Oscillators convert DC to AC signals using a feedback loop that sustains oscillations. Common oscillator circuits include LC, RC, quartz, and relaxation oscillators. The Hartley oscillator uses a tapped coil and capacitor in a feedback loop to generate radio frequencies. The Colpitts oscillator also uses an LC tank circuit but with capacitors in the feedback path. The Franklin oscillator uses two transistors and an LC circuit, with each transistor inverting the phase to sustain oscillations. The Wein bridge oscillator is an RC circuit that produces sine waves with high quality resonance and tuning capabilities. Oscillators are used to generate signals for applications like radio transmission, testing equipment, and sensors.
Electrical current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance are a few of the basic elements of electronics and radio. Apart from current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance, there are many other interesting elements to electronic technology. ... Use Electronics Notes to learn electronics online.
Oscillator is a mechanical or electronic device works on the principle of oscillation i.e. a periodic fluctuation between two things based on changes in energy. It is of two types; linear oscillators and non linear oscillators. The wave shape and amplitude are determined by the design of the oscillator circuit and choice of component values.
An oscillator is an amplifier which produces an output signal of significant high power whose waveform is similar to the input signal. It is an electronic circuit which generates an ac output signal without requiring any external input signal.
The three types of rectifiers in just 18 slides. Learn and enjoy the concepts. This PowerPoint presentation not only tells about the working and principles of rectifiers but also determines the disadvantages and advantages of different rectifiers. This PowerPoint presentation also has circuit diagrams that suit your necessities. This PPT can be written as an answer for a long type of question too.
Oscillators introduction and its types, phase shift oscillators and wein bridge oscillators,difference between phase shift and wein bridge, frequency stability, oscillators principle and conditions, block diagram of oscillators, block diagram of phase shift oscillators
Several types of oscillators exist. In your own words, describeThe.pdfaktarfaran25
Several stock valuation models were described in the chapter, including zero-growth, constant
growth, variable growth, free cash flow, book value, and P/E multiple models. Which of these do
you believe would generate the most accurate value estimates for most firms? what about firms
that focus on EBITA over earnings? For example, some firms use the interest on debt to offset
earnings? Explain/elaborate your choice.
Solution
Out of all the methods listed above PE ratio is the best indicator for almost all the sectors (apart
from banking sector), the reason being that PE ratio being a valuation model which takes into
consideration the earnings as well as the current market price. Having MPS makes it relevant
from an equity investing standd point.
However in certain sectors like banking sector, the size of book assets determine the value of the
company and not the earnings, hence in such situations we should consider Book value to Market
cap ratio for inter company comparison.
Incase of financially leveraged company, where the entire sector is high financial leverage, EV /
EBITA can be used to compare two companies.
Also, it is highly advisable to not to look at a ratio in isolation, but to take a holistic approach in
investment decisions..
Electrical current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance are a few of the basic elements of electronics and radio. Apart from current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance, there are many other interesting elements to electronic technology. ... Use Electronics Notes to learn electronics online.
Oscillator is a mechanical or electronic device works on the principle of oscillation i.e. a periodic fluctuation between two things based on changes in energy. It is of two types; linear oscillators and non linear oscillators. The wave shape and amplitude are determined by the design of the oscillator circuit and choice of component values.
An oscillator is an amplifier which produces an output signal of significant high power whose waveform is similar to the input signal. It is an electronic circuit which generates an ac output signal without requiring any external input signal.
The three types of rectifiers in just 18 slides. Learn and enjoy the concepts. This PowerPoint presentation not only tells about the working and principles of rectifiers but also determines the disadvantages and advantages of different rectifiers. This PowerPoint presentation also has circuit diagrams that suit your necessities. This PPT can be written as an answer for a long type of question too.
Oscillators introduction and its types, phase shift oscillators and wein bridge oscillators,difference between phase shift and wein bridge, frequency stability, oscillators principle and conditions, block diagram of oscillators, block diagram of phase shift oscillators
Several types of oscillators exist. In your own words, describeThe.pdfaktarfaran25
Several stock valuation models were described in the chapter, including zero-growth, constant
growth, variable growth, free cash flow, book value, and P/E multiple models. Which of these do
you believe would generate the most accurate value estimates for most firms? what about firms
that focus on EBITA over earnings? For example, some firms use the interest on debt to offset
earnings? Explain/elaborate your choice.
Solution
Out of all the methods listed above PE ratio is the best indicator for almost all the sectors (apart
from banking sector), the reason being that PE ratio being a valuation model which takes into
consideration the earnings as well as the current market price. Having MPS makes it relevant
from an equity investing standd point.
However in certain sectors like banking sector, the size of book assets determine the value of the
company and not the earnings, hence in such situations we should consider Book value to Market
cap ratio for inter company comparison.
Incase of financially leveraged company, where the entire sector is high financial leverage, EV /
EBITA can be used to compare two companies.
