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This document provides information about an assignment for the BSc IT program at SMU. It includes 5 questions covering topics like batch operating systems, critical section problem, translation lookaside buffers, free space management techniques, computer viruses, and types of multiprocessor operating systems. Students are instructed to send their semester and specialization details to a provided email or call a phone number to get fully solved assignments.
UNIT IV FAILURE RECOVERY AND FAULT TOLERANCE 9
Basic Concepts-Classification of Failures – Basic Approaches to Recovery; Recovery in
Concurrent System; Synchronous and Asynchronous Checkpointing and Recovery; Check
pointing in Distributed Database Systems; Fault Tolerance; Issues - Two-phase and Nonblocking
Commit Protocols; Voting Protocols; Dynamic Voting Protocols;
This document discusses multiprogramming and time sharing in operating systems. It defines multiprogramming as allowing multiple programs to execute concurrently by assigning pending work to underutilized components like processors and I/O devices. Time sharing extends this by rapidly switching between programs so that each user experiences dedicated access, while programs only execute briefly in time quanta. The key aspects of both techniques are explained with examples to improve processor utilization and support interactive, simultaneous multi-user systems.
Introduction: What is clock synchronization?
The challenges of clock synchronization.
Basic Concepts: Software and hardware clocks. Basic clock synchronization algorithm
Algorithms: Deep dive into landmark papers
NTP: Internet scale time synchronization
The document discusses various approaches for debugging distributed systems, including offline and online methods. Offline methods discussed are logging using libraries like liblog, pervasive debuggers, time travel using virtual machines, and model checking using tools like MaceMC. Online methods discussed are D3S and CrystalBall. The document provides details on how several of these approaches work, including liblog which intercepts system calls to log data, time-travel virtual machines which take checkpoints to replay execution, and how model checkers represent distributed systems as state machines to check properties.
This document provides an introduction to distributed systems. It discusses why distributed systems are developed, defines what a distributed system is, and provides examples. It then compares different types of distributed systems and networked operating systems. The rest of the document outlines various concepts, issues, and algorithms related to distributed systems, including advantages and disadvantages over centralized systems, software concepts, mutual exclusion, synchronization, and clock synchronization.
The document provides an introduction to systems programming and operating systems. It discusses that operating systems manage resources and connect programs to devices by providing services like process management and I/O access. It also gives examples of basic Unix commands like date, fortune, ls, cd, pwd, rmdir, cat, more, bc, and how more displays output in pages and takes user input.
Allocation of processors to processes in Distributed Systems. Strategies or algorithms for processor allocation. Design and Implementation Issues of Strategies.
This document provides information about an assignment for the BSc IT program at SMU. It includes 5 questions covering topics like batch operating systems, critical section problem, translation lookaside buffers, free space management techniques, computer viruses, and types of multiprocessor operating systems. Students are instructed to send their semester and specialization details to a provided email or call a phone number to get fully solved assignments.
UNIT IV FAILURE RECOVERY AND FAULT TOLERANCE 9
Basic Concepts-Classification of Failures – Basic Approaches to Recovery; Recovery in
Concurrent System; Synchronous and Asynchronous Checkpointing and Recovery; Check
pointing in Distributed Database Systems; Fault Tolerance; Issues - Two-phase and Nonblocking
Commit Protocols; Voting Protocols; Dynamic Voting Protocols;
This document discusses multiprogramming and time sharing in operating systems. It defines multiprogramming as allowing multiple programs to execute concurrently by assigning pending work to underutilized components like processors and I/O devices. Time sharing extends this by rapidly switching between programs so that each user experiences dedicated access, while programs only execute briefly in time quanta. The key aspects of both techniques are explained with examples to improve processor utilization and support interactive, simultaneous multi-user systems.
Introduction: What is clock synchronization?
The challenges of clock synchronization.
Basic Concepts: Software and hardware clocks. Basic clock synchronization algorithm
Algorithms: Deep dive into landmark papers
NTP: Internet scale time synchronization
The document discusses various approaches for debugging distributed systems, including offline and online methods. Offline methods discussed are logging using libraries like liblog, pervasive debuggers, time travel using virtual machines, and model checking using tools like MaceMC. Online methods discussed are D3S and CrystalBall. The document provides details on how several of these approaches work, including liblog which intercepts system calls to log data, time-travel virtual machines which take checkpoints to replay execution, and how model checkers represent distributed systems as state machines to check properties.
