biotechnology is being used in many familiar foods, including corn meal and tortilla
chips. In addition, corn is used to make high fructose corn syrup, which is used as a sweetener in
many foods such as soft drinks and baked goods. While the FDA (U.S. Food and Drug
Administration) regulates genetically modified foods, it considers Bt-corn to be nutritionally
equivalent to traditional corn.
To transform a plant into a GMO plant, the gene that produces a genetic trait of interest is
identified and separated from the rest of the genetic material from a donor organism. Most
organisms have thousands of genes, a single gene represents only a tiny fraction of the total
genetic makeup of an organism.
A donor organism may be a bacterium, fungus or even another plant. In the case of Bt corn, the
donor organism is a naturally occurring soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis, and the gene of
interest produces a protein that kills Lepidoptera larvae, in particular, European corn borer. This
protein is called the Bt delta endotoxin. Growers use Bt corn as an alternative to spraying
insecticides for control of European and southwestern corn borer.
Bt Delta Endotoxin
The Bt delta endotoxin was selected because it is highly effective at controlling Lepidoptera
larvae, caterpillars. It is during the larval stage when most of the damage by European corn borer
occurs. The protein is very selective, generally not harming insects in other orders (such as
beetles, flies, bees and wasps). For this reason, GMOs that have the Bt gene are compatible with
biological control programs because they harm insect predators and parasitoids much less than
broad-spectrum insecticides. The Bt endotoxin is considered safe for humans, other mammals,
fish, birds, and the environment because of its selectivity. Bt has been available as a commercial
microbial insecticide since the 1960s and is sold under many trade names. These products have
an excellent safety record and can be used on many crops until the day of harvest.
To kill a susceptible insect, a part of the plant that contains the Bt protein (not all parts of the
plant necessarily contain the protein in equal concentrations) must be ingested. Within minutes,
the protein binds to the gut wall and the insect stops feeding. Within hours, the gut wall breaks
down and normal gut bacteria invade the body cavity. The insect dies of septicaemia as bacteria
2. multiply in the blood. Even among Lepidoptera larvae, species differ in sensitivity to the Bt
protein.
Genetic Modification
Do Bt-corn hybrids differ only in that they possess the genetic code to produce the Bt protein?
Not exactly. To add a trait to a crop plant, the gene must be inserted along with some additional
genetic material. This additional genetic material includes a promoter sequence that, in part,
determines how the new trait is expressed in the plant. For example, the promoter may cause to
protein to be expressed in certain parts of the plants or only during a particular period of time.
There is a marker gene that allows plant breeders to easily determine which plants have been
transformed. Herbicide and antibiotic tolerance promoters are commonly used to identify
transformed plants. There may also be a plasmid or vector sequence that allows for rapid
multiplication of the gene of interest in a bacterial host prior to insertion in the crop plant.
FDA Approval
Federal food law requires premarket approval for food additives, whether or not they are the
products of biotechnology. FDA treats substances added to food products through recombinant
DNA techniques as food additives if they are significantly different in structure, function or
amount than substances currently found in food.
However, if a new food product developed through biotechnology does not contain substances
that are significantly different from those already in the diet, it does not require premarket
approval. Products that are genetically engineered to provide pesticide traits, such as resistance
to the corn borer, are also subject to regulation by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Currently, genetically modified foods in the United States do not require special labeling to
notify consumers.
Environmental benefits
One of the significant environmental benefits of GM crops is the dramatic reduction in pesticide
use, with the size of the reduction varying between crops and introduced trait.
Environmental impact
GM crops are thoroughly evaluated for environmental effects before entering the marketplace.
They are assessed by many stakeholders in accordance with principles developed by
environmental experts around the world.
Further, an increasing human population is responsible for wilderness destruction, water quality
problems, and diversion of water. The loss of habitat has resulted in many species being
displaced.
Thus, to conserve forests, habitats, and biodiversity, it is necessary to ensure that future food
requirements come only from cropland currently in use.
Potential of the introduced genes to outcross to weedy relatives as well as the potential to create
3. weedy species
Development of insect resistance.
Solution
Bt-corn is a type of genetically modified organism, termed GMO. A GMO is a plant or animal
that has been genetically modified through the addition of a small amount of genetic material
from other organisms through molecular techniques. Currently, the GMOs on the market today
have been given genetic traits to provide protection from pests, tolerance to pesticides, or
improve its quality. Examples of GMO field crops include Bt-potatoes, Bt-corn, Bt-sweet corn,
Roundup Ready soybeans, Roundup Ready Corn, and Liberty Link corn.