Also, it is highly advisable to not to look at a ratio in isolation, but to take a holistic approach in
investment decisions..
Colpitts Oscillator - Working and Applicationselprocus
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Infomatica, as it stands today, is a manifestation of our values, toil, and dedication towards imparting knowledge to the pupils of the society. Visit us: http://www.infomaticaacademy.com/
Oscillator is a mechanical or electronic device works on the principle of oscillation i.e. a periodic fluctuation between two things based on changes in energy. It is of two types; linear or Harmonic oscillator and Relaxation or non linear oscillator.Oscillator is a mechanical or electronic device works on the principle of oscillation i.e. a periodic fluctuation between two things based on changes in energy.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Electrical Engineering is the Branch of Engineering. Electrical Engineering field requires an understanding of core areas including Thermal and Hydraulics Prime Movers, Analog Electronic Circuits, Network Analysis and Synthesis, DC Machines and Transformers, Digital Electronic Circuits, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, Control System Engineering, Engineering Electromagnetics, Microprocessor and Microcontroller. Ekeeda offers Online Mechanical Engineering Courses for all the Subjects as per the Syllabus Visit : https://ekeeda.com/streamdetails/stream/Electrical-Engineering
Electrical current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance are a few of the basic elements of electronics and radio. Apart from current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance, there are many other interesting elements to electronic technology. ... Use Electronics Notes to learn electronics online.
Electrical current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance are a few of the basic elements of electronics and radio. Apart from current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance, there are many other interesting elements to electronic technology. ... Use Electronics Notes to learn electronics online.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
1. Oscillator
Oscillators convert direct current (DC) from a power supply to an alternating current (AC)
signal. Electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic
signal.
Principle
An oscillator always employs a sensitive amplifier whose output is fed back to the input in
phase. Thus, the signal regenerates and sustains itself.
Types of Oscillators basedon frequency
Low-frequency oscillator (LFO)
Audio-frequency oscillator
Radio-Frequency oscillator
Ultrahigh frequency oscillator (UFO)
Microwave oscillator
Oscillatorstypes in general
LC Oscillators : Meissener oscillator, clapp oscillator, hartley oscillator, colpitts oscillator, lampkin
oscillator, seiler oscillator, Meacham bridge Oscillator.
RC Oscillators : phase shift oscillator, twin – T oscillator, Wein bridge Oscillator.
Quartz Oscillators: butler oscillator, pierce oscillator, tri-tet Oscillator.
RelaxationOscillators : blockingoscillator , multivibrator , ring oscillator,Pearson- anson oscillator.
Other oscillators: cavity oscillator, deley line oscillator, opto electronic oscillator, robinson
oscillator , gunn oscillator
Hartley oscillator
Hartley oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit in which the oscillation frequency is
determined by a tuned circuit consisting of capacitors and inductors (two series-
connected coils i.e a tapped coil in parallel with a capacitor ), that is, an LC oscillator.
3. Working
An npntransistor connected in a common emitter configuration works as the active device in
amplifier stage. R1 and R2 are biasing resistors and RFC is the radio frequency choke, which
provides the isolation between AC and DC operation .
Athighfrequencies,the reactance value of thischoke isveryhigh,hence itcanbe treatedas an open
circuit.The reactance iszerofor DC condition,hence causesnoproblemforDCcapacitors.The CE is the
emitterbypass capacitorandRE isalso be a biasingresistor.
When the DC supply (Vcc) is given to the circuit, the collector current starts raising and begins
with the charging of the capacitor C. Once capacitor C is fully charged, it starts discharging
through L1 and L2 and again starts charging.
This back-and-fourth voltage waveform is a sine wave which is a small and leads with its
negative alteration. It will eventually die out unless it is amplified.
Now the transistor comes into the picture. The sine wave generated by the tank circuit is
coupled to the base of the transistor through the capacitor CC1. the transistor is configured as
common-emitter, it takes the input from tank circuit and inverts it to a standard sine wave with
a leading positive alteration.
Frequency of oscillation :
If the capacitance of the tank capacitor is C and the total inductance of the tapped coil is L
Then L = L1 + L2 + M where m is the mutual inductance of coils .
Advantages
The output amplitude remains constant over the working frequency range.
frequency is simply varied by the net value of C in the tank circuit.
Very few components are needed .
Instead of two separate coils a single coil of bare wire can be used it grounded at any point .
Disadvantages
It cannot be a low frequency oscillator.
Harmonic distortions are present.
4. Applications
Hartley oscillators are mainly used as radio receivers.
It is Suitable for oscillations in RF (Radio-Frequency) range, up to 30MHZ .
Desired frequency of sine wave is produced by this oscillator .
Colpitts oscillator
Colpitts circuit consists of a gain device with its output connected to its input in a feedback
loop containing a parallel LC circuit (tuned circuit), which functions as a bandpass filter to set
the frequency of oscillation .