This document provides an introduction to distributed systems. It discusses why distributed systems are developed, defines what a distributed system is, and provides examples. It then compares different types of distributed systems and networked operating systems. The rest of the document outlines various concepts, issues, and algorithms related to distributed systems, including advantages and disadvantages over centralized systems, software concepts, mutual exclusion, synchronization, and clock synchronization.
The document provides an introduction to systems programming and operating systems. It discusses that operating systems manage resources and connect programs to devices by providing services like process management and I/O access. It also gives examples of basic Unix commands like date, fortune, ls, cd, pwd, rmdir, cat, more, bc, and how more displays output in pages and takes user input.
Allocation of processors to processes in Distributed Systems. Strategies or algorithms for processor allocation. Design and Implementation Issues of Strategies.
This document discusses components in real-time systems. It defines real-time systems as those with tight timing constraints where responses must occur within strict deadlines. It describes the components of real-time systems as modular and cohesive software packages that communicate via interfaces. The document outlines a process for developing component-based real-time systems, including top-level design, detailed design, scheduling, worst-case execution time verification, and system implementation and testing. It provides examples of real-time components from the Rubus operating system.
4.1Introduction
- Potential Threats and Attacks on Computer System
- Confinement Problems
- Design Issues in Building Secure Distributed Systems
4.2 Cryptography
- Symmetric Cryptosystem Algorithm: DES
- Asymmetric Cryptosystem
4.3 Secure Channels
- Authentication
- Message Integrity and Confidentiality
- Secure Group Communication
4.4 Access Control
- General Issues
- Firewalls
- Secure Mobile Code
4.5 Security Management
- Key Management
- Issues in Key Distribution
- Secure Group Management
- Authorization Management
This document discusses synchronization in distributed systems and various algorithms for achieving mutual exclusion. It covers centralized, distributed, and token ring algorithms for mutual exclusion. The centralized algorithm uses a coordinator but has a single point of failure. Distributed algorithms overcome this but require more messages. The token ring algorithm passes a token between processes but can lose the token if a process crashes. In comparing the algorithms, the document examines their message requirements, delay before entry, and potential problems.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
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Sara Afshar: Scheduling and Resource Sharing in Multiprocessor Real-Time Systemsknowdiff
PhD Candidate,
Department of Computer science
Mälardalen University
Time: Tuesday, Dec. 30, 2014, 11:30 a.m.
Location: Computer Engineering Department, Urmia University
Abstract:
The processor is the brain of a computer system. Usually, one or more programs run on a processor where each program is typically responsible for performing a particular task or function of the system. The performance of all the tasks together results in the system functionality. In many computer systems, it is not only enough that all tasks deliver correct output, but it is also crucial that these activities are delivered in a proper time. This type of systems that have timing requirements are known as real-time systems. A scheduler is responsible for scheduling all tasks on the processor, i.e., it dictates which task to run and when to run to ensure that all tasks are carried out on time. Typically, such tasks/programs need to use the computer system’s hardware and software resources to perform their calculation. Examples of such type of resources that are shared among programs are I/O devices, buffers and memories. Technology that is used for the management of shared resources is known as resource sharing synchronization protocol.
In recent years, a shift from single-processor platforms to multiprocessor platforms has become inevitable due to availability of processor chips and requirements on increased performance. Scheduling and resource sharing protocols have been well studied for uniprocessor systems. However, in the context of multiprocessors, still such techniques are not fully mature. The shift towards multi-core technology has revealed the demand for real-time scheduling algorithms along with synchronization protocols to support real-time applications on multiprocessors, both with and without dependencies.
In this talk, we first have an introduction to real-time embedded systems. Next, we look at scheduling and resource sharing policies in uniprocessor platforms. Further, we discuss the extension of scheduling and resource sharing policies for multiprocessor platforms and present the recent challenges arisen in this context.
Biography:
Sara Afshar is a PhD student at Mälardalen University. She has received her B.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from Tabriz University, Iran in 2002. She worked at different engineering companies until 2009. In the year 2010 she started her M.Sc. in Embedded Systems at Mälardalen University. She obtained her Master degree in 2012 and at the same year she started her PhD studies in Mälardalen University. Currently she is working on the topic of resource sharing in multiprocessor systems. She is part of the Complex Real-Time Embedded Systems group at Mälardalen University.