Genetically modified foods are foods derived from GMO crops. For example, corn produced
through biotechnology is being used in many familiar foods, including corn meal and tortilla
chips. In addition, corn is used to make high fructose corn syrup, which is used as a sweetener in
many foods such as soft drinks and baked goods. While the FDA (U.S. Food and Drug
Administration) regulates genetically modified foods, it considers Bt-corn to be nutritionally
equivalent to traditional corn.
To transform a plant into a GMO plant, the gene that produces a genetic trait of interest is
identified and separated from the rest of the genetic material from a donor organism. Most
organisms have thousands of genes, a single gene represents only a tiny fraction of the total
genetic makeup of an organism.
A donor organism may be a bacterium, fungus or even another plant. In the case of Bt corn, the
donor organism is a naturally occurring soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis, and the gene of
interest produces a protein that kills Lepidoptera larvae, in particular, European corn borer. This
protein is called the Bt delta endotoxin. Growers use Bt corn as an alternative to spraying
insecticides for control of European and southwestern corn borer.
Bt Delta Endotoxin
The Bt delta endotoxin was selected because it is highly effective at controlling Lepidoptera
larvae, caterpillars. It is during the larval stage when most of the damage by European corn borer
occurs. The protein is very selective, generally not harming insects in other orders (such as
beetles, flies, bees and wasps). For this reason, GMOs that have the Bt gene are compatible with
biological control programs because they harm insect predators and parasitoids much less than
broad-spectrum insecticides. The Bt endotoxin is considered safe for humans, other mammals,
fish, birds, and the environment because of its selectivity. Bt has been available as a commercial
microbial insecticide since the 1960s and is sold under many trade names. These products have
an excellent safety record and can be used on many crops until the day of harvest.
4. To kill a susceptible insect, a part of the plant that contains the Bt protein (not all parts of the
plant necessarily contain the protein in equal concentrations) must be ingested. Within minutes,
the protein binds to the gut wall and the insect stops feeding. Within hours, the gut wall breaks
down and normal gut bacteria invade the body cavity. The insect dies of septicaemia as bacteria
multiply in the blood. Even among Lepidoptera larvae, species differ in sensitivity to the Bt
protein.
Genetic Modification
Do Bt-corn hybrids differ only in that they possess the genetic code to produce the Bt protein?
Not exactly. To add a trait to a crop plant, the gene must be inserted along with some additional
genetic material. This additional genetic material includes a promoter sequence that, in part,
determines how the new trait is expressed in the plant. For example, the promoter may cause to
protein to be expressed in certain parts of the plants or only during a particular period of time.
There is a marker gene that allows plant breeders to easily determine which plants have been
transformed. Herbicide and antibiotic tolerance promoters are commonly used to identify
transformed plants. There may also be a plasmid or vector sequence that allows for rapid
multiplication of the gene of interest in a bacterial host prior to insertion in the crop plant.
FDA Approval
Federal food law requires premarket approval for food additives, whether or not they are the
products of biotechnology. FDA treats substances added to food products through recombinant
DNA techniques as food additives if they are significantly different in structure, function or
amount than substances currently found in food.
However, if a new food product developed through biotechnology does not contain substances
that are significantly different from those already in the diet, it does not require premarket
approval. Products that are genetically engineered to provide pesticide traits, such as resistance
to the corn borer, are also subject to regulation by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Currently, genetically modified foods in the United States do not require special labeling to
notify consumers.
Environmental benefits
One of the significant environmental benefits of GM crops is the dramatic reduction in pesticide
use, with the size of the reduction varying between crops and introduced trait.
Environmental impact
GM crops are thoroughly evaluated for environmental effects before entering the marketplace.
They are assessed by many stakeholders in accordance with principles developed by
environmental experts around the world.
Further, an increasing human population is responsible for wilderness destruction, water quality
problems, and diversion of water. The loss of habitat has resulted in many species being
5. displaced.
Thus, to conserve forests, habitats, and biodiversity, it is necessary to ensure that future food
requirements come only from cropland currently in use.
Potential of the introduced genes to outcross to weedy relatives as well as the potential to create
weedy species
Development of insect resistance.