Circuit diagram
Stimulation circuit
5. Output signal
Working
When power supply is switched ON, capacitors C1 and C2 starts charging. When they are fully
charged they starts discharging through the inductor L1.
When the capacitors are fully discharged, the electrostatic energy stored in the capacitors gets
transferred to the inductor as magnetic flux. The the inductor starts discharging and capacitors
gets charged again.
This transfer of energy back and forth between capacitors and inductor is the basis of
oscillation. Voltage across C2 is phase opposite to that of the voltage across the C1 and it is the
voltage across C2 that is fed back to the transistor.
The feedback signal at the base base of transistor appears in the amplified form across the
collector and emitter of the transistor.The energy lost in the tank circuit is compensated by the
transistor and the oscillations are sustained.
The tank circuit produces 180° phase shift and the transistor itself produces another 180° phase
shift. That means the input and output are in phase and it is a necessary condition of positive
feedback for maintaining sustained oscillations.
Frequency of oscilation is given by ƒ =1/(2П√(L*C))
Where L and c are inductance and capacitance of tank circuit C =(C1*C2)/((C1+C2))
6. Advantages
Good wave purity
High performance at high frequency
Good stability at high frequency
It also has wide operating range of 10kHz – 300MHz
Disadvantages
Because of inductor circuit becomes bulk and cost of circuit high
Difficult to adjust feedback as value of capacitor changed
Poor isolation
Hard to design
Applications
It is used for development of radio and mobile communications .
This oscillator preferred in situation where it is to be intented to withstand high and low
temperature frequently .
It is used in generation of sinusoidal output signal with high frequncices
It used in SAW devices which can be used as different types of sensors i.e temperture sensor .
Franklin oscillator
It is an electrical oscillator which uses two transistors and a LC circuit.The two
transistors are connected as a two stage amplifier, both stages are inverting. the
output of the second is coupled to the input of the first by a tuned circuit.
Provided the amplifiers have enough gain, the circuit will oscillate, because the two
amplifiers each give 180 degree phase shift, so the output is in phase with the input,
so the oscillations build, until they are limited in amplitude by gain compression.
7. Circuit diagram
Applications
The simple, two diode balanced modulator is still one of the best ways of generating a DSB/SSB
signal.
The local oscillator used here is Franklin oscillator.
You can use Silicon switching diodes, 1N914, 1N4148, Germanium point contact diodes, 1N34,
or Schottky (Hot Carrier) diodes.
Decide what band you want to use, work out the local oscillator frequency, allowing for the IF
offset, then build a suitable oscillator / PLL / DDS.
An SSB transceiver requires the 80 Metre band. The IF frequency here is 7.8MHz, the local
oscillator frequency range required is, 1 1.3 MHz to 11.6 MHz to cover from 3.5 to 3.8 Mhz.
This local Franklin oscillator can easily be modified to work on other frequencies, if you are
using a different IF.
Wein bridge oscillator
The Wien bridge oscillator is an electronic oscillator and produces the sine waves. It is a two
stage RC circuit amplifier circuit and it has high quality of resonant frequency, low distortion,
and also in the tuning. Consider the very simple sine wave oscillator used by the RC circuit and
place in the conventional LC circuit, construct the output of sinusoidal waveform is called as an
Wien bridge oscillator. The Wien bridge oscillator is also called as a Wheatstone bridge circuit.
8. Circuit diagram
Working
The circuit is in the oscillation mode and the base current of the first transistor is changed
randomly because it is due to the difference in voltage of DC supply. The base current is applied
to the collector terminal of the first transistor and the phase shift is about the 180°. The output
of the first transistor is given to the base terminal of the second transistor Q2 with the help of
the capacitor C4. Further, this process is amplified and from the second transistor of collector
terminal the phase reversed signal is collected.
The output signal is connected to the phase with the help of the first transistor to the base
terminal. The input point of the bridge circuit is from the point A to point C the feedback of this
circuit is the output signal at the second transistor. The feedback signal is given to the resistor
R4 which gives the negative feedback. In this same way the feedback signal is given to the base
bias resistor R4 and it produces the positive feedback signal.
By using the two capacitors C1 and C2 in this oscillator, it can behave continuous frequency
variation. These capacitors are the air gang capacitors and we can also change the values of the
frequency range of the oscillator.
Applications
It is used to measure the audio frequency.
Wien bridge oscillator designs the long range of frequencies
Advantages
Distortion testing of power amplifier.
9. It supplies the signals for testing filters.
Excitation for AC Bridge.
To fabricate pure tune.
Long distance can be spanned by the resting beams.
Disadvantages
The Wheatstone bridge is not used for the high resistance.
The circuit needs the high no. of other components.
The limited output frequency is obtained because the amplitude and the phase shift characters
of the amplifier.