The document discusses process management in distributed operating systems, focusing on process migration which involves moving a running process from one node to another to optimize resource utilization, and covering key aspects like process freezing, address space transfer, message forwarding, and maintaining communication between related processes migrated to different nodes. Efficient process migration requires mechanisms that provide transparency, minimize interference and overhead, and handle heterogeneity between system nodes.
The document discusses key concepts related to operating system processes including:
1) A process includes a program counter, stack, data section and can be in one of several states like running, ready, waiting, or terminated.
2) A process control block contains information about a process like its state, registers, and scheduling information.
3) There are different scheduling queues like the ready queue for processes in memory and devices queues for processes waiting for I/O.
4) Schedulers like long-term and short-term schedulers manage moving processes between queues and allocating the CPU.
This document provides an overview of real-time operating systems (RTOS). It discusses that an RTOS completes tasks on time through deterministic and time-constrained execution. It also notes examples of hard and soft real-time systems. Key components of an RTOS include tasks, schedulers, semaphores, message queues, and exceptions/interrupts for task synchronization and communication. Popular RTOS distributions include RTLinux, VxWorks, QNX Neutrino, Windows CE, OSE, and freeRTOS.
Clock synchronization in distributed systemSunita Sahu
This document discusses several techniques for clock synchronization in distributed systems:
1. Time stamping events and messages with logical clocks to determine partial ordering without a global clock. Logical clocks assign monotonically increasing sequence numbers.
2. Clock synchronization algorithms like NTP that regularly adjust system clocks across the network to synchronize with a time server. NTP uses averaging to account for network delays.
3. Lamport's logical clocks algorithm that defines "happened before" relations and increments clocks between events to synchronize logical clocks across processes.
This is a presentation for Chapter 7 Distributed system management
Book: DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING , Sunita Mahajan & Seema Shah
Prepared by Students of Computer Science, Ain Shams University - Cairo - Egypt
The document discusses various techniques for resource management in distributed systems. It describes approaches like task assignment, load balancing, and load sharing. It also covers desirable features of scheduling algorithms and discusses techniques like task assignment in detail with an example. Furthermore, it discusses concepts like load balancing approaches, task assignment, location policies, state information exchange policies, and priority assignment policies.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
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Fault tolerance review by tsegabrehan zerihunTsegabrehan Am
This document discusses fault tolerance in distributed systems. It covers basic concepts like types of faults and failure modes. It then discusses techniques for achieving fault tolerance like replication, failure detection, and agreement algorithms. It discusses reliable client-server communication and group communication. It also covers distributed commit protocols and recovery techniques like checkpointing and message logging. The overall document provides an overview of key concepts and techniques for building fault tolerant distributed systems.
The document discusses how the Windows timer works and its various uses:
1. The Windows timer periodically notifies applications when a specified time interval has elapsed. It allows applications to divide processing into smaller pieces or save work periodically.
2. Programs can use the timer to display continuously updating information or terminate demo versions that have been running for a set time.
3. The timer helps ensure consistent movement in games and multimedia by coordinating visuals with audio playback.
The document discusses processes and processors in distributed systems. It covers threads, system models, processor allocation, scheduling, load balancing, and process migration. Threads are lightweight processes that share an address space and resources. There are advantages to using threads like handling signals and implementing producer-consumer problems. System models for distributed systems include workstations with local disks, diskless workstations, and a processor pool model. Processor allocation aims to maximize CPU utilization and minimize response times. Algorithms must consider overhead, complexity, and stability.
This document discusses memory management techniques used in operating systems. It describes how memory management allocates main memory efficiently between multiple processes. Early techniques included fixed and dynamic partitioning, as well as the buddy system. Address translation allows logical addresses used by programs to be translated to physical addresses when processes are loaded into memory. Relocation and protection are key requirements for memory management.
This document discusses various topics related to synchronization in distributed systems, including distributed algorithms, logical clocks, global state, and leader election. It provides definitions and examples of key synchronization concepts such as coordination, synchronization, and determining global states. Examples of logical clock algorithms like Lamport clocks and vector clocks are provided. Challenges around clock synchronization and calculating global system states are also summarized.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
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Call us at : 08263069601
This document compares three authors' perspectives on teaching writing: Brown (2001), Nunan (1999), and Ur (1996). Brown focused on issues like process vs product and contrastive rhetoric. Nunan discussed process and product approaches and compared written and spoken language. Ur emphasized differences between written and spoken language and gave advice on evaluation and feedback. While the authors agreed on some aspects of teaching writing, they each brought a unique focus, with Brown emphasizing writing form, Nunan comparing modalities, and Ur advising on assessment.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document discusses components in real-time systems. It defines real-time systems as those with tight timing constraints where responses must occur within strict deadlines. It describes the components of real-time systems as modular and cohesive software packages that communicate via interfaces. The document outlines a process for developing component-based real-time systems, including top-level design, detailed design, scheduling, worst-case execution time verification, and system implementation and testing. It provides examples of real-time components from the Rubus operating system.
4.1Introduction
- Potential Threats and Attacks on Computer System
- Confinement Problems
- Design Issues in Building Secure Distributed Systems
4.2 Cryptography
- Symmetric Cryptosystem Algorithm: DES
- Asymmetric Cryptosystem
4.3 Secure Channels
- Authentication
- Message Integrity and Confidentiality
- Secure Group Communication
4.4 Access Control
- General Issues
- Firewalls
- Secure Mobile Code
4.5 Security Management
- Key Management
- Issues in Key Distribution
- Secure Group Management
- Authorization Management
This document discusses synchronization in distributed systems and various algorithms for achieving mutual exclusion. It covers centralized, distributed, and token ring algorithms for mutual exclusion. The centralized algorithm uses a coordinator but has a single point of failure. Distributed algorithms overcome this but require more messages. The token ring algorithm passes a token between processes but can lose the token if a process crashes. In comparing the algorithms, the document examines their message requirements, delay before entry, and potential problems.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
Sara Afshar: Scheduling and Resource Sharing in Multiprocessor Real-Time Systemsknowdiff
PhD Candidate,
Department of Computer science
Mälardalen University
Time: Tuesday, Dec. 30, 2014, 11:30 a.m.
Location: Computer Engineering Department, Urmia University
Abstract:
The processor is the brain of a computer system. Usually, one or more programs run on a processor where each program is typically responsible for performing a particular task or function of the system. The performance of all the tasks together results in the system functionality. In many computer systems, it is not only enough that all tasks deliver correct output, but it is also crucial that these activities are delivered in a proper time. This type of systems that have timing requirements are known as real-time systems. A scheduler is responsible for scheduling all tasks on the processor, i.e., it dictates which task to run and when to run to ensure that all tasks are carried out on time. Typically, such tasks/programs need to use the computer system’s hardware and software resources to perform their calculation. Examples of such type of resources that are shared among programs are I/O devices, buffers and memories. Technology that is used for the management of shared resources is known as resource sharing synchronization protocol.
In recent years, a shift from single-processor platforms to multiprocessor platforms has become inevitable due to availability of processor chips and requirements on increased performance. Scheduling and resource sharing protocols have been well studied for uniprocessor systems. However, in the context of multiprocessors, still such techniques are not fully mature. The shift towards multi-core technology has revealed the demand for real-time scheduling algorithms along with synchronization protocols to support real-time applications on multiprocessors, both with and without dependencies.
In this talk, we first have an introduction to real-time embedded systems. Next, we look at scheduling and resource sharing policies in uniprocessor platforms. Further, we discuss the extension of scheduling and resource sharing policies for multiprocessor platforms and present the recent challenges arisen in this context.
Biography:
Sara Afshar is a PhD student at Mälardalen University. She has received her B.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from Tabriz University, Iran in 2002. She worked at different engineering companies until 2009. In the year 2010 she started her M.Sc. in Embedded Systems at Mälardalen University. She obtained her Master degree in 2012 and at the same year she started her PhD studies in Mälardalen University. Currently she is working on the topic of resource sharing in multiprocessor systems. She is part of the Complex Real-Time Embedded Systems group at Mälardalen University.
The document discusses process management in distributed operating systems, focusing on process migration which involves moving a running process from one node to another to optimize resource utilization, and covering key aspects like process freezing, address space transfer, message forwarding, and maintaining communication between related processes migrated to different nodes. Efficient process migration requires mechanisms that provide transparency, minimize interference and overhead, and handle heterogeneity between system nodes.
The document discusses key concepts related to operating system processes including:
1) A process includes a program counter, stack, data section and can be in one of several states like running, ready, waiting, or terminated.
2) A process control block contains information about a process like its state, registers, and scheduling information.
3) There are different scheduling queues like the ready queue for processes in memory and devices queues for processes waiting for I/O.
4) Schedulers like long-term and short-term schedulers manage moving processes between queues and allocating the CPU.
This document provides an overview of real-time operating systems (RTOS). It discusses that an RTOS completes tasks on time through deterministic and time-constrained execution. It also notes examples of hard and soft real-time systems. Key components of an RTOS include tasks, schedulers, semaphores, message queues, and exceptions/interrupts for task synchronization and communication. Popular RTOS distributions include RTLinux, VxWorks, QNX Neutrino, Windows CE, OSE, and freeRTOS.
Clock synchronization in distributed systemSunita Sahu
This document discusses several techniques for clock synchronization in distributed systems:
1. Time stamping events and messages with logical clocks to determine partial ordering without a global clock. Logical clocks assign monotonically increasing sequence numbers.
2. Clock synchronization algorithms like NTP that regularly adjust system clocks across the network to synchronize with a time server. NTP uses averaging to account for network delays.
3. Lamport's logical clocks algorithm that defines "happened before" relations and increments clocks between events to synchronize logical clocks across processes.
This is a presentation for Chapter 7 Distributed system management
Book: DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING , Sunita Mahajan & Seema Shah
Prepared by Students of Computer Science, Ain Shams University - Cairo - Egypt
The document discusses various techniques for resource management in distributed systems. It describes approaches like task assignment, load balancing, and load sharing. It also covers desirable features of scheduling algorithms and discusses techniques like task assignment in detail with an example. Furthermore, it discusses concepts like load balancing approaches, task assignment, location policies, state information exchange policies, and priority assignment policies.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
Fault tolerance review by tsegabrehan zerihunTsegabrehan Am
This document discusses fault tolerance in distributed systems. It covers basic concepts like types of faults and failure modes. It then discusses techniques for achieving fault tolerance like replication, failure detection, and agreement algorithms. It discusses reliable client-server communication and group communication. It also covers distributed commit protocols and recovery techniques like checkpointing and message logging. The overall document provides an overview of key concepts and techniques for building fault tolerant distributed systems.
The document discusses how the Windows timer works and its various uses:
1. The Windows timer periodically notifies applications when a specified time interval has elapsed. It allows applications to divide processing into smaller pieces or save work periodically.
2. Programs can use the timer to display continuously updating information or terminate demo versions that have been running for a set time.
3. The timer helps ensure consistent movement in games and multimedia by coordinating visuals with audio playback.
The document discusses processes and processors in distributed systems. It covers threads, system models, processor allocation, scheduling, load balancing, and process migration. Threads are lightweight processes that share an address space and resources. There are advantages to using threads like handling signals and implementing producer-consumer problems. System models for distributed systems include workstations with local disks, diskless workstations, and a processor pool model. Processor allocation aims to maximize CPU utilization and minimize response times. Algorithms must consider overhead, complexity, and stability.
This document discusses memory management techniques used in operating systems. It describes how memory management allocates main memory efficiently between multiple processes. Early techniques included fixed and dynamic partitioning, as well as the buddy system. Address translation allows logical addresses used by programs to be translated to physical addresses when processes are loaded into memory. Relocation and protection are key requirements for memory management.
This document discusses various topics related to synchronization in distributed systems, including distributed algorithms, logical clocks, global state, and leader election. It provides definitions and examples of key synchronization concepts such as coordination, synchronization, and determining global states. Examples of logical clock algorithms like Lamport clocks and vector clocks are provided. Challenges around clock synchronization and calculating global system states are also summarized.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
This document compares three authors' perspectives on teaching writing: Brown (2001), Nunan (1999), and Ur (1996). Brown focused on issues like process vs product and contrastive rhetoric. Nunan discussed process and product approaches and compared written and spoken language. Ur emphasized differences between written and spoken language and gave advice on evaluation and feedback. While the authors agreed on some aspects of teaching writing, they each brought a unique focus, with Brown emphasizing writing form, Nunan comparing modalities, and Ur advising on assessment.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Dos espeleólogos españoles, Álvaro Serrano y José Antonio Estévez, han logrado unir la sima Torca del Cerro de 1,589 metros con el Sistema del Trave tras 8 años de exploraciones en los Picos de Europa. Han instalado cable telefónico para comunicarse durante sus expediciones de varios días en las cuevas, donde pasan hasta 70 horas explorando y mapeando las cavidades. Sus logros han contribuido al conocimiento de la geología de la zona y al desarrollo de operaciones de rescate en mont
This document provides information about an assignment for a BCA semester 3 subject on data communication. It includes questions about modulation, ground wave and sky wave propagation, Nyquist theorem, time-division multiplexing, least-cost algorithms and Dijkstra's algorithm. It also provides contact information for students to get fully solved assignments by email or phone.
Certification of Business Firendly Municipalities - brochure 2013NALED Serbia
Certification of Business Friendly Municipalities (BFC) is a process which promotes standards of efficient and transparent local administration and enables evaluation of the quality of services and information municipalities offer to investors and businesses. The certification is designed for all cities and municipalities in Serbia seeking to improve their business environment, attract new investments and foster local economic development.
National Alliance for Local Economic Development (NALED), supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), initiated the BFC program in 2007. Today, the certification is supported by a large number of relevant state institutions and international organizations, including: Ministry of Regional Development and Local Government, the Government of AP Vojvodina, Provincial Secretariat for Interregional Development and Local Government, National Agency for Regional Development (NARR), Open Society Foundation and Deutsche Gesellscha für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ).
The document discusses the technologies used during various stages of constructing a media product. These include using YouTube, websites, DVD players, and Microsoft PowerPoint for research; PowerPoint, Google, and DVD players for brainstorming and planning; Blogger and Slideshare for blogs; a Sony Handycam, iMovie, and Mac computers for preliminary filming and editing; and iMovie, QuickTime, YouTube, and Macs for drafting and finalizing the opening sequence. The document provides examples of how each technology was utilized at different points in the process.
This document analyzes how the media product represents particular social groups in terms of age, gender, class, and social group.
For age, stereotypes of teenage girls like makeup, feminine clothing, and posing are used. Gender is represented as very feminine through the exclusively female models wearing makeup and feminine clothing.
Class is depicted as middle class through the models' healthy appearances, fashionable clothing, and use of symbols like a gold belt implying wealth. The language and price of the magazine are also aimed at middle class.
The social group is categorized as a girly, feminine teenage group focused on makeup, fashion, and hair. Features like font colors and styles reinforce femininity, while the exclusively white
1) O documento descreve os eventos que levaram à Revolução dos Cravos em Portugal em 25 de Abril de 1974, quando militares derrubaram o regime autoritário de Marcelo Caetano.
2) As operações militares começaram na noite de 24 de Abril, lideradas por Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, tomando pontos estratégicos em Lisboa.
3) Em 25 de Abril, após um cerco de 16 horas, Marcelo Caetano rendeu-se e foi levado sob custódia militar, encerrando
Nasceu em Lisboa em 1943, trabalhou como jornalista no Diário Popular e no Diário de Notícias, e escreveu o livro "A charada da bicharada". Este documento convida leitores a identificarem o autor misterioso nas fotos baseando-se em pistas biográficas.
The document outlines standards and tasks for developing lesson plans. It describes planning a unit on giving directions. The teacher considered students' interests as visual learners and included PowerPoint presentations with images. Reading was challenging since students lose focus easily, so the class read together with different students reading parts. Accommodations like enlarged text were made for a student with visual problems. Reflecting, connecting activities to objectives and considering students' comprehension were the most difficult parts of planning, but revising the plan helped address these issues.
Los reyes y nobles vivían en castillos hace muchos años, donde soldados vigilaban desde las murallas y torres para defenderse de enemigos, mientras que los señores vivían en la torre más alta y segura.
Dados estatísticos dgpdn relativos ao 31 mar13DefesaDGPDN
1) Em março de 2013, havia um total de 669 militares portugueses empenhados, dos quais 635 em missões nacionais e internacionais e 34 na cooperação técnico-militar.
2) A maioria dos militares portugueses em missão estava no Exército (347), seguido da Marinha (274) e da Força Aérea (48).
3) Portugal contribuiu com militares para missões da ONU (2), OTAN (378), UE (207) e cooperação técnico-militar (82).
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
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Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
This document provides information about an assignment for the subject Operating Systems. It includes the course details, 6 questions related to operating system concepts, and contact information for students to get help with assignments. The key points covered are approaches to operating system design like layered and kernel-based, the processes of process creation and termination, checking for mutual exclusion using hardware, concepts of virtual memory and global operating systems, and resource allocation in a global OS. Students are instructed to email or call for help with getting fully solved assignments.
This document contains two sample question papers for an Operating Systems exam for a 4th semester BTech course in IT/CSE. Each paper has three sections - Section A contains 10 short answer questions worth 2 marks each, Section B contains 4 long answer questions worth 5 marks each, and Section C contains 2 long answer questions worth 10 marks each. The questions cover topics like virtual memory, processes, threads, CPU scheduling algorithms, deadlocks, memory management techniques like paging, segmentation, swapping etc.
This document contains multiple choice and open-ended questions about computer fundamentals. Some of the topics covered include ROM types, interrupt handling, priority scheduling, C programming, Linux permissions, data vs. program files, networking devices, protocols, network management systems, disk utilities, backup methods, and database normalization.
The document discusses operating systems and processes. It defines an operating system as an interface between the user and computer hardware that manages system resources efficiently. Processes are programs in execution that are represented in memory by a process control block containing information like state, registers, scheduling details. Processes go through various states like running, ready, waiting and terminated. The document also describes process creation, termination, and context switching between processes.
The document discusses operating systems and processes. It defines an operating system as an interface between the user and computer hardware that manages system resources efficiently. Processes are programs in execution that are represented in memory by a process control block containing information like state, registers, scheduling details. Processes go through states like new, running, waiting, ready and terminated. The document also discusses process creation, termination, and context switching between processes.
VTU 5TH SEM CSE OPERATING SYSTEMS SOLVED PAPERSvtunotesbysree
This document contains an operating systems solved paper from June 2013. It discusses various topics related to operating system services, process scheduling, concurrency, and deadlocks.
The key points covered include:
1) The main services provided by an operating system like user interface, program execution, I/O operations, file manipulation, communications, and error handling.
2) Process scheduling algorithms like FCFS, SJF, priority scheduling, and round robin and their evaluation criteria.
3) Concurrency issues like the critical section problem and how it can be solved using semaphores and monitors.
4) Deadlock conditions and handling using Banker's algorithm.
So in summary
Introduction to Operating System (Important Notes)Gaurav Kakade
The document provides definitions and explanations of various operating system concepts. It discusses context switching, rollbacks, system calls, the definition of an operating system, swapping, semaphores, Belady's anomaly, waiting time, claim edges in resource allocation graphs, whether round robin is preemptive, the definition of an editor, fragmentation, files and their attributes, page faults, turnaround time, multiprogramming, overlays in memory management, processes, compile time, deadlocks, basic file operations, dispatchers, classic synchronization problems, and pages and frames in memory management. It also explains deadlock prevention strategies such as mutual exclusion, hold and wait, and no preemption.
The document discusses operating system services and functions. It describes that an operating system manages computer resources, provides services for programmers, and schedules program execution. It then lists and describes key operating system services like program creation, execution, I/O access, file access, error handling, and accounting. The document also discusses how the operating system acts as a resource manager and describes common types of operating systems, scheduling, memory management techniques like swapping and paging, and how logical addresses are mapped to physical addresses.
This document discusses processes and process management. It covers key concepts like process states, process scheduling, and inter-process communication. The main points covered are:
- A process is a program in execution that needs resources like CPU time, memory, and I/O devices. The operating system is responsible for process management tasks like creation, scheduling, and synchronization.
- Processes go through various states like new, ready, running, waiting, and terminated. Each process is represented by a process control block containing its state and resource allocation information.
- The CPU scheduler selects processes from ready queues to load into memory and execute. Scheduling algorithms aim to maximize CPU usage and provide fair access to processes.
This document discusses various operating system concepts related to processes and threads. It defines key process terms like process state, process control block, and scheduling queues. It describes the different types of scheduling including long term, short term, and medium term scheduling. It also discusses process states like new, ready, running, waiting, and terminated. Process control blocks are described as storing information about the process state, program counter, CPU registers, scheduling, memory management, I/O status, and accounting. Scheduling queues include the job queue, ready queue, and device queues.
This document discusses prefetching and spooling as methods to overlap I/O operations with CPU operations to improve system performance. Prefetching involves initiating the next read operation after the current one completes, allowing the CPU and I/O device to work in parallel. Spooling overlaps the I/O of one job with the computation and output of other jobs by using a buffer. Spooling is generally more effective than prefetching at overlapping operations.
Operating Systems Unit Two - Fourth Semester - EngineeringYogesh Santhan
This document discusses processes and process management in operating systems. It defines a process as a program in execution that includes the program code, processor registers, and program counter. Processes can be in various states like running, ready, waiting, terminated. Each process is represented by a process control block that contains its state and other details. The document discusses process scheduling, context switching between processes, and operations on processes like creation, execution and termination. It also describes cooperating processes that can share resources and affect each other's states.
This document provides an overview of operating systems concepts including goals of the course, operating system definitions, services, resource management, hardware architecture, processes, and interrupts. Key points covered include defining an operating system, its design goals of convenience, efficiency and flexibility, traditional hardware architecture including CPU, memory, peripherals and bus, managing resources through scheduling and allocation policies, and handling interrupts by finishing current instructions before invoking interrupt handling routines.
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This document provides definitions and explanations of key operating system concepts. It begins with defining an operating system as a program that manages computer hardware and acts as an interface between users and hardware. It then lists operating system functions like process management, memory management, and I/O management. The document discusses different types of systems like batch, interactive, time-sharing and real-time systems. It also covers process states, scheduling, and synchronization concepts like critical sections.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including:
1) An operating system controls application program execution and acts as an interface between applications and hardware. Main objectives are convenience, efficiency, and ability to evolve.
2) Early operating systems evolved from serial processing to simple batch systems to multiprogrammed batch systems and time-sharing systems to better manage resources and improve processor utilization.
3) Modern operating systems employ processes to structure programs in execution, manage memory and system resources, and provide security and scheduling functions. Processes allow concurrent multi-tasking and protection between programs.
A binary semaphore is a synchronization primitive that can have the values of 0 or 1. They are used to implement mutual exclusion and synchronize concurrent processes. Paging is when pages of memory are written to disk to make space in physical memory for other processes, which can lead to thrashing if too many page faults occur from too much paging. The four conditions that can lead to a deadlock are mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, and circular wait.
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Assignment
DRIVE FALL 2014
PROGRAM BSc IT
SEMESTER 2
SUBJECT CODE & NAME BT0070, Operating Systems
BK ID B0954
CREDIT & MARKS 4 CREDITS & 60 MARKS
Note: Answer all questions. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme.
1 Describe the mechanism of process creation in an OS.
Answer: Process creation is only the first management action performed by the OS on the process. Since
the process will use the resources made available by the OS, further OS activity will typically be needed
to manage those resources on behalf of the process. This involves the release of the CPU control from
the process to the OS. This release is triggered by various conditions that can usually be classified as
follows:
2 Suppose that the following processes arrive for execution at the times indicated.
Process Burst Time
P1 24
P2 3
P3 3
1. Suppose the process arrives in the order P1, P2, P3 and
2. 2. Suppose the process arrive in the order P2, P3, P1.
For both the above situation draw the Grantt Chart and calculate the waiting time for each process
and average waiting time.
Answer: Suppose that the processes arrive in the order: P1 , P2 , P3 ,The Gantt Chart for the schedule is:
Waiting time for P1 = 0; P2 = 24; P3 = 27, Average waiting time: (0 + 24 + 27)/3 = 17 Suppose that the
processes arrive in the order P2 , P3
3 Write short notes on:
1. Critical section problem
Answer: Critical section problem is defined as :
Set of instructions that must be controlled so as to allow exclusive access to one process
Rarely: access to the critical section is limited to n processes instead of one process
Execution of the
2. Buffering
Answer: It is a process of storing data in memory area called Buffers while data is being transferred
between two devices or between a device and an application. Buffering is done for 3 reasons: a. To cope
with the speed mismatch between producer (or sender) and consumer (or receiver) of a data stream. b.
To adapt between the devices having different data-transfer size. c. To support copy semantics for
application I/O. a data buffer (or just buffer) is a region of a physical memory storage used to
temporarily store data while it is
4 What are TLBs? Why they are required in paging?
Answer: A translation look aside buffer (TLB) is a cache that memory management hardware uses to
improve virtual address translation speed. The majority of desktop, laptop, and server processors
includes one or more TLBs in the memory management hardware, and it is nearly always present in any
hardware that utilizes paged or segmented virtual memory.
5 Describe the techniques of free space management of free space list.
Answer: Techniques of free space management:
Bit-Vector
Frequently, the free-space list is implemented as a bit map or bit vector. Each block is represented by a 1
bit. If the block is free, the bit is 0; if the block is allocated, the bit is 1.
3. For example, consider a disk where blocks 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 25, 26, and 27 are free,
and the rest of the blocks are allocated. The free-space bit map would be:
11000011000000111001111110001111…
6 What are computer viruses? How do they affect our system?
Answer: A Computer virus is a small program that interferes with normal functions of the computer.
Usually a virus program is attached to a computer file. The file to which a virus is attached is called
infected file. When the infected file is copied on a disk, the virus is also copied and It hides itself on the
disk.
Activation of a Virus
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